lecture 6 representation techniques

DesignSustainability

Representation Techniques

Nicola Morelli

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 2

A blueprint is the definitive drawing of an object/architecture, containing all the indications for producers to reproduce the object according to the designers’ intentions

Blueprinting PSS

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 3

Codification

Codification

Decodification

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 4

Technical codification

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 5

• If the customer is co-creating the value, s/he has to be supported by an adequate communication system

• We cannot suppose the customer to be familiar with the most common technical language used in blueprints

Customer’s involvement

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 6

codification

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 7

Different levels of codification

Representations communicate contents with different levels of

abstraction and codification

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 8

• While there are standard techniques for technical representation of objects in different levels of detail, there are no standard representation techniques for blueprinting PSS

• Blueprints for PSS should reach different kinds of people, from “hard” technicians (e.g. engineers) to final users

• Blueprints should communicate different things (conditions, instructions, components) according to the “receiver”– Traditional “hard” technician will understand

highly codified representations– Final users are not supposed to be familiar with

any form of communications, although their role in a PSS may be fundamental

Blueprinting PSS

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 9

• Time• Logical links/interactions• Sequence of events• Spaces and their qualities• Movements between spaces• Actors performing an action• Visible and invisible processes• Front office/back office• Objects/components• Interaction of objects/components in

the system

Blueprinting = representing

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 10

• What?– Entity/system– Objective/subjective

• What for?– Analysis/design– Sketch/define

• Whom for?– Technical/user

Representing what? Why? Who for?

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 11

Different views

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 12

The front view

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 13

System maps (colloquial)

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 14

System maps (colloquial)

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 15

System maps

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 16

Generating system maps

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 17

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 18

Functions and capabilities

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 19

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 20

Interaction and time

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 21

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 22

Blueprinting: existing methods

Source Shostack 1982

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 23

Blueprinting: existing methods

Source Shostack 1982

TimeLogical links/interactionsSequence of eventsSpaces and their qualitiesMovements between spacesActors performing an actionVisible and invisible processesFront office/back officeObjects/componentsInteraction of objects/components in the system

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 24

Blueprinting: existing methods

Source Ramaswami 1996

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 25

Blueprinting: existing methods

Source Ramaswami 1996

TimeLogical links/interactionsSequence of eventsSpaces and their qualitiesMovements between spacesActors performing an actionVisible and invisible processesFront office/back officeObjects/componentsInteraction of objects/components in the system

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 26

Use case graphic representation

Space and facilities maintenance

Billing system

John enters

The recep.ist welcomes John

The recep.ist informs John

The rec.ist introduces John to the room assistant

John logs in

John Works on his CV

The billing person processes the bill

John goes to pay the bill

John’s membership card is updated

John walks away

Entrance/reception

Working environment

John pays the bill

Processes implying physical movement

Processes performed by the user

The system verifies John’s identity and

gives him access to the software

John saves hi work

John logs out

The system saves John’s work in his directory

The system saves John’s settings

Human and/or automated operations

The accounting system registers the payment

The room assistant runs the software to clean up the computer

System back up

The system gets ready for the next user

Technical Maintenance and upgrade

Automated operation

Front office

Back office

Processes performed by the service operator

John is guided to the workstation

Vir

tual en

vir

on

men

t

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 27

Use case graphic representation

TimeLogical links/interactionsSequence of eventsSpaces and their qualitiesMovements between spacesActors performing an actionVisible and invisible processesFront office/back officeObjects/componentsInteraction of objects/components in the system

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 28

Existing methods: pert chart

A japanese restaurant (Nicola Morelli)

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 29

Example: a Japanese take-away

(Nicola Morelli)

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 30

Colloquial language

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 31

Use Cases/storyboards

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 32

Video Sketching

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 33

Scenario building and sketching

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 34

• Scenarios facilitate convergences of different views by stimulating strategic conversation between actors with different views

Representation as a tool

Nicola Morelli Design & Sustainability 35