lecture 7 angiosperm is the higher stage of evolution of the vegetable world. basic of difference...

Lecture 7

Angiosperm is the higher stage of evolution of the vegetable world. Basic of difference between classes

Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous. Representatives of the Buttercup, Poppy,

Buckwheat and other Families

Prepared by ass-prof.

M.I. Shanayda

Systematic of plants is studied the variety of the

plants on our planets. Its basic task –

compound plants in related groups (on the basis of general signs).

Basic taxonomical categories are below pointed in table.

Founder of Systematic was Karl Linnei.

In 1753 year was publication

his “Species plantarum”

Classification• Kingdom Plants - Plantae

• Division Angiosperm - Magnioliophyta

• Class Dicotyledonous - Magnoliopsida

• Family Poppy Family - Papaveraceae

• Genus Poppy - Papaver• Species (two words)

Opium poppy - Papaver somniferum

2. There are more than 10 division in Kingdom of Plants. The division of Angiosperms or Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) is occupied by the most important place

among other departments of the Higher plants. It include over 250 thousand species.

Most important features of Angiosperms are:1) Presence of flower as reproductive organs.

2) Formings of seeds into pistil (but not openly, as at Gymnosperm)3) Double fertilisation which diploid zigota and triploid

endosperm is formed as a result of.

3. Division of Angiosperms include 2 classes: 3. Division of Angiosperms include 2 classes: Dicotyledonous (Magnoliopsida) and Monocotyledonous (Liliopsida).

These two classes differ on the followings signs:Dicotyledonous Embryo in seed with 2 cotyledons

Monocotyledonous Embryo in seed with 1cotyledonDicotyledonous Types of roots system - the taproot system

Monocotyledonous Types of roots system - the diffuse system Dicotyledonous Vascular bundles in stem opened, disposition in regulate order

Monocotyledonous Vascular bundles in stem closed, disposition in irregular order Dicotyledonous Types of leaves venation (arrangement of the veins) – Pinnate

Monocotyledonous Types of leaves venation (arrangement of the veins) – Parallel and arc-parallel

Types of perianth in flowersDicotyledonous Double perianth with 4-5 petals and sepals

Monocotyledonous Simple perianth with 3,6 leaflet

The Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)Nearly all the 1,500 members of the Buttercup Family are herbaceous.

Most plants of family - grassy, rarer bushes or trees. In perennial plants underground organs are rhizome or tuberous roots (1).

Leaves are simple. Most have dissected leaves with no stipules and with petioles that are slightly expanded at the base (2).

Arrangement leaves on the stem is alternate.The flowers (3), whose petals often vary in number, have numerous stamens

and several to many pistils with superior ovaries, sepals 5 (4), petals more frequent than all also 5. In flowers often present nectary.

Flowers colors and structure are different, fruits – follicle or nutlet (5).

Plants of the Buttercup Family accumulate alkaloids and cardiac glycosides.

Monk's-hood (Aconitum napellus) is perennial grassy plant, growing to about 1,2 m tall which

underground organs are tuberous roots. Leaves are simple, deeply divided, which 5-7 lobes, lobes themselves divided. Arrangement leaves

on the stem is alternate. Flowers are zygomorphic, blue-violet, collected in inflorescence (raceme). Friut – folicle with 3-5 seeds.

Active ingredients: alkaloids (poisonous!)

Spring adonis (Adonis vernalis) is perennial grassy plant, growingto about 30 cm tall, which underground organs are rhizome.

Leaves all stalked and feathry. Arrangement leaves on the stem is alternate. Flowers is solitary (simple), actinomorphic (radially symmetrical),

yellow, to about 7 cm across. Petals (12-20) long and oval. Fruits – nutlet. FLORAL FORMULA: Ca5Co12-20A∞G∞

Active ingredients: Cardiac glycosides (poisonous!)

Net-fruited larkspur (Delphinium dictiocarpum) is perennial grassy plant, growing to about 1,5 m tall. Leaves are simple,

palmate-separated Arrangement leaves on the stem is alternate. Flowers are zygomorphic, navy blue, collected in

inflorescence raceme. Friut – folicle with 3-5 seeds.Active ingredients: alkaloids(very poisonous!)

Wild Buttercup

Love-in-a-mist (Nigella damascena) is annual grassy plant, growing to about 50 cm tall. Leaves are pinnate-dissected.

Arrangement leaves is alternate. Flowers is solitary and terminal, actinomorphic with 5 petaloid sepal, blue colour. Fruits – 5-9-lobed capsules

(or folicle) with black seed.Active ingredients: bitters, essential and fatty oil.

The Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)Most members of the Poppy Family are herbs distributed

throughout temperate and subtropical regions north of the equator, but several poppies occur in the Southern Hemisphere, and

a number are widely planted as ornamentals. In perennial herbal plants underground organs are rhizome,

in annual – taproot system. Leaves are simple, without stipules. Arrangement leaves on the stem is alternate.

Flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic, with a double perianth. There are 2 sepals ans 4 petals. Their sepals usually fall off as the flowers open. Poppies, like buttercups, tend tohave numerous stamens, but most have a single pistil. Fruits is capsule. Most also have milky or colored sap.

All members produce alkaloidal drugs.

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) –

is annual grassy plant, growing to about 150 cm tall.

Leaves are oval, with toothed margin. Leaves are sessile and clasping.

Flowers are to 10 cm across. Sepals 2, green, falling early. Petals 4,

pale pink or pale violet, each with dark spot at base. Stamens are numerous.

Fruit an almost spherical capsule, with more than rays on stigma.

Seeds are little, grey.FLORAL FORMULA: Ca2Co4A∞G(∞)

Active ingredients: The sap contains about 30 alkaloids

(codeine, morphine, papaverine).

Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus),

tulip poppy – s perennial grassy plant, growing to about 100 cm tall, with upright,

branching stem, bristly hairs and bright orange sap.

Leaves are pinnate-dissected with oval toothed lobes, alternate.

Leaves are green above, blue-green beneath. Flowers are yellow,

to 3 cm across. Stamens are numerous. Friut – long capsules.

FLORAL FORMULA:Ca2Co4A∞G(2) Active ingredients: alkaloids.

The Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae)Family is united by about 800 species of plants.

In perennial herbal plants underground organs are rhizome, in annual – taproot system. Leaves are simple, whole or blade,

with the stipules which accrete round a stem in a tube (bell of vase) (1). Arrangement leaves on the stem is alternate. Its cells produce

large crystals of waste products of calcium oxalate - druse crystal (3). Exterior secretory structures are glands with essential oil and resin (5).

Flowers are small, bisexual, rarer unisexual, actinomorphic, with a simple perianth. Flowers collected in different inflorescence (2).

A perianth consists of 5-6 leaflets. Stamens 3-9, pistil 1 (consists of 2-4 carpels). Fruit is a nut (6).

Bird knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare)

is annual creeping plant with small elliptic leaves

and shallow flowers, collected on 3-5 in the

bosoms (axils) of leaves bunches.

Perianth is pinky-green. Fruit is a little nut.Active ingredients:

Flavonoids

Common bistort, Snake-root

(Polygonum bistorta) is perennial grassy plant,

growing to about 100 cm tall, with

serpentine sick rhizome. Leaves are lanceolate,

alternate. Flowers are small, pink, collected in

spike-alike inflorescence.Active ingredients: Tannins.

Water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper) is annual plant with branching stem

to about 90 cm tall. Leaves are narrow-lanceolate. Leaves and stems have pepper savour.

Flowers are small, pink-green, collected in raceme.Active ingredients: Flavonoids.

Spotted knot-weed (Polygonum persicaria)

is annual plant with branching stem to about 80 cm tall. Leaves are lanceolate

with dark spot above. Flowers are small, pink-green. Active ingredients: Flavonoids.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum) is annual cultivated plant

with branching stem to about 60 cm tall. Leaves are cordate, alternate. Flowers are pink,

collected in corymb-alike raceme. Active ingredients: Flavonoids.

Uses: herb to treat capillary haemorrhage.

Pieplant, Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum var. tanguticum) is perennial grassy plant,

growing to about 2 m tall, with large brown rhizome

and branching stem. Leaves are palmate-separated.

Arrangement leaves on the stem are alternate and rosulate. Flowers are pale yellow,

collected in compound raceme.Active ingredients:

anthrachinons, tannins

Horse Sorrel (Rumex confertus) is perennial grassy plant,

growing to about 1,2 m tall, with short rhizome and

furrowed stem. Leaves are egg-lanceolate. Flowers are pale green,

collected in alike compound raceme inflorescence.

Active ingredients:anthrachinons, tannins

Other species of sorrel is Sour sorrel (Rumex acetosa)

The Laurel Family (Lauraceae)Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) is evergreen tree or shrub to about 20  tall, with blakish bark. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, to 15 cm long. Strongly aromatic when crushed. Plant dioecious. Flowers are pale yellow, in small clasters. Fruit a black berry, 2 cm long.Active ingredients: essential oil, fatty oil, bitters.

The Barberry Family (Berberidaceae)

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is thorny shrub to 3 m tall. Stems with spines. Leaves short-stalked, elliptic to obovate, to 3 cm long, margins with small teeth. Flowers are yellow, collected in raceme inflorescence. Fruit is red berry. Active ingredients: Alkaloids, tannins

The Magnolia-vine Family (Schizandraceae)

Chinese magnolia-vine (Schizandra chinensis) is vine to 10 m long which have woody climbing stem. Leaves short-stalked, elliptic, to 7 cm long, with lemon smell. Flowers are pale pink. Friut – red fleshy folicle with 1 seed.Active ingredients: flavonoids, lignans.