leonardo becchetti, pierluigi conzo e - econometica.it · virtuous interactions in removing...
Post on 27-Dec-2018
215 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Virtuous interactions in removing exclusion: the link
between foreign market access and access to education.
Working papers
Leonardo Becchetti,Pierluigi Conzo e
Fabio Pisani
N.10 July 2009
!!Virtuous interactions in removing exclusion: the link between foreign market access and
access to education.
!!"#$%&'($!)#**+#,,-.!University of Rome Tor Vergata
/-#'01-2-!3$%4$.!University of Rome Tor Vergata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
Keywords: child schooling, market access, fair trade.
JEL numbers: HIJ.!HCC.!KLME
! C
1. Introduction
!
N,!-7!*$==$%!7#%7#!,$!#OB#*,!&!%#2&,-9#!'#0&,-$%7+-B!6#,F##%!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!&%(!*+-0('#%!
#(1*&,-$%!;$'!B$$'!+$17#+$0(7!-%!"K37E!>+#!*&17&0!0-%G!6#,F##%!,+#!,F$!9&'-&60#7!(#B#%(7!$%!,+#!
;&*,!,+&,!;&=-0-#7!7+$10(!(#*-(#!P$-%,0:!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!,+#:!F&%,!&%(!,+#!0#9#0!$;!#(1*&,-$%!
,$! 2-9#! ,+#=E! 5$'! &! 2-9#%! 61(2#,! *$%7,'&-%,.! ,+#! +-2+#'! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! *+-0('#%.! ,+#! 0$F#'! ,+#!
-%9#7,=#%,! -%! &9&-0&60#! B#'! *+-0(! #(1*&,-$%! Q)#*G#'! &%(! >$=#7.! IJRLSE! H%! ,+-7! 6&7-7! &! *&17&0!
'#0&,-$%7+-B!6#,F##%!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!&%(!B'$6&6-0-,:!$;!2$-%2!,$!7*+$$0!=&:!&'-7#!-%!*&7#!$;!&%!
#O$2#%$17!-%*'#&7#!-%!;&=-0:!$;;7B'-%2EI!!
>+#!2$&0!$;!,+-7!B&B#'!-7!,$!9#'-;:!F+#,+#'!-%!7-,1&,-$%7!-%!F+-*+!,+#!T1&0-,:!Q$;!#(1*&,-$%SUT1&%,-,:!
,'&(#V$;;! -7! #OB#*,#(! ,$!=&,,#'! Q&=$%2!&2'-*10,1'&0!B'$(1*#'7! -%!"K37!*0$7#! ,$! ,+#!B$9#',:! 0-%#S.!!
,+#!,'&(#V$;;!=&:!6#!#&7#(!6:!B$0-*-#7!F+-*+!&;;-0-&,#!B'$(1*#'!*$$B#'&,-9#7!,$!$'2&%-7&,-$%7!V!71*+!
&7!,+$7#!$;!;&-'! ,'&(#!Q+#%*#;$',+!&07$!5>S!-=B$',#'7!V!F+-*+!B'$=$,#!B'$(1*#'7W!&**#77! ,$!#OB$',!
=&'G#,7!&%(!B&:!,+#=!&!B'#=-1=!F+-*+!+&7!,$!6#!-%9#7,#(!-%!6$,+!0$*&0!B160-*!2$$(7!&%(!*&B&*-,:!
61-0(-%2EC!!
>+#!(-'#*,-$%!$;!,+#!-=B&*,!$;!71*+!B$0-*-#7!$%!*+-0(!7*+$$0-%2!-7!%$,!7$!7,'&-2+,;$'F&'(E!H%!,+#!$%#!
7-(#.! ,+#!)&71! &%(!?&%! QIJJXS! 01O1':! &O-$=! 7,&,#7! ,+&,! B&'#%,7! (#*-(#! ,$! 7#%(! ,+#-'! *+-0('#%! ,$!
7*+$$0!F+#%!,+#:!$9#'*$=#!&!=-%-=&0!+$17#+$0(! -%*$=#!,+'#7+$0(! !F+-*+!&00$F7!,+#=!,$!&;;$'(!
71*+!*$7,E!>+#!-%*$=#!#;;#*,!$;!71*+!B'#=-1=!7+$10(!+&9#!1%($16,#(0:!&!B$7-,-9#!-=B&*,!$%!*+-0(!
7*+$$0-%2! -;! -,! 6'-%27! ,+#! +$17#+$0(! 6#:$%(! 71*+! ,+'#7+$0(E! H%! ,+#! $,+#'! 7-(#.! +$F#9#'.! ,+#!
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`'##%a#,S! &%(! $;! ,+#! B&',%#'! $'2&%-7&,-$%!B'$=$,-%2!&**#77!,$!#OB$',!=&'G#,7!Q;&-'!,'&(#S.!$6P#*,!$;!$1'!#=B-'-*&0!&%&0:7-7.!F-00!6#!B'$9-(#(!-%!,+#!%#O,!7#*,-$%E!
! _
7167,-,1,-$%! #;;#*,! $;! ,+#! B'-*#! B'#=-1=! B&-(! 6:! ,+#! ;&-'! ,'&(#! $'2&%-7&,-$%! ,#007! 17! ,+&,! ,+#!
$BB$',1%-,:! *$7,! $;! 7*+$$0! -%9#7,=#%,! -7! +-2+#'! 7-%*#! $%#! +$1'! $;! *+-0(! F$'G! -%! ,+#! +$17#+$0(!
&2'-*10,1'&0!&*,-9-,:!:-#0(7!=$'#E!N%!&((-,-$%!,$!-,.!&((-,-$%&0!-%(-'#*,!*+&%2#7!-%!&;;-0-&,#(!&%(!%$%!
&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'! 0&6$1'!=&'G#,7! -%! &!2#%#'&0! #T1-0-6'-1=! ;'&=#F$'G! 7+$10(!&07$!=&,,#'! &%(!6#!
,&G#%!-%,$!&**$1%,!-%!,+#!#9&01&,-$%!$;!,+#!,$,&0!-=B&*,E!!
H1'!#=B-'-*&0!&%&0:7-7!&-=7!,$!#9&01&,#!,+#!(-'#*,-$%!$;!71*+!#;;#*,E!@%$,+#'!=&-%!,&7G!$;!,+#!B&B#'!
-7!,$!(-7#%,&%20#.!;$'!F+&,!B$77-60#.!*&17&0!0-%G7!;'$=!,F$!#%($2#%#-,:!B'$60#=7!F+-*+!&'-7#!F+#%!
(#&0-%2!F-,+!,+#!&6$9#!=#%,-$%#(!-771#E!H%!,+#!$%#!7-(#.! ,+#!7&=#!T1&0-,:UT1&%,-,:!,'&(#V$;;!=&:!
*$%*#&0! &! ,+-'(! ('-9-%2! ;&*,$'! Q-E#E! 0$F! B&'#%,7W! #%($F=#%,! -%! ,#'=7! $;! &6-0-,:.! F#&0,+! &%(!
#(1*&,-$%S!F+-*+!&;;#*,7!6$,+!,+#!(#*-7-$%!,$!+&9#!=$'#!*+-0('#%!&%(!,$!-%9#7,!0#77!-%!,+#=!Q/$%*#V
\$14&.!CDDJSE!H%!,+#!$,+#'!7-(#.!,+#!'#0&,-$%7+-B!6#,F##%!&;;-0-&,-$%!,$!5>!&%(!*+-0(!7*+$$0-%2!=&:!
&07$!6#!7B1'-$17!&%(!('-9#%!6:!7#0#*,-$%!6-&7E!
@! ;-%&0! &((#(! 9&01#! -%! $1'! B&B#'! -7! =#,+$($0$2-*&0! &%(! 0-#7! -%! ,+#! (#;-%-,-$%! $;! &! 7-=B0#! &%(!
#;;#*,-9#!'#,'$7B#*,-9#!B&%#0!(&,&!&BB'$&*+E!>+#!0&,,#'!+#0B7!,$!-%9#7,-2&,#!-771#7!-%!F+-*+!'#B#&,#(!
$67#'9&,-$%7!$%! ,+#!7&=#!7&=B0#!$;! -%(-9-(1&07!;$'!=&%:!:#&'7!&'#! ,$$!*$7,0:!$'.! -;!%$,!7,&',#(! -%!
&(9&%*#.! =&G#! P17,! -=B$77-60#! &%! -=B&*,! &%&0:7-7E! A-,+! ,+-7! '#7B#*,! F#! (#9-7#! &! 9#':! 7-=B0#!
&BB'$&*+!F+-*+!&00$F7!,$!61-0(!'#,'$7B#*,-9#0:!B&%#0!(&,&!F-,+$1,!'#T1-'-%2!1%'#&7$%&60#!=#=$':!
#;;$',7! 6:! '#B$%(#%,7E! K-;;#'#%,0:! ;'$=!b*N%,$7+! #,! &0E! QCDIDS! F+$! 0$$G! &,! +$17#! '#7,'1*,1'-%2!
#9#%,7.!F#!61-0(!$1'!'#,'$7B#*,-9#!B&%#0!(&,&!$%!7-=B0#!T1#7,-$%7!&6$1,!*+-0('#%!&2#!&%(!7*+$$0-%2!
:#&'7! &00$F-%2! 17! ,$! '#*$%7,'1*,! ,+#! B&,,#'%! $;! +$17#+$0(! 7*+$$0-%2! (#*-7-$%7! $9#'! &! 0$%2! ,-=#!
-%,#'9&0E
!
>+#! B&B#'! &-=7! ,$! (#&0! F-,+! &00! ,+#7#! -771#7! &%(! -7! (-9-(#(! -%,$! #-2+,! 7#*,-$%7! Q-%*01(-%2!
-%,'$(1*,-$%!&%(!*$%*017-$%7SE! N%! ,+#!7#*$%(!7#*,-$%!F#!6'-#;0:!#OB0&-%!5>!*+&'&*,#'-7,-*7!&%(!,+#!
0-,#'&,1'#! (#6&,#! &'$1%(! ,+#=E! N%! ,+#! ,+-'(! 7#*,-$%! F#! B'$9-(#! &! 7+$',! 7,$':! $;! ,+#! *$$B#'&,-9#!
-%9#7,-2&,#(E! N%! ,+#! ;$1',+! 7#*,-$%! F#! (#7*'-6#! ,+#! 71'9#:! (#7-2%! &%(! ,+#! =#=$'&60#! #9#%,!
! M
=#,+$($0$2:!F-,+!F+-*+!F#!,'&%7;$'=!*'$77V7#*,-$%&0!(&,&!-%,$!B&%#0E!N%!,+#!;-;,+!&%(!7-O,+!7#*,-$%7!
F#!B'#7#%,!&%(!(-7*177!$1'!(#7*'-B,-9#!&%(!#*$%$=#,'-*!;-%(-%27E!N%!,+#!7#9#%,+!7#*,-$%!F#!;$*17!$%!
,+#!#%($2#%#-,:!B'$60#=!&%(!(-7*177!+$F!F#!(#&0,!F-,+!-,E!
!
2. What is FT
!
<$B-! -7!&!9-00&2#!7-,1&,#(! -%! ,+#!\$1,+#'%!B&',!$;!c,+-$B-&.!&,!_CD!G=!;'$=!,+#!*&B-,&0!&%(!RD!G=!
;'$=!\+&7+#=&%#!,$F%E!<$B-!;&'=#'7!B'$(1*#!F+#&,!-%!,+#!F#,!7#&7$%!F+-*+!,+#:!-%(-9-(1&00:!7#00!
6#0$F! ,+#! 7#&7$%&0! Q0$FS! =&'G#,! B'-*#! ,$! ,+#! 1%-T1#! $'2&%-7&,-$%! $;! 0$*&0! -%,#'=#(-&'-#7! F+-*+!
6'-%27!,+#!B'$(1*,!,$!\+&7+#=&%#E!N%!,+#!(':!7#&7$%!<$B-!;&'=#'7!'1%!$1,!$;!F+#&,!&%(!+&9#!,$!61:!
-,!;'$=!,+#!7&=#!,'&(#'7!&,!,+#!7#&7$%&0!=&'G#,!B'-*#7!F+-*+!171&00:!($160#!F-,+!'#7B#*,!,$!,+$7#!$;!
,+#!F#,!7#&7$%E!!
>+-7! 7,$':! $;! -=6&0&%*#! -%!=&'G#,! B$F#'! 6#,F##%! B'-=&':! B'$(1*#'7! &%(! 0$*&0! -%,#'=#(-&'-#7! -7!
7,'-G-%20:!7-=-0&'! ,$! ,+&,!$;!Y#%:&%!;&'=#'7! -%!b#'1!3#%,'&0!&%(!>+&'&G&.!&BB'$O-=&,#0:!CDD!G=!
;'$=! a&-'$6-.! $%! b$1%,! Y#%:&W7! #&7,#'%! 70$B#7! Q)#**+#,,-V3$7,&%,-%$.! CDDXS.! ! $;! +&%(-*'&;,!
B'$(1*#'7! -%! ,+#! K-7,'-*,! $;! d10-&*&! ! QK#B&',=#%,! $;! /1%$S! 0$*&,#(! &'$1%(! ,+#! >-,-*&*&! 0&G#!
Q)#**+#,,-!#,!&0E.!CDDRS!&%(!!$;!,+#!!>+&-!;&'=#'7!F+-*+!F-00!6#!&%&0:7#(!-%!,+-7!B&B#'E!
N%!=&%:!7-,1&,-$%7!0-G#!,+#7#.!#O,'#=#!B$9#',:!(#B#%(7.!&=$%2!$,+#'!;&*,$'7.!$%!-%71;;-*-#%,!=&'G#,!
&**#77.!0&*G!$;!6&'2&-%-%2!B$F#'!F-,+!-%,#'=#(-&'-#7.!0$F!B'$(1*,-9-,:!&%(!-%71;;-*-#%,!*&B&*-,:!,$!
=&%&2#!-%9#%,$'-#7!&,!9-00&2#!0#9#0E!!
>+#! 2$&0! $;! ;&-'! ,'&(#! -7! ,$! &(('#77! 71*+! 7-,1&,-$%7E! @**$'(-%2! ,$! N5@>.! ,+#! =&-%! 1=6'#00&!!
2&,+#'-%2! =$7,! $;! ;&-'! ,'&(#! B'$(1*#'7! &%(! -=B$',#'7.! eFair Trade is a strategy for poverty
alleviation and sustainable development. Its purpose is to create opportunities for producers who
have been economically disadvantaged or marginalized by the conventional trading systemfE!
)#:$%(! $;;-*-&0! (#*0&'&,-$%7! ;&-'! ,'&(#! =&:! ,+#'#;$'#! 6#! *$%*#-9#(! &7! &%! #*$%$=-*! -%-,-&,-9#!
B'$=$,#(!6:!$'2&%-4&,-$%7!$;! -=B$',#'7.!(-7,'-61,$'7!&%(!'#,&-0#'7! ;'$=!c1'$B#!&%(! ,+#!8\!F+-*+!
! ^
&-=! ,$!B'$=$,#!*&B&*-,:!61-0(-%2.!=&'G#,! -%*017-$%!&%(! -=B'$9#=#%,!$;!=&'2-%&0-4#(!B'$(1*#'7W!
F#006#-%2E! >+#! ;-'7,! &%(! 6&7-*! 5>! -=B&*,! -7! -,7! e&%,-,'17,f! #;;#*,! &*+-#9#(! F-,+! ,+#! 7-=B0#!
(-9#'7-;-*&,-$%!$;! 7&0#! *+&%%#07!$;;#'#(! ,$!B'$(1*#'7E!5&-'! ,'&(#!*'-,#'-&_!B$,#%,-&00:! -%*01(#g! -S! &%!
&%,-*:*0-*&0! =&'GV1B! $%! B'$(1*#'7W! B'-*#7! -%*$'B$'&,-%2! &%! -%71'&%*#! =#*+&%-7=! &2&-%7,! #O*#77!
B'-*#! ($F%;&007ZM! --S! &%,-*-B&,#(! ;-%&%*-%2! 7*+#=#7! '#(1*-%2! ,+#! 0-G#0-+$$(! *'#(-,! '&,-$%-%2Z! ---S!
#OB$',! 7#'9-*#7!&%(!&**#77! ,$! ;$'#-2%!=&'G#,7Z! -9S!(-'#*,! -%9#7,=#%,! -%! 0$*&0!B160-*!2$$(7! Q+#&0,+!
&%(!#(1*&,-$%S!,+'$12+!,+#!*$%,'-61,-$%!B'$9-(#(!,$!,+#!0$*&0!B'$(1*#'7W!&77$*-&,-$%7E!
`-9#%!,+#7#!*+&'&*,#'-7,-*7.!5>!+&7!,+#!B$,#%,-&0!,$!&(('#77!=&'G#,!;&-01'#7!71*+!&7!*'#(-,!'&,-$%-%2.!
1%(#'-%9#7,=#%,!-%!0$*&0!B160-*!2$$(7!Q+#&0,+.!#(1*&,-$%!&%(!B'$;#77-$%&0!,'&-%-%2S.!=$%$B7$%:!$;!
0$*&0! -%,#'=#(-&'-#7!&%(U$'!=$%#:0#%(#'7! Q)#**+#,,-!&%(!<$7&,-.!CDDRSE^!H%! ,+#!*$%71=#'!7-(#.! -,!
+&7! &07$! 6##%! (#=$%7,'&,#(! ,+&,! -,! =&:! 7&,-7;:! *$%71=#'7W! F-00-%2%#77! ,$! B&:! ;$'! 7$*-&0! &%(!
#%9-'$%=#%,&0!-%,&%2-60#7!-%*$'B$'&,#(!-%,$!,+#!;-%&0!B'$(1*,.!2#%#'&,-%2!*$%,&2-$%!#;;#*,7!$%!B'$;-,!
=&O-=-7-%2!*$=B#,-,$'7!Q)#**+#,,-!&%(!\$0;#'-%$.!CDDXSEL!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_! @**$'(-%2! ,$! ,+#! N5@>! *+&',#'! 71*+! *'-,#'-&! &'#g! i) Creating opportunities for economically
disadvantaged producers; ii) Transparency and accountability; iii) Capacity building; iv)
Promoting Fair Trade; v) Payment of a fair price; vi) Gender Equity; vii) Working conditions
(healthy working environment for producers. The participation of children, if any, does not
adversely affect their well-being, security, educational requirements and need for play and
conforms to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as well as the law and norms in the local
context); viii) The environment; ix) Trade Relations (Fair Trade Organizations trade with concern
for the social, economic and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers and do not
maximise profit at their expense. They maintain long-term relationships based on solidarity, trust
and mutual respect that contribute to the promotion and growth of Fair Trade. Whenever possible,
producers are assisted with access to pre-harvest or pre-production advance payment).!M! @%! #O&=B0#! $;! 5&-'! >'&(#! B'-*#! B'#=-1=! -7! -%! ,+#! 6&%&%&! =&'G#,E! N%! c*1&($'.! ,+#! CDD^!*$%9#%,-$%&0!=&'G#,!B'-*#!;$'!IEIM!G-0$7!$;!6&%&%&7!F&7!CEJI!8\!h.!&2&-%7,!&!5>!B'-*#!$;!RER^!8\!hE!c9-(#%*#!$;!5>!B'#=-1=!$%!B'-*#7!$;!*$;;##!6#&%7!&%(!*$*$&!-%!,+#!0&7,!CD!:#&'7!-7!&07$!F#00!G%$F%!&%(!&9&-0&60#!;'$=!,+#!&1,+$'7!1B$%!'#T1#7,E!^! 5$'! &! ,+#$'#,-*&0! #9&01&,-$%! $;! ,+#! #;;#*,7! $;! 5>! ;'$=! ,+#! B#'7B#*,-9#! $;! ,'&(#! ,+#$'-#7! 7##!b&7#0&%(!&%(!K#!?&&0!QCDDCSE!H,+#'!'#0#9&%,!B&B#'7!(#&0-%2!F-,+!9&'-$17!&7B#*,7!$;!,+#!-=B&*,!$;!5>!&'#!,+$7#!$;!b$$'#!QCDDMS.![&:#7!QCDDMS!&%(!<#(;#'%!&%(!\%#(G#'!QCDDCSE!L!a#7,0i!-%,'$(1*#(!-%!H*,$6#'!CDD^!&!;&-'!,'&(#!B'$(1*,!-%!-,7!B'$(1*,!'&%2#.!3$$B!8Y!0&1%*+#(!-,7!$F%!;&-'!,'&(#!B'$(1*,!0-%#.!F+-0#!\,&'61*G7!+&7!'&B-(0:!6#*$=#!,+#!=&-%!7#00#'!$;!5>!*$;;##!-%!,+#!0&7,! ;#F! :#&'7E! <#*#%,! B&',-&0! Q$'! B0&%%#(S! &($B,-$%! $;! 5>! B'&*,-*#7! &07$! *$=#7! ;'$=! >#7*$.!\&-%761':! &%(! F&7! &%%$1%*#(! 6:! b&'7E! 5$'! &! (-7*177-$%! $%! *$=B#,-,-$%! 6#,F##%! ;&-'! ,'&(#!(#(-*&,#(!'#,&-0#'7!&%(!71B#'=&'G#,7!7##!&07$!Y$+0#'!QCDDRSE!@!*+'$%$0$2:!$;!!,+#!B&',-&0!-=-,&,-$%!
! L
>+#!#*$%$=-*!(#6&,#!&'$1%(!5>!-7!0-9#0:!&%(!*$%*#%,'&,#(!&'$1%(!,+'##!=&-%!*'-,-T1#7E!!
>+#!;-'7,! ,:B-*&0!$6P#*,-$%!-7!,+&,!,+#!B'$(1*#'!=&'GV1B!-7!&!%$%!=&'G#,!*0#&'-%2!B'-*#!F+-*+!=&:!
*'#&,#! #O*#77! 71BB0:.! 0#&(-%2! ,$! ! (-7,$',-$%! -%! B'$(1*#'! 7B#*-&0-7&,-$%E! >+#! 7#*$%(!F$%(#'7!F+:!
61:-%2! ;&-'V,'&(#! B'$(1*,7! 7+$10(! 6#! 6#,,#'! ,+&%! &! 7,&%(&'(! B1'*+&7#! B017! *+&'-,:! ($%&,-$%!
=#*+&%-7=!7*+#=#!Q;$'!&%!&=$1%,!#T1-9&0#%,!,$!,+#!B'-*#!(-;;#'#%,-&0!6#,F##%!,+#!;&-'!,'&(#!&%(!,+#!
,'&(-,-$%&0! B'$(1*,S! Q"#30&-'.! CDDCSE! >+#! ;-%&0! $%#! &'21#7! ,+&,! 5>! =&:! &(9#'7#0:! &;;#*,! ,+#!
F#006#-%2!$;!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(!0$*&0!B'$(1*#'7!Q"#30&-'.!CDDCSE!
H%!,+#!;-'7,!-771#!-,!7+$10(!6#!*$%7-(#'#(!,+&,!7B#*-&0-7&,-$%7!&'#!(:%&=-*!&%(!*+&%2#!&**$'(-%2!,$!
+1=&%! *&B-,&0! &**1=10&,-$%E! N%! ,+-7! '#7B#*,.! ,+#'#! -7! %$,+-%2! (-;;#'#%,! 6#,F##%! ;&-'! ,'&(#! &%(! &!
B'$P#*,!&-=-%2!,$!-=B'$9#!B'$(1*,-9-,:!$;!&!%$%!*$=B#,-,-9#!2'$1B!$;!5'#%*+.!N,&0-&%!$'!@17,'&0-&%!
F-%#!B'$(1*#'7!6:!(#9#0$B-%2!%#F!0-%#7!$;!B'$(1*,!&%(!-=B'$9-%2!,+#-'!=&'G#,!&**#77E!N%!&((-,-$%!
,$!-,.!&%(!;'$=!&!7,&,-*!B$-%,!$;!9-#F.!,+#!&%*,-*:*0-*&0!B'-*#!B'#=-1=!=&:!6#!*$%7-7,#%,!F-,+!=&'G#,!
#T1-0-6'-1=! -%! 7-,1&,-$%7! -%! F+-*+! 0$*&0! -%,#'=#(-&'-#7! +&9#! =$%$B7$%:! B$F#'! $%! =&'2-%&0-7#(!
B'$(1*#'7ER!)#:$%(!,+-7!*&7#.!-,!+&7!6##%!$67#'9#(!,+&,!,+#!5>!B'$(1*,!-7!&!%#F!9&'-#,:!F-,+!'#7B#*,!
,$!,+#!%$%!5>!#T1-9&0#%,!(1#!,$!-,7!&((-,-$%&0!-%,&%2-60#!*+&'&*,#'-7,-*7!&BB'#*-&,#(!6:!*$%71=#'7E!N;!
,+-7! -7! ,'1#! ;&-'! ,'&(#!=&:!6#! *$%*#-9#(! &7! &! 7$',! $;!general purpose innovation!F+-*+! -%*'#&7#7!
B'$(1*,!9&'-#,:E!5-%&00:.!7$=#!&1,+$'7!#=B+&7-4#!,+&,! ,+#!B'#=-1=!F$'G7!&7!&%!$B,-=&0!-%*#%,-9#!
(#9-*#!F+-*+! 7$09#7! &!=$'&0! +&4&'(! B'$60#=! $;! ,+#! 0$*&0! B'$(1*#'W7! ! -%9#7,=#%,! Q<#-%7,#-%! &%(!
\$%2.!CDDXSE!
>+#!7#*$%(!B$-%,!'#T1-'#7!&!*$=B&'-7$%!$;!,+#!#;;#*,7!$;!,+#!5>!B'#=-1=!B&-(!$%!,+#!B'$(1*,!F-,+!
'#7B#*,!,$!7,&%(&'(!&-(!B'$2'&=7E!A+&,!*&%!6#!%$,#(!-7!,+&,!,+#!0&,,#'.!(-;;#'#%,0:!;'$=!,+#!eB$',;$0-$!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7,#B7! $;! 0&'2#! ,'&%7%&,-$%&07! ,$F&'(! ;&-'! ,'&(#! -7! &9&-0&60#! $%!+,,BgUUFFFE;&-','&(#E$'2E1GUF+&,j-7j;&-','&(#U+-7,$':E&7BOE!R!>+-7!+&7!6##%!9#'-;-#(!;$'!b#'1![#'67!6:!)#**+#,,-!&%(!3$7,&%,-%$!QCDDXS!F+$!;-%(!,+&,!;&-'!,'&(#!'#(1*#(!(#B#%(#%*#!$;!&;;-0-&,#(!;&'=#'7!;'$=!a&-'$6-!-%,#'=#(-&'-#7!&%(!6:!)#**+#,,-!#,!&0E!QCDDXS!-%! &! 7,1(:! $%! &;;-0-&,#(! /#'19-&%!F$$0! B'$(1*#'7! -%! ,+#! d10-&*&! '#2-$%! Q>-,-*&*&! 0&G#S!F+#'#! ,+#!-%,'$(1*,-$%!$;!;&-'!,'&(#!(#,#'=-%#(!&%!-%*'#&7#!-%!,+#-'!6&'2&-%-%2!B$F#'!Q&%(!&%!-=B'$9#=#%,!-%!B'-*#!*$%(-,-$%7S!F-,+!0$*&0!-%,#'=#(-&'-#7E!!
! R
9$,#f!$;!5>!*$%71=#'7.X!+&9#!%$!0$*&0!&%,-,'17,!#;;#*,7!&%(!($!%$,!*'#&,#!*$%,&2-$%!&=$%2!;&-'!,'&(#!
B'$;-,!=&O-=-7-%2!*$=B#,-,$'7E!>+#!,+-'(!*'-,-T1#!*&%%$,!6#!7$09#(!;'$=!&!,+#$'#,-*&0!B$-%,!$;!9-#F!
Q'#710,7!&'#!,$$!(#B#%(#%,!$%!7-(#!*$%(-,-$%7S!&%(!%##(7!,$!6#!,&*G0#(!#=B-'-*&00:!*&7#!6:!*&7#E!!
A+&,!,+#!&6$9#!=#%,-$%#(!(#6&,#!-%(-*&,#7!-7!,+&,!-=B&*,!7,1(-#7!$%!5>!&'#!$;!#O,'#=#!-%,#'#7,!&%(!
,+#:!&'#!7$!;$'!&,!0#&7,!,+'##!'#&7$%7E!
N%! ,+#! ;-'7,! B0&*#! ,+#! B+#%$=#%$%! -7! 2'$F-%2! =$'#! '&B-(0:! ,+&%! ,+#! *&B&*-,:! $;! #*$%$=-7,7! $;!
&%&0:7-%2!-,E!)#,F##%!CDDL!&%(!CDDR.!,$,&0!5>!7&0#7!'#2-7,#'#(!&!ICRk!-%*'#&7#!6:!9$01=#!&%(!RCk!
6:!#7,-=&,#(!'#,&-0!9&01#E!`'$F,+!-%!c1'$B#!+&7!&9#'&2#(!^D!k!B#'!:#&'!-%!,+#!0&7,!L!:#&'7!&%(!5>!
2&-%#(!7-2%-;-*&%,! 7+&'#7! -%! 7$=#!=&'G#,! 7#2=#%,7! QMR!B#'*#%,!$;!6&%&%&7! -%!\F-,4#'0&%(!&%(!CD!
B#'*#%,!$;!8Y!6&%&%&7!&;,#'!,+#!(#*-7-$%!$;!7$=#!$;!,+#!=&-%!8Y!(-7,'-61,$'7!,$!-=B$',!$%0:!,+#7#!
B'$(1*,7E! K1#! ,$! ,+-7! -%*'#&7-%2! =&'G#,! 71**#77.! $%! \#B,#=6#'! ,+#! _'(! CDDX.! c6&:! 0&1%*+#(! &!
(#(-*&,#(! B0&,;$'=! QA$'0(H;`$$(E*$=S! ;$'! ;&-'! ,'&(#! #V*$==#'*#E! N,! *&0*10&,#7! ,+&,! ,+#! 8E\E!
=&'G#,!;$'!71*+!2$$(7!F&7!hCDJ!6-00-$%!-%!CDD^.!&%(!;$'#*&7,7!,+&,!-,!F-00!'-7#!1B!,$!hMCD!6-00-$%!-%!
CDIDE!!
@!7#*$%(!'#&7$%!;$'!,+#!'#0#9&%*#!$;!#=B-'-*&0!-%9#7,-2&,-$%7!$%!,+-7!B+#%$=#%$%!-7!,+&,!,+#!($16,!
$;!F+&,!-7!'#&00:!6#+-%(!,+#!B'$(1*,!,+#:!61:!'#=&-%7!-%!,+#!=-%(7!$;!&00!5>!*$%71=#'7E!N%!#77#%*#.!
,+#!7$*-&0!&%(!#%9-'$%=#%,&00:!;'-#%(0:!*+&'&*,#'-7,-*7!$;!,+#!B'$(1*,7!&'#!%$,!&%!#OB#'-#%*#!2$$(!
Q,+&,! -7.! ,+#! -%;$'=&,-$%! 2&B! $%! ,+#-'! \<! *+&'&*,#'-7,-*7! *&%%$,! 6#! 6'-(2#(! 6:! '#B#&,#(!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!X! A#! 7+$10(! *$%*#-9#! 5>! &7! ,+#! =$7,! ;&7+-$%&60#! #O&=B0#! $;! &! =$'#! 2#%#'&0! B+#%$=#%$%! $;!*$%71=#'7W! '#9#&0#(! 7$*-&0! B'#;#'#%*#7! &%(! B'$(1*#'7W! *&B&*-,:! $;! #O,'&*,-%2! 71'B017! ;'$=! ,+#=E!H,+#'!'#*#%,!-%,#'#7,-%2!#O&=B0#7!&'#!,+#!(#(-*&,#(!7+$B7!-%!\-*-0:!7#00-%2!B'$(1*,7!$;!#%,'#B'#%#1'7!F+$!(#*-(#(!%$,!,$!B&:!;##7!,$!0$*&0!=&;-&!Qe&((-$B-44$!7+$B7fS!&%(!&00!,+#!-%-,-&,-9#7!F-,+!F+-*+!*$'B$'&,-$%7!&'#!&60#!,$!#O,'&*,!,+#!e7$*-&0!71'B017f!;'$=!7$*-&00:!'#7B$%7-60#!*$%71=#'7E!>$!T1$,#!P17,!;#F!$;!,+#=.!3&,+&:!/&*-;-*!&($B,#(!&!(1&0!B'-*-%2!B$0-*:!$;;#'-%2!,$!e*$%*#'%#(f!*$%71=#'7!&!=$'#! #OB#%7-9#! &-'! ,-*G#,! F+#'#! ,+#! B'-*#! (-;;#'#%,-&0! F-,+! '#7B#*,! ,$! ,+#! 7,&%(&'(! $%#! ;-%&%*#7!'#;$'#7,&,-$%!B$0-*-#7!$;!,+#!&-'!*$=B&%:E!5-%&00:!<&6$6&%G.!3'#(-,!@2'-*$0#!&%(!$,+#'!*$$B#'&,-9#!6&%G7! $;;#'! ,$! &(('#77! B&',! $;! ,+#! &**'1#(! -%,#'#7,! $%! 6&%G! &**$1%,7! ,$! 7$*-&0! &7! F#00! &7!#%9-'$%=#%,&0!(#7,-%&,-$%7! Q,+#!&((-,-$%&0! *$7,!=&:!6#!B&-(!$%0:!6:!*0-#%,7!$'!6:!*0-#%,7! &%(! ,+#!6&%GSE!!!
! X
*$%71=B,-$%SE! [#%*#.! '-2$'$17! #=B-'-*&0! F$'G! -7! '#T1-'#(! ,$! 6'-(2#! -%;$'=&,-$%&0! &7:==#,'-#7!
6#,F##%!61:#'7!&%(!7#00#'7!&%(!,$!#9&01&,#!F+#,+#'!5>!B'$=-7#7!&'#!=#,!$'!%$,E!!
@!,+-'(!&'21=#%,!-7!,+&,!'#710,7!$;!5>!-=B&*,!&%&0:7#7!=&:!6#!9#':!17#;10!,$!#9&01&,#!*'-,-*&00:!&%(!
#9#%,1&00:!'#('#77!5>!*'-,#'-&E!
@,!,+#!=$=#%,.!,+#!5>!-=B&*,!7,1(:!0-,#'&,1'#!=&-%0:!*$%7-7,7!$;!7$=#!F#00!7,'1*,1'#(!*&7#!7,1(-#7!
Q)&*$%.!CDD^Z!/&'-#%,#.!CDDDZ!3&7,'$.!CDDIZ!a#07$%!&%(!`&09#4.!CDDDZ!<$%*+-.!CDDCZ!]&%*+17!&%(!
(#!?&%77&:.!CDD_S!&%(!&!;#F!#*$%$=#,'-*!-=B&*,!&%&0:7#7E!@=$%2!,+#!0&,,#'!<$%*+-!QCDDLS!;-%(7!
$%!&!B&%#0!6&7#(!$%!I^R!=-00!(&,&!,+&,!5>!+#0B#(!&;;-0-&,#(!3$7,&!<-*&%!*$;;##!B'$(1*#'7!,$!-%*'#&7#!
,+#-'!=&'G#,!B$F#'E!>+#!&1,+$'!*$%*01(#7!,+&,!5>!6#%#;-,7!&'#!$;!&!9#',-*&0!-%,#2'&,-$%!,:B#!&%(!,+&,!
e,+#! (#*-7-$%! ,$! 71BB$',! ;&-'! ,'&(#! '#T1-'#7! $,+#'! -%;$'=&,-$%! &6$1,! -,7! *$7,7! &%(!6#%#;-,7fE! N%! &%!
#*$%$=#,'-*!7,1(:!$%!,+#!-=B&*,!$;!5>!$%!Y#%:&%!;&'=#'7.!)#**+#,,-!&%(!3$7,&%,-%$!QCDDXS!7+$F!
,+&,! *&B&*-,:! 610(-%2.! ,'&(#! &%(! B'$(1*,! '-7G! (-9#'7-;-*&,-$%! Q&%! #0#=#%,! %$,! -%*01(#(! -%! $;;-*-&0!
*'-,#'-&S.! 6:! '#(1*-%2! ,+#-'! 910%#'&6-0-,:! ,$! 7+$*G7.! &'#! ,+#! =&-%! 7$1'*#7! $;! 6#%#;-,! ;$'! 0$*&0!
&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'7E!@%!#=B-'-*&0!&%&0:7-7!$%!/#'19-&%!B'$(1*#'7!Q)#**+#,,-!#,!&0E.!CDDRS!;-%(7!,+&,!
&;;-0-&,-$%! +&7! 7-2%-;-*&%,! #;;#*,7! $%! B'$;#77-$%&0! 7#0;! #7,##=! &%(! 0-;#! 7&,-7;&*,-$%! Q&07$! %$,!
*$%7-(#'#(!&=$%2!5>!*'-,#'-&SEJ!!
A-,+-%!,+-7!0-,#'&,1'#!,+#!7B#*-;-*!2$&0!$;!$1'!7,1(:!-7!,$!&%&0:7#!,+#!#;;#*,7!$;!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!$%!*+-0(!
7*+$$0-%2!6:!*'#&,-%2!#*$%$=-*!$BB$',1%-,-#7!;$'!B$$'!B'$(1*#'7E!!
N%! ,+-7! '#7B#*,! &! 9#':! -=B$',&%,! B$-%,! -7! ,+&,! ;&-'! ,'&(#! ($#7! %$,! #OB0-*-,0:! 6&%! *+-0(! 0&6$1'! &%(!
,+#'#;$'#! -,7! -=B&*,! $%! -,! =&:! $%0:! 6#! -%(-'#*,E! >+-7! -7! *0#&'0:! ($*1=#%,#(! 6:! *'-,#'-$%! 9--S! $%!
A$'G-%2!*$%(-,-$%7!Q7##!;$$,%$,#!_S!F+-*+!7,&,#7! ,+&,!eThe participation of children, if any, does
not adversely affect their well-being, security, educational requirements and need for play and
conforms to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as well as the law and norms in the local
contextfE![$F#9#'.!5>!7+$10(!&*,!-%(-'#*,0:!$%!*+-0(!7*+$$0-%2!6:!*'#&,-%2!*$%(-,-$%7!;$'!*&B&*-,:!
61-0(-%2!&%(!+-2+#'!B'$(1*#'W7!B'$(1*,-9-,:!&%(!+$17#+$0(!-%*$=#E!N%!&((-,-$%!,$!-,.!&7!=#%,-$%#(!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!J!5$'!!&!71'9#:!$;!,+#7#!&%(!$,+#'!-=B&*,!&%&0:7#7!$%!5>!7##!<16#%!QCDDXSE!
! J
6#;$'#.!5>!=&:!+#0B!-%!&(('#77-%2!=&'G#,!;&-01'#7!71*+!&7!*'#(-,!'&,-$%-%2!6:!B'$9-(-%2!=#=6#'7!
F-,+! 9&'-$17! &(9&%,&2#7! 71*+! &7! -%,#'#7,V;'##! *'#(-,! 71BB$',.! &%,-*-B&,#(! ;-%&%*-&0! 7*+#=#7.! &%!
&%,-*:*0-*&0!=&'GV1B!$%!B'$(1*#'7W!B'-*#7!F+-*+!-%*$'B$'&,#7!&%!-%71'&%*#!=#*+&%-7=.!&%(!B'$(1*,!
'-7G!(-9#'7-;-*&,-$%!F+-*+!0$F#'7!,+#!B'$(1*#'7W!910%#'&6-0-,:!,$!7+$*G7!Q)#**+#,,-!&%(!3$7,&%,-%$.!
CDDXSE!A-,+!,+-7!'#7B#*,!F#!=&:!'#=#=6#'!,+&,!,+#!,+#$'#,-*&0!&%(!#=B-'-*&0!*+-0(!0&6$1'!0-,#'&,1'#!
#=B+&7-4#7! ,+#! -=B$',&%*#! $;! &**#77! ,$! ,+#! *'#(-,! =&'G#,! &%(! ,+#! *$%,&-%=#%,! $;! 7+$*G7! -%!
(#,#'=-%-%2!,+#!+$17#+$0(!(#*-7-$%7!*$%*#'%-%2!*+-0('#%W7!,-=#!&00$*&,-$%EID!>+#!-=B#';#*,-$%7!$;!
6$,+! ;$'=&0! &%(! -%;$'=&0! *'#(-,! &%(! -%71'&%*#! =&'G#,7.! '#B'#7#%,.! B&',-*10&'0:! -%! (#9#0$B-%2!
*$1%,'-#7.!&!9#':!'#0#9&%,!*&17#!$;!716$B,-=&0!&00$*&,-$%!$;!+$17#+$0(!'#7$1'*#7!,$!+1=&%!*&B-,&0!
-%9#7,=#%,E!
!
3. The FT Project in Thailand
!`'##%a#,II!-7!,+#!=&-%!;&-'!,'&(#!B'$(1*#'!&%(!#OB$',#'!$;!$'2&%-*!'-*#!-%!>+&-0&%(E!N,!F&7!;$1%(#(!
-%! IJJ_! -%! ;$'=! $;! *$$B#'&,-9#! =&-%0:! ;$*17#(! $%! #%9-'$%=#%,&0! 717,&-%&6-0-,:! &%(! 7$*-&0!
'#7B$%7-60#! 617-%#77! &%(! '#*#-9#(! ,+#! ;&-'! ,'&(#! *#',-;-*&,-$%! 6:! ,+#! 5&-'! >'&(#! "&6#0-%2!
H'2&%-4&,-$%!-%!CDDCE!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ID!\##.!&=$%2!$,+#'7.!<&%P&%!QCDDIS.!3-2%$.!<$7&,-.!&%(!>4&%%&,$7!QCDDCS.!`1&'*#00$.!b#&00-!&%(!<$7&,-!QCDDCSE!!II! @**$'(-%2!,$!-,7!7,&,1,#.!`'##%a#,l7!=-77-$%!-7!eto serve as a marketing channel for small-
scale organic farmers with fair trade principles in its marketing activitiesf.!&%(.!-%!B&',-*10&'.!,$g!i) promote organic way of life through marketing and producing high quality organic and natural
products (organic fairtrade rice; organic vegetables and baby corn organic coconut silk and
cotton); ii) conduct trade with fair price for producers and buyers; iii) have responsibility for
consumers and environment; iv) Support producers to organize as community enterprise to produce
high quality organic and natural products and safe for consumers and environment; v) transfer
knowledge organization’s research and development to general public; vi) campaign for
environment and fair trade; vii) support employees’ creativity and make them feel as an important
part of organization; commit to generate organization growth with stability and continuity; viii)
create added value for share-holders and appropriate returns; ix) be a model organization of
“Social business” and encourage other business bodies to be more concerned with consumers
safety, environment conservation and social responsibilityE!
! ID
5&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!`'##%a#,!B'$(1*#!$'2&%-*!0$%2!2'&-%!'#(.!F+-,#!&%(!6'$F%!d&7=-%#!'-*#IC!&%(!
,+#! B'$(1*,-$%! *+&-%! -7! $'2&%-4#(! -%! ,+#! ;$00$F-%2! F&:E! @! B'$(1*#'7W! 2'$1B.! %&=#0:! &! 0$*&0!
*$$B#'&,-9#! *$=B$7#(! 6:! ^VJ! '#B'#7#%,&,-9#! ;&'=#'7.! 61:7! ,+#! B&((:! '-*#! B'$(1*#(! &%(! 7$0(! 6:!
;&'=#'7Z!B'-*#!&%(!2'&(-%2!&'#!(#*-(#(!6:!,+#!H'2&%-*!5&-'!>'&(#!<-*#!3$==-,,##!*$=B$7#(!$;!C!
=#=6#'7! B#'! B'$(1*#'7W! 2'$1B7.! C! =#=6#'7! $;! `'##%a#,! 3$$B! &%(! C! =#=6#'7! $;! c&',+! a#,!
5$1%(&,-$%I_E!!
`'##%a#,! B'$9-(#7! &(9&%*#! B&:=#%,! ;$'! B'$(1*#'! 2'$1B7! 7,$*G-%2! ,+#! B&((:E! N,! '#*#-9#7! #OB$',!
$'(#'7! ;$'! ,+#! :#&'! &%(! -%7,'1*,7! &**$'(-%20:! B'$(1*#'! 2'$1B7! $%! ,+#! T1&%,-,:! ,$! 6#! (#0-9#'#(E!
/'$(1*#'!2'$1B7!,+#%!(#0-9#'!!,+#!=-00#(!'-*#!,$!`'##%a#,!F+-*+!,+#:!!#OB$',!&%(U$'!7#00!-,!0$*&00:!
$%*#!B&*G&2#(E!!
H'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!'#*#-9#!,F$!'#0#9&%,!6#%#;-,7!;'$=!`'##%a#,g!-S!&!;&-'!,'&(#!B'#=-1=!,$!6#!17#(!;$'!
7$*-&0! &%(! *&B&*-,:! 61-0(-%2! &*,-9-,-#7! ;$'! $'2&%-*! ;&'=#'7! Q-E#E.! 7*+$0&'7+-B7.! #=#'2#%*:! ;1%(7.!
*'#(-,!;&*-0-,-#7.!,'&-%-%2.!#,*ES!-%!&**$'(&%*#!F-,+!,+#!5"H!0&F7Z!--S!&%!#O,'&!:#&'0:!;&-'!,'&(#!6$%17E!!
>$!*0&'-;:!,+-7!=#*+&%-7=.!B'-*#!;$'=&,-$%!-%!CDDX!-7!(#7*'-6#(!-%!>&60#!IE!>+#!>&60#!&07$!*0&'-;-#7!
,+#! 7-4#! $;! 5>! 6$%17! &%(! 5>! B'#=-1=! &7! F#00! &7! ,+#-'! 1,-0-4&,-$%! ;$'! ,+#! ,F$! &'#&7! 1%(#'!
#O&=-%&,-$%E!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IC! 5&'=#'7l!$'2&%-*!B'$(1*,-$%!-7!$'2&%-7#(!&7!;$00$F7E!3'$BB-%2!B&,,#'%!6#2-%7! -%!b&:!&;,#'!,+#!;-'7,!'&-%;&00E!5&'=#'7!B0$12+!,+#!0&%(!,$!'#=$9#!,+#!F##(E!A##(!'#7-(1#7!&'#!-%*$'B$'&,#(!-%,$!,+#!7$-0!&%(!,+#!;-#0(7!&'#!0#;,!;$'!,+#!'#7-(1#7!,$!6#!(#*$=B$7#(E!@;,#'!,+#!(#*$=B$7-,-$%.!&!7#*$%(!B0$12+-%2!-7!($%#!-%!$'(#'!,$!0$$7#%!,+#!,$B7$-0!&%(!,$!;0&,,#%!,+#!;-#0(!-%!$'(#'!,$!'#210&,#!,+#!F&,#'!0#9#0E! <-*#! 7##(0-%27! &'#! ,'&%7B0&%,#(! -%,$! ,+#! ;-#0(! &'$1%(! d1%#V@1217,E! <-*#! ,&G#7! &'$1%(! _VM!=$%,+7! ,$! =&,1'#E! >+#! 2'&-%! -7! 0#;,! ,$! (':! -%! ,+#! ;-#0(! 6#;$'#! +&'9#7,-%2! Q'&%2-%2! ;'$=! #%(! $;!a$9#=6#'!,$!K#*#=6#'SE!5#F!;&'=-%2!&*,-9-,-#7!$**1'!&;,#'!,+-7!B#'-$(!7-%*#!F&,#'!-7!%$,!&61%(&%,!(1'-%2!(':!7#&7$%E!N%!&'#&7!F+#'#!-''-2&,-$%!#O-7,7.!;&'=#'7!=&:!B0&%,!0#21=#!*'$B7!Q#E2E!B#&%1,!$'!7F&'(!6##%S!$'!*&7+!*'$B7!Q#E2E!=#0$%S!-%!,+#!'-*#!;-#0(7E!@07$.!7$=#!=&:!*10,-9&,#!9#2#,&60#!*'$B7!(1'-%2! ,+#!F-%,#'! 7#&7$%! Q&'$1%(!K#*#=6#'Vd&%1&':S!&7! ,+#'#!&'#! ;#F!B#7,7!$%!9#2#,&60#7!(1'-%2!,+-7!B#'-$(E!<-*#!-7!*10,-9&,#(!$%*#!&!:#&'!&%(!,+17!0-,,0#!B#7,!-%;#7,&,-$%!B'$60#=7!$**1'E!!I_! >+#!B'-*#!*&%!9&':!&**$'(-%2!,$!,+#!T1&0-,:!$;!B&((:!'-*#!61,.!$%!&9#'&2#.!-,!-7!&'$1%(!IC.DDD!,+$17&%(!)&,+!B#'!,$%!$;!$'2&%-*!d&7=-%#!'-*#E!!
! II
`'##%a#,! -7! &! 7#*$%(! 0#9#0! *$$B#'&,-9#E! >+#! 7#*$%(! 0#9#0! -7! 2#%#'&00:! %#*#77&':! ,$! *$$'(-%&,#!
B'$(1*,-$%!&=$%2!0$*&0!*$$B#'&,-9#7.!-=B0#=#%,!'#7#&'*+!&%(!B'$=$,#!$'2&%-*!;&'=-%2!&7!F#00!&7!
B'$9-(#!#OB$',!7#'9-*#7!$%!&!F-(#'!7*&0#E!@00!=#=6#'7!$;!;-'7,!0#9#0!&77$*-&,-$%7!&'#!&07$!=#=6#'7!
$;! `'##%a#,E! `'##%a#,! &;;-0-&,-$%! +&7! 6##%! #9&01&,#(! 6:! 71'9#:-%2! &;;-0-&,#(! &%(! %$%! &;;-0-&,#(!
;&'=#'7! ;'$=! ,F$! (-;;#'#%,! ;-'7,V0#9#0! $'2&%-4&,-$%7! -%! ,+#! ]&7$,+$'%! B'$9-%*#g! ,+#! Bak Reua
Farmer Organization!Q)<5HS!&%(!,+#!Nature Care Society!Qa3\SE!!
!
3.1 The Bak Reua Farmer Organization (BRFO)
<#2-7,#'#(! &7! e5&'=#'! H'2&%-4&,-$%f! 1%(#'! ,+#!b-%-7,':! $;! @2'-*10,1'#! 7-%*#! X! @B'-0! IJRL.! ,+#!
)<5H!&-=7! ,$g! -S!71BB$',!=#=6#'7! ,$!2'$F!'-*#!F-,+$1,!17-%2!*+#=-*&0! -%B1,7!&%(!#7,&60-7+!'-*#!
;&'=0&%(7!&BB'$B'-&,#!,$!0$*&0!#*$0$2:Z!--S!7,'#%2,+#%!;&'=#'!$'2&%-4&,-$%!7$!,+&,!-,!*&%!=&%&2#!&%(!
*$%,'$0! '-*#!T1&0-,:! ,+'$12+$1,! ,+#!*+&-%Z! ---S! #%*$1'&2#! 0#&'%-%2!&=$%2! ;&'=#'7! 7$! ,+&,! ,+#:!*&%!
=&%&2#!'-*#!=-00!&7!'1'&0!#%,#'B'-7#7!717,&-%&60:E!N,!-7!7-,1&,#(!-%!)&%!K$%!/+1#%2!9-00&2#!Qb$$!MS!
$;!>&=6$0!)&G!<#1&.!b&+&*+&%&*+&-!K-7,'-*,.!]&7$,+$'%!B'$9-%*#.!-7!_^!Y=!;'$=!]&7$,+$'%!&%(!
'$12+0:!^_D!G-0$=#,'#7! ;'$=!)&%2G$GE! N,7!=#=6#'7+-B! -7! 7B'#&(!&*'$77!M^!9-00&2#7!$;!C^! ,&=6$0!
Q&00!-%!]&7$,+$'%!B'$9-%*#SE!
)<5H!F&7!*'#&,#(!-%!IJRL!6:!,+#!2$9#'%=#%,!&2#%*:!,$!;&*-0-,&,#!2$9#'%=#%,l7!*+#=-*&0!;#',-0-4#'!
(-7,'-61,-$%!B0&%E!@;,#'!,+&,.!-,!,#=B$'&':!717B#%(#(!-,7!&*,-9-,-#7!6#*&17#!$;!,+#!;&-01'#!-%!*$00#*,-%2!
=#=6#'l7! B&:=#%,7E! N,! F&7! '#V#7,&60-7+#(! &2&-%! -%! IJXI.! *$%,-%1-%2! ,+#! -=B0#=#%,&,-$%! $;! ,+#!
&6$9#V=#%,-$%#(! ;#',-0-4#'! (-7,'-61,-$%! 7*+#=#E! ! H%0:! -%! IJXR! -,! 7,&',#(! *$00#*,-9#! 61:-%2! &%(!
7#00-%2!$;!'-*#!B&((:E!@!7=&00!'-*#!=-00!F&7!61-0,!-%!IJXJ!;$'!;&'=#'7l!7#0;!*$%71=B,-$%!&%(!-%!IJJM!
)<5H!'#*#-9#(!;1%(-%2!;'$=!,+#!2$9#'%=#%,!,$!*$%7,'1*,!&!*$==#'*-&0!=-00E!@!0$*&0!a`H!7,&',#(!
F$'G-%2! ,+#'#! -%! IJJL! &-=-%2! ,$! '#(1*#! &2'$V*+#=-*&07! 17#! -%! '-*#! ;&'=-%2E! N%! IJJJ.! ,+#!2'$1B7!
7,&',#(!*$00&6$'&,-%2!F-,+!`'##%a#,E!
>+#! )<5H!F&7! #7,&60-7+#(! F-,+! IIX!=#=6#'7! -%! IJRL! &%(! '#&*+#(! X^_!=#=6#'7! -%! CDDRE! @%!
#%,'&%*#!;##!$;!CD!>)>!&%(!,+#!B1'*+&7#!&!=-%-=1=!$;!I!7+&'#7!QB'-*#!m!ID!>)>U7+&'#S!$;!)<5H!
! IC
&'#! '#T1-'#(! ,$!6#*$=#!&!=#=6#'E!b$'#$9#'.!=#=6#'7!*&%!61:!&!IDD! ,+$17&%(!6&,+! Q+#%*#;$',+!
>[)S!7+&'#!$;!,+#!'-*#!=-00E!!
)<5H! 7,&',#(! B#7,-*-(#V;'##! '-*#! ;&'=-%2! -%! IJJL! -%! &**$'(&%*#! F-,+! ,+#! ;$00$F-%2! *#',-;-*&,-$%!
7,&%(&'(7g!-S!@3>!H'2&%-*!\,&%(&'(7!&**$'(-%2!,$!N5H@b!)&7-*!\,&%(&'(7!QN5H@b!B'$2'&==#SZ!
--S!c8!<#210&,-$%!CDJCUJIZ!---S!)-$\F-77!$'2&%-*!7,&%(&'(7E!
N%! &((-,-$%.! 7,&',-%2! ;'$=! CDDC.!)<5H! -7! '#*#-9-%2! ,+#! 5"HW7! *#',-;-*&,-$%! ! &7! 6#-%2! B&',! $;! ,+#!
`'##%a#,!3$$B#'&,-9#E!>+#!;&-'!,'&(#!B'#=-1=!-7!(-9-(#(!-%,$!7#9#'&0!;1%(7!F+-*+!;&'=#'!=#=6#'7!
*&%!&BB0:!,$!71BB$',g!-S!2'##%!=&%1'#!7##(Z!--S!;&'=#'!,'&-%-%2Z!---S!=#=6#'!F#0;&'#.!#E2E!#(1*&,-$%!
$;!,+#-'!*+-0('#%.!%&,1'&0!(-7&7,#'!'#0-#;E!
!
3.2 The Nature Care Society!Qa3\S
H6P#*,-9#7! &%(!2$&07! $;! ,+#!Nature Care Society! Qa3\S! &'#g! -S! ,$! 71BB$',!=#=6#'7! ,$! 2'$F! '-*#!
F-,+$1,!17-%2!*+#=-*&0!-%B1,7Z!--S!,$!7$09#!;&'=#'7W!B'$60#=7!$;!1%;&-'!B'-*#!&%(!,'&(-%2!-%!B&((:Z!
---S!,$!#OB&%(!,+#!=-00-%2!*&B&*-,:!-%!$'(#'!,$!#OB0$-,!#*$%$=-#7!$;!7*&0#Z!-9S!,$!7,'#%2,+#%!;&'=#'!
$'2&%-4&,-$%7Z!9S!,$!B'$9-(#!0#&'%-%2!B'$*#77!-%!'1%%-%2!&!*$==1%-,:!617-%#77E!a3\!-7!7-,1&,#(!-%!
)&%!\$G!Y1=B$$%!9-00&2#!Qb$$!CS!$;!>&=6$0!a&7$.!Y1(*+1=!K-7,'-*,.!]&7$,+$'%!B'$9-%*#.!-7!MD!
Y=!;&'!;'$=!]&7$,+$'%!&%(!&6$1,!^_D!G-0$=#,'#7!;'$=!)&%2G$GE!N,7!=#=6#'7+-B!-7!7B'#&(!&*'$77!
J^!9-00&2#7!$;!^!(-7,'-*,7!Q&00!-%!]&7$,+$'%!B'$9-%*#SE!
\-%*#! IJXD.! +&6-,&%,7! $;!a&7$! 9-00&2#! 6#2&%!F$'G-%2!F-,+! ,+#![#'6&0! ;$'! \#0;V<#0-&%*#! /'$P#*,V!
[\</!Q&! 0$*&0!a`H!&-=-%2! ,$!B'$=$,#!+#'6&0!=#(-*-%#7!&%(! ,'&(-,-$%&0!+#&0,+!*&'#! 7:7,#=7SE! N%!
IJJI!0$*&0!;&'=#'7!61-0,!1B!&!'-*#!=-00!,$!B'$*#77!,+#!%&,1'&0!'-*#!F-,+!,+#!71BB$',!$;!,+#![\</E!!!!
>+#!a&,1'#! 3&'#! \$*-#,:!=-00! -7! &77$*-&,#(!F-,+! ea&7$! <-*#! 5&'=#'!H'2&%-4&,-$%f.! &! '#2-7,#'#(!
$'2&%-4&,-$%!1%(#'!,+#!b-%-7,':!$;!@2'-*10,1'#!&%(!@2'-*10,1'&0!3$$B#'&,-9#!Q5&'=#'!H'2&%-4&,-$%!
+&7!&!0#2&0!7,&,17!#T1-9&0#%,!,$!5&'=#'!3$$B#'&,-9#S!!
a3\!6#2&%!&1,$%$=$170:!,+#!$'2&%-*!'-*#!;&'=-%2!-%!IJJC.!F+-0#!-%!IJJL!&!2'$1B!$;!;&'=#'7!;-'7,!
'#*#-9#(!$'2&%-*!*#',-;-*&,-$%E!>+#!7,&%(&'(7!;$00$F#(!6:!71*+!&!*#',-;-*&,-$%!F#'#g!-S!@3>!H'2&%-*!
! I_
\,&%(&'(7!&**$'(-%2!,$!N5H@b!)&7-*!\,&%(&'(7!QN5H@b!B'$2'&==#SZ!--S!c8!<#210&,-$%!CDJCUJIZ!
---S!)-$\F-77!$'2&%-*!7,&%(&'(7E!
@7!&!B&',%#'!$;!`'##%a#,!3$$B#'&,-9#.!a3\!-7!'#*#-9-%2!,+#!5"HW7!*#',-;-*&,-$%!7-%*#!!CDDCE!>+#!
;&-'! ,'&(#! B'#=-1=! -7! &00$*&,#(! -%! ,+#! ;$00$F-%2! F&:g! -S! ^Dk! ! ,$! ,+#! =-00! ;$'! -=B'$9-%2! -,7!
=&%&2#=#%,Z! --S! C^k! ,$! ,+#! #O,#%7-$%! F$'G7Z! ---S! C^k! ,$! ,+#! H'2&%-*! 5&-'V>'&(#! 51%(! F+-*+!
B'$9-(#7! *'#(-,7! ,$! =#=6#'7! F-00-%2! ,$! *$%9#',! -%,$! 717,&-%&60#! B'$(1*,-$%! &7! F#00! &7! $,+#'!
*$==1%-,:!6#%#;-,7E
!
4. The dataset and the restrospective panel approach
!H%!@1217,!CDDX.!C._LD!;&'=#'7!F#'#!71'9#:#(!-%!,+#!Y1(!3+1%!&%(!)&G!<#1&!(-7,'-*,7!Q7##!>&60#!
CSE!!
5$'!#&*+!(-7,'-*,.!&%!#T1&0!%1=6#'!$;!'#7B$%(#%,7!F&7!'&%($=0:!*+$7#%!6#,F##%!&;;-0-&,#(!&%(!%$%!
&;;-0-&,#(!;&'=#'7!-%!$'(#'!,$!*'#&,#!&!,'#&,=#%,!Q=#=6#'7!$;!`'##%a#,S!&%(!&!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!Q%$%V
=#=6#'7!$;!`'##%a#,SE!5$'!,+#!;-'7,!2'$1B.!&!'&%($=!7#0#*,-$%!;'$=!,+#!0-7,!$;!&00!=#=6#'7!-%!,+#!
,F$!&'#&7!+&7!6##%!('&F%.!F+#'#&7.!;$'!,+#!0&,,#'.!&!'&%($=!7&=B0#!$;!;&'=#'7!0-9-%2!*0$7#!QF-,+-%!
ID!G=S! ,$!$'2&%-*! ;&'=#'7!+&7!6##%!2#%#'&,#(E!K#7*'-B,-9#! 7,&,-7,-*7!F-00! +-2+0-2+,! ,+&,! ,'#&,=#%,!
&%(!*$%,'$0!7&=B0#7!&'#!%$,!7-2%-;-*&%,0:!(-;;#'#%,!-%!,#'=7!$;!7$*-$V(#=$2'&B+-*!;#&,1'#7IM!!
N%,#'#7,-%20:.! *$$B#'&,-9#!=#=6#'7+-B! -7!=$'#!*$==$%! ,+&%! ;&-'! ,'&(#! &;;-0-&,-$%! 7-%*#! XMk!&%(!
RRk!$;! ;&'=#'7! ! ;'$=!Y1(!3+1%! &%(!)&G!<#1&! '#7B#*,-9#0:.! &'#! *$$B#'&,-9#!=#=6#'7E! N%! $,+#'!
,#'=7.!F+-0#!&00!&;;-0-&,#(!;&'=#'7!&'#!6:!(#;-%-,-$%!*$$B#'&,-9#!=#=6#'7.!LDk!$;!%$%!5>V&;;-0-&,#(!
=#=6#'7! 6#0$%2! ,$! *$$B#'&,-9#7! &7! F#00E! ):! ,&G-%2! -%,$! &**$1%,! ,+-7! ;#&,1'#.! &%(! 6:! 7#B&'&,#0:!
*$%,'$00-%2! ;$'! 6$,+! *$$B#'&,-9#! &%(! 5>! =#=6#'7+-B.! -,! F-00! 6#! B$77-60#! ,$! -7$0&,#! -%! ,+#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IM! )#:$%(!&,,#%,-$%!,$!,+#!7&=B0#!(#7-2%.!F#!F-00!&(('#77!7#0#*,-$%!6-&7!!6:!*$=B&'-%2!B'#;$'=&,-$%!&%(!B$7,;$'=&,-$%!,'#%(7!&%(!6:!#7,-=&,-%2!$1'!=$(#0!$%!,+#!!'#7,'-*,#(!7&=B0#!$;!&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'7!$%0:!&;,#'!,&G-%2!-%,$!&**$1%,!B'$60#=7!$;!+#,#'$2#%#-,:!6#,F##%!:$1%2!&%(!$0(!&;;-0-&,#(!Q7##!7#*,-$%!^SE!
! IM
#*$%$=#,'-*! &%&0:7-7! ,+#! 7B#*-;-*! #;;#*,! $;! 5>! &%(U$'! $'2&%-*! *#',-;-*&,-$%! ;'$=! &! 2#%#'-*!
*$$B#'&,-9#!#;;#*,E!!
@7! ,$! ,+#! G-%(! $;! (&,&! *$00#*,#(.! ,+#! T1#7,-$%%&-'#! *$%,&-%7! R^! T1#7,-$%7! &-=#(! &,! =#&71'-%2!
T1&0-,&,-9#! &%(! T1&%,-,&,-9#! F#00V6#-%2E! b$'#! 7B#*-;-*&00:.! -%! &((-,-$%! ,$! ,+#! *0&77-*&0! 7$*-$V
#*$%$=-*! 9&'-&60#7.! -,! *$00#*,7! -%;$'=&,-$%! $%! -%*$=#! &%(! F#&0,+! &**$'(-%2! ,$! ,+#-'! 9&'-$17!
=#&71'#7! Q-E#! 0&%(! 7-4#.! +$17-%2.! 7&%-,&,-$%! &%(! (1'&60#7.! #,*ES.! 7&9-%27! &%(! B'$(1*,-9-,:.! *+-0(!
7*+$$0-%2! &%(! ;&'=#'! #(1*&,-$%.! F$'G-%2! &*,-9-,:! &%(! F$'G-%2! *$%(-,-$%7.! B'-*#! &%(! ,'&(-%2!
-%;$'=&,-$%.!+1=&%!&%(!7$*-&0!*&B-,&0!-%(-*&,$'7.!7#0;V#7,##=!&%(!+&BB-%#77EI^!!
@7! &0'#&(:! =#%,-$%#(! -%! ,+#! -%,'$(1*,-$%! F#! '#*$%7,'1*,! F-,+! ,+#! '#7,'$7B#*,-9#! &BB'$&*+! ,+#!
B&,,#'%! $;! +$17#+$0(! 7*+$$0-%2! (#*-7-$%7! $9#'! ,-=#!F-,+! 9#':! 7-=B0#! T1#7,-$%7E!<#7B$%(#%,7! &'#!
&7G#(!&6$1,!,+#-'!;&=-0:!7-4#.!,+#!&2#!$;!,+#-'!$;;7B'-%2.!,+#!7*+$$0-%2!:#&'7!$;!#&*+!=#=6#'!&%(!,+#!
&2#!&,!F+-*+!,+#:!7,&',#(!7*+$$0!Q171&00:!^!$'!LSE!@!;-%&0!T1#7,-$%!-7!F+#,+#'!&%(!F+#%!7*+$$0!F&7!
717B#%(#(!&%(!'#7,&',#(!6:!7$=#!$;!,+#!'#7B$%(#%,!*+-0('#%E!H9#'&00.!F#!&'21#!,+&,!,+-7!-%;$'=&,-$%!
-7!+-2+0:!=#=$'&60#!-;!F#!*$%7-(#'!,+&,!Q6#:$%(!&2#S!B&'#%,7!=17,!6#!-%;$'=#(!&%(!&F&'#!$;!,+-7!
6&7-*!-%;$'=&,-$%!&6$1,!*+-0('#%!#(1*&,-$%E!
>&60#! _! B'$9-(#7! 71==&':! 7,&,-7,-*7! $;! ,+#! =&-%! 9&'-&60#7! &%(! >&60#! M! 71==&'-4#7! 6&7-*!
-%;$'=&,-$%!$%!,+#!,F$!7&=B0#7E!!!
!
5. Descriptive findings
!
N%!&!B'#9-$17!B&B#'!)#**+#,,-.!3$%4$!&%(!`-&%;'#(&!QCDDXS!($*1=#%,!,+&,.!-%!,+#!7&=#!7&=B0#!$%!
F+-*+!F#!B#';$'=!$1'!&%&0:7-7.! ;&-'! ,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!+&9#!&!7-2%-;-*&%,0:!+-2+#'!B#'!*&B-,&! -%*$=#!
,+&%!,+#!*$%,'$0!7&=B0#E!5'$=!&!(#7*'-B,-9#!B$-%,!$;!9-#F!+$17#+$0(!-%*$=#!;'$=!&2'-*10,1'#!-7!$%!
&9#'&2#!LD.JMC!>)>!;$'!&;;-0-&,#(!&2&-%7,!MI.LML!;$'!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'7!Q,+#!&9#'&2#!%1=6#'!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I^!?&'-&60#!0#2#%(!-7!-%!@BB#%(-O!I!&%(!,+#!;100!T1#7,-$%%&-'#!-7!$=-,,#(!;$'!'#&7$%7!$;!7B&*#!&%(!&9&-0&60#!1B$%!'#T1#7,E!
! I^
$;!+$17#+$0(!=#=6#'7!6#-%2!&'$1%(!_EX! ;$'!6$,+!7167&=B0#7S! Q7##!>&60#!_S!&%(! ,+#!(-;;#'#%*#! -7!
7-2%-;-*&%,!&,!J^!B#'*#%,!-%!6$,+!B&'&=#,'-*!&%(!%$%B&'&=#,'-*!,#7,7E!N,!'#=&-%7!7-2%-;-*&%,!&7!F#00!
F+#%! F#! *$%7-(#'! ,+#! 7&=#! 9&'-&60#! &(P17,#(! ;$'! ,+#! =&'G#,! 9&01#! $;! 7#0;! *$%71=B,-$%!
Q7-2%-;-*&%,0:!0&'2#'!;$'!&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'7S!&%(!,$,&0!-%*$=#!Q-%*01(-%2!$,+#'!B'$(1*,-9#!&*,-9-,:SE!
5'$=!&%!#*$%$=#,'-*!B$-%,!$;!9-#F!)#**+#,,-!#,!&0E!QCDDXS!7+$F!,+&,!!&%:!&((-,-$%&0!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'!
'&-7#7!B#'!*&B-,&!-%*$=#!;'$=!&2'-*10,1'#!6:!&!%1=6#'!F-,+-%!,+#!LDDVI.CDD!>)>!'&%2#E!>+#!'#710,!
'#=&-%7!7-2%-;-*&%,!&;,#'!9&'-$17!'$617,%#77!*+#*G7!QB'$B#%7-,:!7*$'#!=&,*+-%2.!N?!#7,-=&,#7!F-,+!
-%7,'1=#%,7! F+-*+! 7&,-7;:! #O*017-$%! '#7,'-*,-$%7.! #7,-=&,#7! $%! ,+#! ,'#&,=#%,! 7&=B0#! $%0:SE!
8%;$',1%&,#0:!F#!*&%%$,!(-'#*,0:!17#! ,+-7! #9-(#%*#!$%!B'$(1*,-9-,:!2&-%7!$;! &;;-0-&,#(!9#'717!%$%!
&;;-0-&,#(! ;&'=#'7! 7-%*#!F#! ($! %$,! +&9#! ,-=#! 7#'-#7! 61,! $%0:! #9-(#%*#! '#0&,#(! ,$! ,+#! :#&'! $;! ,+#!
71'9#:E![$F#9#'.!,+-7!$67#'9#(!-%*$=#!#;;#*,!-7!&,!,+#!6&7-7!$;!!$1'!&%&0:7-7!-%!F+-*+!F#!F&%,!,$!
*+#*G! F+#,+#'! ,+#! *'#&,-$%! $;! +-2+#'! #*$%$=-*! 9&01#! 0#&(7! ;&'=#'7! ,$! =$(-;:! ,+#-'! 7*+$$0-%2!
(#*-7-$%7E!!
N%!5-21'#7!I&!&%(!I6!F#!($*1=#%,!,+#!'#0&,-$%7+-B!6#,F##%!,+#!0-G#0-+$$(!$;!7*+$$0!#%'$0=#%,!&%(!
6-',+!$'(#'! ;$'! &;;-0-&,#(! &%(!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(! ;&'=#'7E!@! ;-'7,! *0#&'! *1,! #9-(#%*#! 7+$F7! ,+&,.! $%! ,+#!
$9#'&00.!,+#!B'$6&6-0-,:!$;!2$-%2!,$!7*+$$0!-7!B$7-,-9#0:!*$''#0&,#(!F-,+!6-',+!$'(#'E!\1*+!B'$6&6-0-,:!
7,&',7!;'$=!XM!B#'*#%,!;$'!,+#!;-'7,!*+-0(!&%(!;&007!1B!,$!RI!B#'*#%,!;$'!,+#!;-;,+!*+-0(!&%(!^_!B#'*#%,!
;$'! ,+#! 7-O,+! *+-0(E! 5'$=! &! (#7*'-B,-9#! B$-%,! $;! 9-#F! ;&-'! ,'&(#! &;;-0-&,-$%! 7##=7! ,$! =&,,#'! ;$'!
*+-0('#%!$;!0$F#'!6-',+!$'(#'E!>+#!B'$6&6-0-,:!$;!2$-%2!,$!7*+$$0!;$'!,+#!;$1',+!*+-0(!-7!XD!&2&-%7,!L^!
B#'*#%,! -%!&;;-0-&,#(!&%(!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(! ;&'=#'!+$17#+$0(7! '#7B#*,-9#0:E!>+#!7&=#!%1=6#'7!&'#!LM!
&%(!_C!B#'*#%,!F+#%!F#!*$%7-(#'!,+#!7-O,+!*+-0(E!!
5-%(-%27! &'#! 7-=-0&'!F+#%!F#! 0$$G! &,! ,+#! B'$6&6-0-,:! $;! 2$-%2! ,$! 7*+$$0! Q-''#7B#*,-9#! $;! ,+#! &2#!
$'(#'S! -%! 7=&00#'! &%(! 0&'2#'! ;&=-0-#7E! \1*+! B'$6&6-0-,:! -7! '$12+0:! ,+#! 7&=#! ;$'! &;;0-&,#(! &%(! %$%!
&;;-0-&,#(!7-%20#!*+-0(! ;&=-0-#7!F+-0#!&!2&B!B'$2'#77-9#0:!F-(#%7!&7! ;&'!&7! ,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!
2'$F7!&%(!-7!0&'2#7,!QRD!&2&-%7,!_C!B#'*#%,S!-%!;&=-0-#7!F-,+!7-O!*+-0('#%E!
! IL
6. Econometric findings
!
N%! ,+#!#*$%$=#,'-*!7#*,-$%!F#!F&%,! ,$!*+#*G!F+#,+#'!$1'!(#7*'-B,-9#! ;-%(-%27!&'#!7-2%-;-*&%,!&%(!
'$617,!F+#%!*$%,'$00-%2!;$'!*$%*1''-%2!(#,#'=-%&%,7!$;!*+-0(!7*+$$0-%2E!!
)&7#(!$%!(#7*'-B,-9#!#9-(#%*#!7+$F-%2! ,+&,!&;;-0-&,-$%!=&G#7!&!(-;;#'#%*#!F+#%!+$17#+$0(7!+&9#!
=$'#!*+-0('#%.!F#!17#!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!;$'!;&=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%!&7!
'#2'#77$'! =#&71'-%2! ,+#! &;;-0-&,-$%! #;;#*,E! A#! ,+#%! #7,-=&,#! ,+#! =$(#0! -%! ,+#! $9#'&00! 7&=B0#!
Q*$%,'$00-%2!$'!%$,! ;$'! ,+#!6&7#0-%#!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'!9&'-&60#S!&%(! -%! ,+#!7167&=B0#!F+-*+! -%*01(#7!
$%0:!;&=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%E!!
>+#!7#0#*,#(!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!#7,-=&,#(!F-,+!0$2-,!;-O#(!#;;#*,7!-7!!
ijtjl
l
l
ijtijtijtjtijt
DYear
FTyearefamFTyearleFTTrendfuturNChildSchool
!"#
$$$$$
%%
%%%%%&
'M_CID &'2
QIS!
F+#'#!Schoolijt!-7!&!(1==:!,&G-%2!9&01#!$;!$%#!-;!,+#!-V,+!*+-0('#%!$;!,+#!PV,+!;&=-0:!F#%,!,$!7*+$$0!
-%! ,+#! :#&'! ,! &%(! 4#'$! $,+#'F-7#.! Nchildjt! -7! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! *+-0('#%! -%! ,+#! ;&=-0:! P! &,! ,-=#! ,.!
TrendfutureFT!-7!&!QB'#!&;;-0-&,-$%S!,'#%(!9&'-&60#!=#&71'-%2!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!:#&'7!-%!,+#!7&=B0#!$;!
,+#!*+-0(! ;&=-0:!6#;$'#!#%,#'-%2! -%,$!5>.IL!FTYearlargefam.! -7! ,+#!%1=6#'!$;!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!
;$'!;&=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%.!FTyear!-7!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!&%(!DYear!&'#!
,-=#!(1==-#7!QIJXJ!-7!,+#!$=-,,#(!6#%*+=&'G!:#&'SE!!
A#!#7,-=&,#!,+#!7#0#*,#(!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!F-,+!;-O#(!;&=-0:!#;;#*,7!Q!PSE!>+#!;&=-0:!#;;#*,!&BB'$&*+!+&7!
,+#! (-7&(9&%,&2#! $;! +-(-%2! ,+#! *$%,'-61,-$%! $;! ;&=-0:! ,-=#! -%9&'-&%,! ;&*,$'7! Q71*+! &7! B&'#%,!
#(1*&,-$%S!2'$1B-%2!,+#=!2#%#'-*&00:!-%!;-O#(!+$17#+$0(!*+&'&*,#'-7,-*7E!A#!F-00!+$F#9#'!-(#%,-;:!
,+#!(-'#*,-$%!$;!71*+!#;;#*,7!-%!,+#!`bb!#7,-=&,#!'$617,%#77!*+#*G!-0017,'&,#(!-%!,+#!7#*,-$%!F+-*+!
;$00$F7E!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IL!\-%*#!&00!`'##%a#,!;&'=#'7!&'#!&;;-0-&,#!,$!5&-'!>'&(#!&;,#'!CDDI!71*+!9&'-&60#!*$-%*-(#7!F-,+!,+#!`'##%a#,!&;;-0-&,-$%!#;;#*,!6#;$'#!,+#!&2'##=#%,!F-,+!;&-'!,'&(#E!A+#%!#9&01&,#(!,$2#,+#'!F-,+!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!-,!=#&71'#7!,+#!-=B&*,!$;!*$$B#'&,-9#!=#=6#'7+-B!&%(!$'2&%-*!B'$(1*,-$%.!%#,!$;!,+#!#%P$:=#%,!$;!=&'G#,!&**#7!&%(!B'#=-1=!6#%#;-,7!;'$=!5>E!
! IR
N%!,+#!;-'7,!#7,-=&,#!$%!,+#!$9#'&00!7&=B0#!Q>&60#!M.!*$01=%!IS!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!7-2%-;-*&%,0:!&;;#*,!
,+#!B'$6&6-0-,:!$;!2$-%2!,$!7*+$$0!-%!+$17#+$0(7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%E!@%!-=B$',&%,!#0#=#%,!
$;!,+-7!;-%(-%2!-7!,+&,!%$,!P17,!,+#!,'#&,=#%,!B#'!7#.!61,!&07$!,+#!2'&(1&,-$%!$;!,+#!,'#&,=#%,!Q#OB$71'#!
,$! &;;-0-&,-$%S! +&9#! 7-2%-;-*&%,! #;;#*,7! $%! $1'! (#B#%(#%,! 9&'-&60#E! 3$%,'$00-%2! ;$'! :#&'! #;;#*,7! -7!
-=B$',&%,! +#'#! 7-%*#! ,+#! 0&,,#'! &'#! $69-$170:! *$''#0&,#(! F-,+! &;;-0-&,-$%! :#&'7E! H1'! '#710,! -7!
*$%;-'=#(! F+#%! F#! &((! ,$! ,+#! 7B#*-;-*&,-$%! ,+#! 6&7#0-%#! &;;-0-&,-$%! :#&'! #;;#*,! F+-*+! -7! %$,!
7-2%-;-*&%,!Q>&60#!M.!*$01=%!CS!&%(!&07$!F+#%!F#!'#7,'-*,!,+#!7&=B0#!,$!+$17#+$0(7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!
,F$!*+-0('#%!Q>&60#!M.!*$01=%!_SE!!
N%!$'(#'! ,$!#0-=-%&,#!B$,#%,-&0!+#,#'$2#%#-,:!6#,F##%! ,'#&,=#%,!&%(!*$%,'$0! 7&=B0#!F#!'##7,-=&,#!
&00!$1'!7B#*-;-*&,-$%7!-%!,+#!7167&=B0#!*$%,&-%-%2!5>!&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'7!$%0:!Q>&60#!M.!*$01=%7!MV
LSE! >+#! 7-2%-;-*&%*#! $;! $1'! =&-%! 9&'-&60#7! $;! -%,#'#7,! B#'7-7,7E! 3$%7-(#'! ,+&,.! F+#%! 17-%2! ,+-7!
&BB'$&*+!F#!($!%$,!+&9#!7#'-$17!B'$60#=7!$;!+#,#'$2#%#-,:!6#,F##%!:$1%2!&%(!$0(!&;;-0-&,#(!7-%*#!
,+#!=&O-=1=!%1=6#'!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!-7!'#0&,-9#0:!7=&00!Q7-OS!&%(!F#!+&9#!%$!71'9-9$'7+-B!6-&7!
B'$60#=7!-%!,+-7!'#0&,-9#0:!7+$',!B#'-$(E!
@=$%2! $,+#'! 9&'-&60#7! -,! F$',+! %$,-%2! ,+&,! ,+#! B'#V&;;-0-&,-$%! ,'#%(! QTrendfutureFTS! -7! %#2&,-9#!
Q&%(! 7,'$%20:! 7-2%-;-*&%,! -%! ,+'##!$;! ,+#! 7-O!#7,-=&,#7SE!>+-7! -7! &%! -=B$',&%,! -%(-'#*,! *+#*G!$;! ,+#!
9&0-(-,:!$;!,+#!&771=B,-$%!$;!+$=$2#%#-,:!6#,F##%!,'#&,=#%,!&%(!*$%,'$0!7&=B0#7E!N%!B'#7#%*#!$;!
7#0#*,-$%!6-&7!&%(!#O!&%,#!71B#'-$'!7G-007!$;!,+#!&;;-0-&,#(!B'$(1*#'7!F#!7+$10(!$67#'9#!&!*$%,-%1-,:!
6#,F##%! B'#V&;;-0-&,-$%! &%(! B$7,V&;;-0-&,-$%! ,'#%(! #;;#*,7! ! $%! $1'! B#';$'=&%*#! 9&'-&60#! Q,+#!
B'$6&6-0-,:! $;! 7#%(-%2! *+-0('#%! ,$! 7*+$$0SE! >+-7! -7! %$,! ,+#! *&7#! &%(.! -%(##(.! ,+#! %#2&,-9#! &%(!
7$=#,-=#7!7-2%-;-*&%,!#;;#*,!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%! ,'#%(!-%(-*&,#7!&!6'#&G!&%(!%$,!&!*$%,-%1-,:!&'$1%(! ,+#!
&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'E!!
@7!&!'$617,%#77!*+#*G!F#!&0,#'%&,-9#0:!#7,-=&,#!,+#!=$(#0!F-,+!&!B&%#0!B'$6-,!#7,-=&,#!F-,+!'&%($=!
#;;#*,7E!>+#!#7,-=&,#(!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!6#*$=#7!
ijtjl
l
lijtijt
ijtjtjtijt
DYearFTyearefamFTyearl
eFTTrendfuturBirthyearpControlcooAreaNChildSchool
!(#$$
$$$$$$
%%%%%
%%%%%%&
'RL
^M_CID
&'2QCS!
! IX
F+#'#!"P!-7!&!%$'=&00:!(-7,'-61,#(!'&%($=!;&=-0:!#;;#*,E!)#;$'#!#7,-=&,-%2!,+#!'&%($=!#;;#*,!=$(#0!
F#!*+#*G!F-,+!,+#![&17=&%!,#7,!F+#,+#'!,+#!B'$60#=!$;!%$%!$',+$2$%&0-,:!6#,F##%!'#2'#77$'7!&%(!
,+#!(#B#%(#%,!9&'-&60#! 7-2%-;-*&%,0:!*+&%2#7!#7,-=&,#(!*$#;;-*-#%,!&%(!B'#9#%,!17! ;'$=!17-%2! ,+-7!
&BB'$&*+E!A#! ;-%(! ,+&,! ,+#! %100! $;! %$! 7-2%-;-*&%,! (-;;#'#%*#! -%! *$#;;-*-#%,7! #7,-=&,#(!F-,+! ;-O#(!
#;;#*,7!QIS!&%(!'&%($=!#;;#*,7!QCS!-7!'#P#*,#(!-%!,+#!;-'7,!,F$!#7,-=&,#7!$%!,+#!$9#'&00!7&=B0#.!%#9#'!
'#P#*,#(! F+#%! ,+#! 7&=B0#! -7! 0-=-,#(! ,$! ;&=-0-#7! F-,+! =$'#! ,+&%! ,F$! *+-0('#%! &%(! &'$1%(! ,+#!
'#P#*,-$%! ,+'#7+$0(! -%! ,+#! ;-'7,! ,F$! #7,-=&,#7!F-,+! ,+#! ,'#&,=#%,! 7&=B0#! $%0:! Q*$01=%7! M! &%(! ^SE!
A+&,!('-9#7!,+#!'#710,!$;!,+#![&17=&%!,#7,!-7!,+#!7,'$%2!(-;;#'#%*#!-%!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0(!9&'-&60#!
*$#;;-*-#%,7!&*'$77!,+#!,F$!Q'&%($=!&%(!;-O#(!#;;#*,S!7B#*-;-*&,-$%7E!N;!F#!'#=$9#!,+&,!9&'-&60#!,+#!
%100!-7!%#9#'!'#P#*,#(!-%!&00!$;!,+#!7-O!#7,-=&,#7E!
3$%7-(#'!&07$! ,+&,! ,+#!b1%(0&G! QIJRXS!*$''#*,-$%!F-,+! ,+#! -%,'$(1*,-$%!$;! -%(-9-(1&0! &9#'&2#7!$;!
'#0#9&%,! '#2'#77$'7! &*'$77! ,+#! 7&=B0#! B#'-$(.! F+-*+! *$10(! ,&G#! B&',-&00:! -%,$! &**$1%,! $;! ;-O#(!
#;;#*,7.! -7! %$,! ;#&7-60#! (1#! ,$! 7#'-$17! =10,-*$00-%#&'-,:! B'$60#=7! Q&! ?N5! ;&'! &6$9#! IDSEIR>+#!
(-;;#'#%*#!6#,F##%!QCS!&%(!QIS!-7!,+#'#;$'#!,+#!'#B0&*#=#%,!$;!,+#!;-O#(!F-,+!,+#!'&%($=!#;;#*,! jt( .!
F-,+! ,+#! 7#*$%(! &BB'$&*+! 2-9-%2! 17! ,+#! B$77-6-0-,:! $;! =#&71'-%2! ,+#! -=B&*,! $;! 7B#*-;-*! ,-=#!
-%9&'-&%,!'#2'#77$'7!71*+!&7!Area!Q&!(1==:!,&G-%2!9&01#!$;!$%#!-;!,+#!B'$(1*#'!-7!0$*&,#(!-%!Y1(!
3+1%!&%(!4#'$!$,+#'F-7#S.!Controlcoop!Q&!(1==:!;$'!*$%,'$0!B'$(1*#'7!F+-*+!,&G#7!9&01#!$;!$%#!-;!
,+#:!6#0$%2!,$!&!*$$B#'&,-9#S!&%(!Birthyear!Q,+#!B'$(1*#'W7!:#&'!$;!6-',+SE!!
>+#!'#B$',#(!*$#;;-*-#%,7!=#&71'#!,+#!*+&%2#!-%!,+#!B'$6&6-0-,:!;$'!&%!-%;-%-,#7-=&0!*+&%2#!-%!#&*+!
-%(#B#%(#%,.!*$%,-%1$17!9&'-&60#!&%(! ,+#!(-7*'#,#!*+&%2#! -%! ,+#!B'$6&6-0-,:! ;$'!(1==:!9&'-&60#7E!
>+#!7-2%-;-*&%*#!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!;$'!;&=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%!-7!*$%;-'=#(!B$7-,-9#!
&%(!7-2%-;-*&%,!6$,+!-%!,+#!$9#'&00!&%(!-%!,+#!5>!&;;-0-&,#(!$%0:!#7,-=&,#7E!8%(#'!,+#!QB'$6-,!7B#*-;-*S!
'#7,'-*,-9#!&771=B,-$%!$;!%$'=&00:!(-7,'-61,#(! 0-%G! ;1%*,-$%.! ,+#!=&2%-,1(#!$;! ,+#!#;;#*,! -%(-*&,#7!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IR!>+#!?N5!Q9&'-&%*#!-%;0&,-$%!;&*,$'S!;$'=10&!-7!IUIV<QOS!F+#'#!<QOS!-7!,+#!<!7T1&'#(!F+#%!,+#!-%(#B#%(#%,!9&'-&60#!-7!'#2'#77#(!$%!&00!$,+#'!-%(#B#%(#%,!9&'-&60#7!Qb&'T1&'(,.!IJRDSE!N;!<QOS!-7!0$F!Q,#%(7!,$!4#'$S!,+#!?N5!,#7,!-7!0$F!Q#T1&0!,$!$%#SE!@!?N5!9&01#!6#0$F!ID!Q$'.!=$'#!'#7,'-*,-9#0:.!;-9#S!-7!*$%7-(#'#(!&**#B,&60#!6:!'10#7!$;!,+1=6!7,&%(&'(0:!&($B,#(!!-%!,+#!0-,#'&,1'#E!
! IJ
,+&,.!F+#%!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!($160#!F-,+!'#7B#*,!,$!7&=B0#!=#&%.!,+#!B'$6&6-0-,:!$;!7#%(-%2!*+-0('#%!
,$!7*+$$0!'&-7#7!-%!&!'&%2#!6#,F##%!C^!&%(!_C!B#'*#%,!&**$'(-%2!,$!(-;;#'#%,!#7,-=&,#7E!a$,#!&7!F#00!
,+#!7,'$%2!7-2%-;-*&%*#!$;!,+#!:#&'!$;!6-',+!7+$F-%2!,+&,!:$1%2#'!B'$(1*#'7!&'#!=$'#!0-G#0:!,$!7#%(!
,+#-'!*+-0('#%!,$!7*+$$0E!/'#;$'=&,-$%!,'#%(7!&'#!*$%;-'=#(!&7!%#2&,-9#!&07$!-%!,+-7!#7,-=&,#E!
7. The endogeneity problem
!
>+#!#7,-=&,#7!*$==#%,#(!&6$9#!71;;#'!;'$=!!,F$!B$,#%,-&0!#%($2#%#-,:!B'$60#=7E!>+#!;-'7,!-7!,+#!
7#0#*,-$%!6-&7!-%!&;;-0-&,-$%E!8%$67#'9&60#!;&*,$'7!'#0&,#(!F-,+!B'$(1*#'W7!-%%&,#!&6-0-,:!&%(!&*,-9-7=!
*&%! *&17#! 6$,+! &;;-0-&,-$%! &%(! ,+#! -%+#'-,#(! B'#V7*+$$0-%2! *+-0('#%! ,&0#%,7E!>$2#,+#'!F-,+! ,+-7!F#!
+&9#! ,+#! ,'&(-,-$%&0!#%($2#%#-,:!B'$60#=!'#0&,#(! ,$! ,+#!T1&%,-,:VT1&0-,:! ,'&(#V$;;! -%! ,+#!7*+$$0-%2!
0-,#'&,1'#E! a$,#! ,+&,.! -%! B'-%*-B0#.! F#! &'#! -%,#'#7,#(! $%0:! ,$! ,+#! (-;;#'#%,-&0! #;;#*,! 2#%#'&,#(! 6:!
&;;-0-&,-$%!$%!T1&0-,:! ;$'!&!2-9#%! 0#9#0!$;!T1&%,-,:E![#%*#.! -;!F#!&771=#!,+&,! ,+#! ,F$!#%($2#%#-,:!
B'$60#=7!&'#!-%(#B#%(#%,!;'$=!#&*+!$,+#'.!F#!*&%!;$*17!$%!,+#!;-'7,!$%#!Q7#0#*,-$%!6-&7SE!\-%*#!,+-7!
&771=B,-$%!=&:! 6#! '#7,'-*,-9#.!F#! +$F#9#'! &($B,! &! 7#,! $;! 7,'&,#2-#7!F+-*+! -%*01(#!F&:7! ,$! (#&0!
F-,+!6$,+!6-&7#7!&,!&!,-=#E!!!
b$'#!7B#*-;-*&00:.!,$!&(('#77!,+#!;-'7,!B'$60#=!QF+-*+!F#!&(=-,!*&%%$,!6#!;100:!7$09#(S!F#!(#9-7#!
,+#! ;$00$F-%2! ,+'##! *+#*G7E! 5-'7,.! F#! #7,-=&,#! ,+#! =$(#0! -%! ,+#! ,'#&,=#%,! 2'$1B! $%0:.! ,+#'#6:!
&9$-(-%2!(-7,$',-$%7!'#0&,#(!,$!&%:!7$',!$;!+#,#'$2#%#-,:!6#,F##%!,'#&,=#%,!&%(!*$%,'$0!-%(-9-(1&07!
Q>&60#! ^.! *$01=%7! MVLSEIX! \#*$%(.! F#! 0$$G! &,! B'#&;;-0-&,-$%! ,'#%(7! $;! &;;-0-&,#(! ;&'=#'7! Q7##! ,+#!
#;;#*,!$;!71*+!9&'-&60#!-%!>&60#7!^!&%(!LSE!@!B$7-,-9#!B'#&;;-0-&,-$%!,'#%(!F$10(!*'#&,#!,+#!717B-*-$%!
,+&,!$1'!'#710,!-7!('-9#%!6:!,+#!7#0#*,-$%!6-&7!7-%*#!,+#!B$7-,-9#!B#';$'=&%*#!-%!7*+$$0-%2!(#*-7-$%!
6:!&;;-0-&,#(!-7!&0'#&(:!-%!&*,-$%!6#;$'#!&;;-0-&,-$%E!A#!+$F#9#'!;-%(!%#2&,-9#!$'!-%7-2%-;-*&%,!#;;#*,7!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IX! 3$%7-(#'! ,+&,.! ;$'! &! 7B1'-$17! '#710,! 6#,F##%! &;;-0-&,-$%! :#&'7! &%(! *+-0(! #(1*&,-$%! ('-9#%! 6:!+#,#'$2#%#-,:!6#,F##%!:$1%2!&%(!$0(!&;;-0-&,#(.!F#!7+$10(!+&9#!,+&,!$0(!&;;-0-&,#(!&'#!=$'#!0-G#0:!,$!7#%(!,+#-'!*+-0('#%!,$!7*+$$0E!A#!+$F#9#'!*$%,'$0!;$'!,+-7!&%(!;-%(!,+&,!,+#!B'$60#=!($#7!%$,!&BB0:!+#'#! 7-%*#! ,+#'#! -7! %$! 7-2%-;-*&%,! (-;;#'#%*#! 6#,F##%! B'#;$'=&,-$%! ,'#%(7! $;! :$1%2! &%(! $0(!&;;-0-&,#(E!
! CD
$;! B'#&;;-0-&,-$%! ,'#%(7! *$=6-%#(! F-,+! B$7-,-9#! &%(! 7-2%-;-*&%,! #;;#*,7! $;! &;;-0-&,-$%! :#&'7E! \1*+!
#9-(#%*#!-7!-%!7,'-G-%2!*$%,'&7,!F-,+!,+#!7#0#*,-$%!6-&7E!
>+-'(.!F#!(#9-*#! -%! ,+-7! 7#*,-$%!&!F&:! ,$! ,&*G0#!6$,+!#%($2#%#-,:!B'$60#=7! ,$2#,+#'E!A#!61-0(!&!
+1=&%! *&B-,&0! -%9#7,=#%,! -%(#O! &,! +$17#+$0(! 0#9#0! &%(! #7,-=&,#! Q&,! +$17#+$0(! 0#9#0S! &! $%#! 7,#B!
`bb!(:%&=-*!B&%#0!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!F+#'#!6$,+!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!-%!,+#!7*+$$0!&2#!*$+$',!&%(!
,+#!%1=6#'!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!&'#!-%7,'1=#%,#(!6:!B'#(#,#'=-%#(!&%(!#O$2#%$17!9&'-&60#7E!!
>+#!(#B#%(#%,!9&'-&60#!$;! ,+#!+$17#+$0(! 0#9#0!#7,-=&,#! -7!&! ,-=#!9&':-%2! -%(#O!$;!+1=&%!*&B-,&0!
-%9#7,=#%,!;$'!#&*+!B'$(1*#'.!61-0(!$%!'#,'$7B#*,-9#!(&,&!&%(!'#B'#7#%,#(!6:!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!
&,,#%(-%2!7*+$$0!$9#'!,+#!,$,&0!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!-%!,+#!7*+$$0-%2!&2#!*$+$',!-%!&!2-9#%!:#&'E!b$'#!
;$'=&00:.!,+#!+$17#+$0(!7*+$$0-%2!-%9#7,=#%,!Q[\NS!'&,-$!!-7!2-9#%!6:!,+#!;$00$F-%2!#OB'#77-$%g!
!
'& ))
))&
in
j ijtijtijtijt
ijtijtijtijt
itEndageAgeEntryageTOTPOT
EndageAgeEntryageTOTSCHHSI
I
! ! ! ! ! ! Q_S!
F+#'#! ,+#!HSIit! -%(#O! -7! ,+#!%1=6#'!$;! ,+#! P!*+-0('#%!$;! ,+#! -V,+!B'$(1*#'! -%!&!*+$7#%!7*+$$0!&2#!
*$+$',! Q#E2E! &2#! '&%2#! 6#,F##%! LIJ! &%(! IX.! -;! F#! &'#! -%,#'#7,#(! -%! #0#=#%,&':.! =-((0#! &%(! +-2+!
7*+$$0.!&%(!6#,F##%!I_!&%(!IX!-;!F#!&'#!$%0:!-%,#'#7,#(!-%!+-2+!7*+$$0.!#,*ES!F+$!&*,1&00:!F#%,!,$!
7*+$$0!-%!&!2-9#%!:#&'!,!QTOTSCHijtS.!(-9-(#(!6:!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!$;!,+#!-V,+!B'$(1*#'!6#-%2!
-%!,+#!'#0&,#(!7*+$$0!&2#!*$+$',!-%!,+#!7&=#!B#'-$(!QTOTPOTijtSECD!N%!$,+#'!F$'(7.!,+#![\N-,!-%(#O!-7!
&! '&,-$!$;!#;;#*,-9#! ,$!B$,#%,-&0!+$17#+$0(!+1=&%!*&B-,&0! -%9#7,=#%,E!A#!#7,-=&,#! ,+#!=$(#0!F-,+!
,+#!;$00$F-%2!(:%&=-*!B&%#0!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!!
!
ti
k
kkti
tititititilmtilm
DtimeefamFTyearl
FTyearrsOrganicyeaAgeSchoolyearHSIHSI
.I.L
I.^I.MI._I.CI.ID.
&'2
S.QS.Q
!#$
$$$$**$$**
%%%
%%%%%%&
'+
+++++
Q_S!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IJ!c%,':!&2#!-7!2#%#'&00:!^!$'!L!&%(!-7!6&7#(!$%!,+#!'#7B$%(#%,!(#*0&'&,-$%E!CD! >+#! ,$,&0! %1=6#'! $;! *+-0('#%! ;$'! #&*+! ;&'=#'! Q%-S! -7! -%(#O#(! ,$! &**$1%,! ;$'! +#,#'$2#%#-,:! -%!+$17#+$0(!7-4#E!
! CI
F+#'#! tilmHSI .S.Q ** !-7!,+#!7*+$$0-%2!-%9#7,=#%,!-%(#O!;$'!,+#! S.Q lm ** !7*+$$0!&2#!*$+$',!Q-E#E!;'$=!
=mL! ,$! 0mI^! :#&'7S.!Schoolyear! &%(!Age! &'#! ,+#! '#7B$%(#%,! B'$(1*#'W7! 7*+$$0-%2! :#&'7! &%(! &2#!
'#7B#*,-9#0:.! Organicyears! &'#! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! :#&'7! $;! $'2&%-*! *#',-;-*&,-$%E! >+#! $,+#'! ,F$!
'#2'#77$'7!QFTyear!&%(!FTyearlargefamS!&'#!,+#!7&=#!&7!-%!QISE!
>+#! 7B#*-;-*&,-$%! B'#7#%,#(! -%! Q_S! *$%,&-%7! 0&22#(! 9&01#7! $;! ,+#! (#B#%(#%,! 9&'-&60#! &=$%2!
'#2'#77$'7E! @'#00&%$! &%(! )$9#'! QIJJ^S! &%(! )01%(#00! &%(! )$%(! QIJJXS! (#=$%7,'&,#! ,+&,! ,+#!
*$''#0&,-$%!6#,F##%!,+#!0&22#(!(#B#%(#%,!9&'-&60#!&%(!,+#!#''$'!,#'=!=&G#7!H"\!#7,-=&,#7!6-&7#(!
&%(!-%*$%7-7,#%,.!#9#%!F+#%!#''$'!,#'=7!&'#!%$,!7#'-&00:!*$''#0&,#(E!>+#:!(#9#0$B!&!`bb!&BB'$&*+!
,$! ,&*G0#! ,+-7! -771#E! 5$00$F-%2! ,+#=.! -%! ,+#! `bb! F&:.! F#! -(#%,-;:! &! 7#,! $;! #%($2#%$17! $'!
B'#(#,#'=-%#(.!&%(!&!7#,!$;!7,'-*,0:!#O$2#%$17.!-%7,'1=#%,7E!N%!,+#!;-'7,!*&7#!F#!*+$7#!,+#!#(1*&,-$%!
$;! ,+#!B'$(1*#'! &%(!$;! ,+#!B'$(1*#'W7! B&'#%,7E! N%! ,+#! 7#*$%(!$%#!F#! *+$7#! ,F$! &%(! ,+'##!B#'-$(!
0&22#(!9&01#7!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!B017!:#&'!(1==-#7E!
`bb! #7,-=&,#7! Q&7! '&%($=! #;;#*,7S! &00$F! ,$! -(#%,-;:! 7-2%-;-*&%*#! $;! *$%,'$07! F+-*+! F#'#!
B'#9-$170:!-%*$'B$'&,#(!-%,$!;-O#(!#;;#*,7E!@7!-,!-7!$69-$17!,$!6#0-#9#.!,+#!7,'$%2!7-2%-;-*&%*#!$;!,+#!
0&22#(! (#B#%(#%,! 9&'-&60#! *$%;-'=7! ,+&,! ,+#! +$17#+$0(! 7*+$$0-%2! -%9#7,=#%,! -%(#O! -7! 7,'$%20:!
&1,$*$''#0&,#(E! )#:$%(! B#'7-7,#%*#.! ,+#! (#B#%(#%,! 9&'-&60#! -7! B$7-,-9#0:! &;;#*,#(! 6:! B&'#%,&0!
Q;&,+#'S! #(1*&,-$%.! *$%7-7,#%,0:! F-,+! 7,&%(&'(! '#710,7! -%! ,+#! 0-,#'&,1'#! Qc(=$%(7.! CDDRS.! F+-0#!
+$17#+$0(! '#7B$%(#%,! &2#! -7! %$,! 7-2%-;-*&%,! Q>&60#! LSE! >+#! #;;#*,! $;! B'#&;;-0-&,-$%! Q%#2&,-9#S! &%(!
&;;-0-&,-$%!QB$7-,-9#S!:#&'7!-%!$1'!`bb!#7,-=&,#!&,!+$17#+$0(!0#9#0!-7!*$%7-7,#%,!F-,+!F+&,!;$1%(!-%!
;-O#(! ;&=-0:! #;;#*,! #7,-=&,#7! &,! -%(-9-(1&0! *+-0(! 0#9#0! Q>&60#7! M! &%(! ^SE! >+#! ,#7,! $%! ,+#! '#7-(1&0!
&1,$*$''#0&,-$%! 7,'1*,1'#! ($#7! %$,! '#P#*,! ,+#! +:B$,+#7-7! $;! 7#*$%(! QF+-0#! %$,! ;-'7,S! $'(#'!
&1,$*$''#0&,-$%E!>+#![&%7#%!,#7,!$%!$9#'-(#%,-;:-%2!'#7,'-*,-$%7!-7!'$617,!&%(!%$,!1%'#&7$%&60:!+-2+E!
>+-7!'#;0#*,!,+#!B&'7-=$%-$17!17#!$;!-%7,'1=#%,7!F#!=&(#!-%!,+#!#7,-=&,#7!6:!17-%2!$%0:!7#*$%(!&%(!
,+-'(!0&2!;$'!`bb!-%7,'1=#%,7E!!
! CC
a$,#! ,+&,! ,+#! %100! $;! #O$2#%#-,:! $;! $1'! -%7,'1=#%,#(! 9&'-&60#7! ! -7! %$,! '#P#*,#(! 6:! ,+#!K&9-(7$%V
b*Y-%%$%!,#7,!61,!$%0:!-;!F#!*$%7-(#'!,+#!I!B#'*#%,!7-2%-;-*&%,!,+'#7+$0(E!@7!!&!'$617,%#77!*+#*G.!
;$00$F-%2! F+&,! ;$1%(! -%! ,+#! *+-0(! 1%-,! #7,-=&,#7! B'#7#%,#(! -%! >&60#7! M! &%(! ^.! F#! =$(-;:! ,+#!
7B#*-;-*&,-$%!6:!&((-%2! ,+#!6&7#0-%#!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'!#;;#*,!&=$%2!'#2'#77$'7! Q>&60#!L.!*$01=%!CSE!
>+#!#O$2#%#-,:!,#7,!-7!%$,!B&77#(!-%!,+-7!*&7#E!
A+#%!F#!'#7,'-*,!,+#!7&=B0#!,$!,'#&,=#%,!B'$(1*#'7!$%0:!$1'!=&-%!'#710,!+$0(7!Q>&60#!L.!*$01=%!_S!
&%(! ,+#! #O$2#%#-,:! -7! *0$7#'! ,$! ,+#! '#P#*,-$%! $;! ,+#! %100! Q&%(! (#;-%-,#0:! 7$! -%! ,+#! 7B#*-;-*&,-$%! -%!
F+-*+!F#!&((!,+#!6&7#0-%#!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'!#;;#*,!&=$%2!'#2'#77$'7!Q>&60#!L.!*$01=%!MSSE!
!
!!
8. Conclusions
/$9#',:!*&%!6#!17#;100:!*$%*#-9#(!&7!&!7#,!$;!#O*017-$%7!Q;'$=!*'#(-,.!B'$(1*,!=&'G#,7.!-%71'&%*#.!
#(1*&,-$%S!F+-*+!B'#9#%,! -%(-9-(1&07! ;'$=! ;100:!#OB0$-,-%2! ,+#-'! ,&0#%,7.! 0-=-,-%2! ,+#-'! B'$(1*,-9#!
*$%,'-61,-$%! ,$! ,+#! 7$*-#,:E! N%! ,+-7! B&B#'!F#! (#=$%7,'&,#! +$F! #O*017-$%7! *&%! -%,#'&*,!F-,+! #&*+!
$,+#'!2#%#'&,-%2!9-',1$17!$'!9-*-$17!*-'*0#7E!b$'#!7B#*-;-*&00:.!6:!B#';$'=-%2!&%! -=B&*,! 7,1(:!$%!
,+#! #;;#*,7! $;! &;;-0-&,-$%! ,$! ;&-'! ,'&(#! ;$'! &! *$$B#'&,-9#! $;! $'2&%-*! ;&'=#'7.!F#!($*1=#%,! ,+&,! ,+#!
-=B'$9#=#%,! $;! &**#77! ,$! ;$'#-2%! =&'G#,7! QF-,+! &! B&*G&2#! $;! -%-,-&,-9#7! B'$=$,#(! 6:! 5>S! +&7!
B$7-,-9#! &%(! 7-2%-;-*&%,! #;;#*,7! $%! &**#77! ,$! #(1*&,-$%! $;! *+-0('#%! F+#%! B'$(1*#'7! +&9#! 0&'2#!
;&=-0-#7E!
H1'! ;-%(-%27!($*1=#%,! ,+&,!:#&'7!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!7-2%-;-*&%,0:!#&7#! ,+#!F#00!G%$F%!T1&%,-,:UT1&0-,:!
,'&(#! $;;! QF+-*+! &07$! -=B0-#7! &! 0$F#'! B'$6&6-0-,:! $;! 7*+$$0! #%'$0=#%,! ;$'! *+-0('#%! -%! 0&'2#'!
;&=-0-#7SE! 5'$=! &! =#,+$($0$2-*&0! B$-%,! $;! 9-#F! F#! $6,&-%! ,+#7#! '#710,7! 6:! (#9#0$B-%2! &!
'#,'$7B#*,-9#! B&%#0! (&,&! &BB'$&*+! 6&7#(! $%!=#=$'&60#! #9#%,7! &%(! *$%,'$0! ;$'! 7#0#*,-$%! 6-&7! &%(!
#%($2#%#-,:!F-,+!9&'-$17!,#*+%-T1#7!Q&%&0:7-7!$;!B'#;$'=&,-$%!,'#%(7.!'#7,'-*,-$%!$;!,+#!#7,-=&,#!,$!
,+#!,'#&,=#%,!7&=B0#!$%0:.!&($B,-$%!$;!`bb!#7,-=&,#7!,$!*$B#!F-,+!#%($2#%#-,:SE!
! C_
H1'! ;-%(-%27! &'#! *$%7-7,#%,! F-,+! 5>! *'-,#'-&! &%(! B'#(-*,-$%! ;'$=! ,+#! 01O1':! &O-$=E! @! B0&17-60#!
-%,#'B'#,&,-$%! *$%7-7,#%,!F-,+! $67#'9#(!5>! *'-,#'-&! &%(! *+&'&*,#'-7,-*7! -7! ,+&,! 5>! &;;-0-&,-$%! '&-7#7!
B'$(1*#'7! '#9#%1#! 6:! #&7-%2! &**#77! ,$! ;$'#-2%!=&'G#,7! &%(! ;-%&%*-%2! ,#*+%-*&0! -%%$9&,-$%E! >+-7!
#%&60#7!B'$(1*#'! ;&=-0-#7! ,$!$9#'*$=#! ,+$7#! -%*$=#! ,+'#7+$0(7!F+-*+! -%(1*#! ,+#=! ,$! 7#%(!=$'#!
,+#-'!*+-0('#%!,$!7*+$$0!F+#%!;&=-0-#7!&'#!0&'2#E!
References
@'#00&%$.!bE.!&%(!HE!)$9#'.!QIJJ^SZ!Another look at the instrumental variables estimation of error
components modelsE!d$1'%&0!$;!c*$%$=#,'-*7!LXg!CJV^I!!)&*$%.! 3E! QCDD^SE! Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Can Fair Trade, Organic, and Specialty
CoffeesReduce Small-Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua?! A$'0(! K#9#0$B=#%,!__Q_S.!MJRV^IIE!!)&0&%(.! dEbE! &%(! K1B'#4.! 3E! QCDDXSZ! Are Fair Trade Labels Effective Against Child Labour?!!3c/<!K-7*177-$%!/&B#'!a$!LC^JE!!!)&71! YE! &%(! ?&%! /E[E.! QIJJXSZ! The Economics of Child LaborE! @=#'-*&%! c*$%$=-*! <#9-#F!XXgMICVMCRE!!)&71.! YE! &%(! ?&%.! /E[E! QIJJXS.! n>+#! c*$%$=-*7! $;! 3+-0(! "&6$'W.! American Economic Review!XXQ_Sg!MICVCRE!!)#**+#,,-!"E.!3&7,'-$,&!\E.!b-*+#,,-!bE.!QCDDXSZ!Testing the luxury axiom: the effects of fair trade on
child schooling decision on a sample of Chilean honey producers.!=-=#$E!!)#**+#,,-!"E.!3$%4$!/E!&%(!`-&%;'#(&!`E.!QCDDJSE!Market access, organic farming and productivity:
the determinants of creation of economic value on a sample of fair trade affiliated Thai farmersE!c*$%$=#,-*&!A$'G-%2!/&B#'7!FBD^.!c*$%$=#,-*&E!!)#**+#,,-.!"E!`-&00$%&'($!cE!>#77-,$'#.!aE! QCDDXSZ!Ethical product differentiation with symmetric
costs of ethical distanceE!<-9-7,&!(-!/$0-,-*&!c*$%$=-*&.!;$',+E!!)#**+#,,-!"E.!3$7,&%,-%$!bE!QCDDXSZ!Fair trade on marginalized producers: an impact analysis on
Kenyan farmersE!A$'0(!K#9#0$B=#%,!_L^g!XC_oXMCE!!)#**+#,,-!"E.!b-*+#,,-.!bE.!QCDDXSZ!When Consumption Generates Social Capital: Creating Room
for Manoeuvre for Pro-Poor Policies. c*-%#T!F$'G-%2!B&B#'7!XXE!!)#**+#,,-! "E.! \$0;#'-%$.! aE! QCDDXSE! On ethical product differentiation, Economia e Politica
Industriale,!Q;$',+SE!
! CM
!)#**+#,,-!"E.!<$7&,-!5E! QCDDRSZ!Globalisation and the death of distance in social preferences and
inequity aversion: empirical evidence from a pilot study on fair trade consumers.! >+#! A$'0(!c*$%$=:.!_D!Q^Sg!XDRV_DE!!!!)#**+#,,-! "E! 3$7,&%,-%$! bE! /$',&0#! cE.! CDDR.! Human capital, externalities and tourism: three
unexplored sides of the impact of FT affiliation on primary producers.!3cN\!F$'G-%2!B&B#'!%E!CLC!!!)#*G#'.!`&':!\E.! &%(!a-2#0!>$=#7.! QIJRLSE! e3+-0(!c%($F=#%,7!&%(! ,+#!p1&%,-,:!&%(!p1&0-,:!$;!3+-0('#%.f!Journal of Political Economy.!XMQMS!/&',!C.!\IM_V\ILCE!!)+&0$,'&.!\E.![#&(:.!3E! QCDD_SZ!Child Farm Labor: The Wealth ParadoxE!A$'0(!)&%G!c*$%$=-*!<#9-#F!IRQCSg!IJRVCCRE!!)0&*G.! \E! cE.! K#9#'#1O! /E! dE! &%(! \&09&%#7! YE! `E! QCDD^SZ!The More the Merrier? The Effect of
Family Size and Birth Order on Children’s EducationE! p1&',#'0:! d$1'%&0! $;! c*$%$=-*7.! ICDQCS.!b&:E!!)01%(#00.! <E.! )$%(! \E! QIJJXSZ! Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data
modelsE!d$1'%&0!$;!c*$%$=#,'-*7!XRg!II.IM_E!!)$$,+.!@E!"E!&%(!Y##.![E!dE!QCDDJSZ!Birth Order Matters: The Effect of Family Size and Birth Order
on Educational Attainment.!d$1'%&0!$;!/$B10&,-$%!c*$%$=-*7.!@B'-0!CDDJ.!9E!CC.!%E!C.!BBE!_LRVJRE!!3&7,'$.!dEcE!QCDDISZ!Impact assessment of Oxfam's fair trade activities. The case of Productores de
miel Flor de CampanillaE!HO;$'(g!HO;&=E!!3-2%$.! @E.! <$7&,-.! 5E! QCDD^SE! The Economics of Child LabourE! QHO;$'(! 8%-9#'7-,:! /'#77.!3&=6'-(2#SE!!3-2%$.! @E.! <$7&,-.! 5E! &%(! qE! >4&%%&,$7! QCDDCS.!Child Labor HandbookE! A)! \$*-&0! /'$,#*,-$%!K-7*177-$%!/&B#'!aE!DCDLE!!!K&9-(7$%.!<E!&%(!b&*Y-%%$%.! dE! QIJJ_SZ!Estimation and Inference in EconometricsE! !a#F!]$'Gg!HO;$'(!8%-9#'7-,:!/'#77E!!K#6.!/E!&%(!<$7&,-.!5E! QCDDCSZ!Determinants of Child Labor and School Attendance: The Role of
Household UnobservablesE! 8%(#'7,&%(-%2! 3+-0('#%7! A$'G! A$'G-%2! /&B#'E! 50$'#%*#g! N%%$*#%,-!<#7#&'*+!3#%,#'E!!c(=$%(7.!cE!?E.!QCDDRSZ!Child laborE!a)c<!A$'G-%2!/&B#'!%E!ICJCL!!cP'%!bE!&%(!/$',%#'!3E!3E!QCDDMSZ!Birth Order and the Intrahousehold Allocation of Time and
EducationE!<#9-#F!$;!c*$%$=-*7!&%(!\,&,-7,-*7E!"rrr?NQMS.!a$9E!IDDXVIJE!!`1&'*#00$!"E.!b#&00-!5E.!<$7&,-!5E!QCDDCSE!Household Vulnerability and Child Labour: the Effect of
Shocks, Credit Rationing and InsuranceE!83A!A$'G-%2!/&B#'!_.!8%(#'7,&%(-%2!3+-0('#%l7!A$'G!Q83A!/'$P#*,SE!!![&%17+#G.!cE!@E! QIJJCSZ!The Trade-off between Child Quantity and QualityE! d$1'%&0! $;! /$0-,-*&0!c*$%$=:.!?$0E!IDD.!a$E!IE!Q5#6E.!IJJCS.!BBE!XMVIIRE!
! C^
[&:#7.! bE! QCDDMSZ! Strategic management implication of the ethical consumerE!s+,,BgUUFFFE;&-','&(#'#7#&'*+E$'2tE!!N&*$9$1.!bE!QCDDISZ!Family Composition and Children's Educational OutcomesE!A$'G-%2!/&B#'!$;!N%7,-,1,#!;$'!\$*-&0!&%(!c*$%$=-*!<#7#&'*+.!B&B#'!CDDIVIC!Q/K5SE!3$0*+#7,#'g!8%-9#'7-,:!$;!c77#OE!Qd1%#SE!!Y$+0#'! /E! QCDDRSZ!The Economics of Fair Trade: For Whose Benefit? An Investigation into the
Limits of Fair Trade as a Development Tool and the Risk of Clean-WashingEDLVCDDR.![cN!A$'G-%2!/&B#'7E!!!"#30&-'.!bE!\E! QCDDCSZ!Fighting the tide: Alternative trade organizations in the era of global free
trade. A$'0(!K#9#0$B=#%,!_DQRSg!IDJJoIICCE!!b&'T1&'(,.! KE! AE! QIJRDSE! `#%#'&0-4#(! -%9#'7#7.! '-(2#! '#2'#77-$%.! 6-&7#(! 0-%#&'! #7,-=&,-$%.! &%(!%$%0-%#&'!#7,-=&,-$%.!>#*+%$=#,'-*7!IC.^JIoLICE!!b&7#0&%(.!<E.!u!K#!?&&0.!@E!QCDDCSZ!How Fair is Fair Trade?!K#!c*$%$=-7,!I^DQ_Sg!C^IVCRCE!!b*N%,$7+.!3E.!?-00&'&%.!`E! &%(!A:(-*G.!)E! QCDDRSZ!Microfinance and Home Improvement: Using
Retrospective Panel Data to Measure Program Effects on Fundamental EventsE!8%-9#'7-,:!$;!\&%!5'&%*-7*$!K#B&',=#%,&0!A$'G-%2!/&B#'E!!b$$'#.!`E!QCDDMSZ!The Fair Trade Movement: parameters, issues and future research.!Journal of
Business Ethics 53QIVCSg!R_VXL!!b1%(0&G.!]E!QIJRXSE!H%!,+#!/$$0-%2!$;!>-=#!\#'-#7!&%(!3'$77!\#*,-$%!K&,&E!c*$%$=#,'-*&.!ML!QIS.!LJoX^E!!a#07$%.!?E!u!`&09#4.!bE! QCDDDSZ!Social Impact of Ethical and Conventional Cocoa Trading on
Forest-Dependent People in EcuadorE!8%-9#'7-,:!$;!`'##%F-*+E!!/&'-#%,#.!AE!QCDDDSZ!The impact of fair trade on a coffee cooperative in Costa Rica. A producers
behaviour approach.!8%-9#'7-,v!/&'-7!N!/&%,+v$%!\$'6$%%#.!a$!IILIVJX.!8%-9#'7-,:!$;!A-7*$%7-%E!!
Psacharopoulos G., Patrinos H. (1995); Educational Performance and Child Labor in Paraguay.
N%,#'%&,-$%&0!d$1'%&0!$;!c(1*&,-$%&0!K#9#0$B=#%,.!I^QISg!MRVLDE!!/7&*+&'$B$10$7!`E!QIJJRSZ!Child Labor Versus Educational Attainment: Some Evidence from Latin
AmericaE!d$1'%&0!$;!/$B10&,-$%!c*$%$=-*7.!IDQMSg!_RRV_XLE!!<&%P&%.!/E!QCDDIS.!Credit Constraints and the Phenomenon of Child LaborE!d$1'%&0!$;!K#9#0$B=#%,!c*$%$=-*7.!"rN?.!XIVIDCE!!<#(;#'%.!@E!u!\%#(G#'.!/E!QCDDCSZ!Creating market opportunities for small enterprises: experiences
of the fair trade movementE!N"H.!`#%#9&E!
<#-%7,#-%.! KE! &%(! dE.! \$%2! QCDDXSZ! Efficient Consumer Altruism and Fair Trade.! c*$%$=-*7!K-7*177-$%!/&B#'7!L^I.!8%-9#'7-,:!$;!c77#O.!K#B&',=#%,!$;!c*$%$=-*7E!
! CL
<$%*+-.! "E! QCDDLSZ! "Fairtrade" and Market Failures in Agricultural Commodity MarketsE!A$'0(!)&%G!/$0-*:!<#7#&'*+!A$'G-%2!/&B#'!MDIIE!A&7+-%2,$%g!N)<KE!!<$%*+-.!"E!QCDDCSZ!The impact of fair trade on producers and their organizations: a case study with
Coocafè in Costa Rica.!8%-9#'7-,:!$;!\177#OE!!<16#%.!<E.!QCDDXSZ!The impact of fair tradeE!A&2#%-%2#%!@*&(#=-*!/160-7+#'7.!A&2#%-%2#%E!!\,##0=&%.!"E!3E.! &%(!/$F#00.!)E! QIJXJSZ!Acquiring capital for college: The constraints of family
configurationE!@=#'-*&%!\$*-$0$2-*&0!<#9-#F.!^M.!XMMoX^^E!!]-0=&4#'.!>E!QCDDXSZ!Saving for Children’s College Education: An Empirical Analysis of the Trade-
off Between the Quality and Quantity of Children.!d$1'%&0!$;!5&=-0:!c*$%$=-*!N771#.!CJ.!%E!C.!_DRV_CME!!!
!
! CR
Table 1 Price formation in Bak Reua and Kud Chun cooperatives
! !"#!$%&"! '&(!)*&+!
!"#$%&'()**+(,(!"#$%&'!($")*"+!
,&+'-++*,!$.!-/!/0*!1"&'*!!(!/0*!
1$,,2!$%,!+*/!&/!$"!-%,3!
-./(0*1***(
23453'6()**7!4!5!%6*%/&!%$7!
($")*"+!"*'*&6*,!("!)!/0*!)$"8*/!
/0*!+$)*!1"&'*!$+!!"#$%&'!($")*"+!
9:;<!=>>>>?@!
A"#$%&'!($")*"+!0*%'*!$+8*,!
B"**%C*/!/!!"*'*&6*!$!0�*"!1"&'*!
$+!&%'*%/&6*!(!"!"*)$&%&%#!
$((&7&$/*,@!
D&%$772!B"**%C*/!&%'"*$+*,!/0*!
1"&'*!(!"!!"#$%&'!1$,,2!!(8(
9(-./()1:**(
;*%'*E!(!"!!"#$%&'!($")*"+!/0*!
#-$"$%/**,!1"&'*!(!"!F>>G!&+!!%!
$6*"$#*8(
;(-./(0)1:**(
HI$,,2!1"&'*!'$%!+/&77!6$"2!$''!",&%#!/!!J-$7&/2K@!
L,,&/&!%$772E!/0*!D:!1"*)&-)!/0$/!
#!*+!!%72!/!!1"!,-'*"M+!#"!-1!&+!(!"!
F>>G!9$''!",&%#!/!!DNA!7$O?3!
9(-./(+:*(
:0*!D:!.!%-+!9$7+!!'$77*,!1$,,2!
(-%,?!/0$/!#!*+!,&"*'/72!/!!!"#$%&'!
($")*"+!&+3!
9(-./(01)7*(
D-"/0*"!D:!.*%*(&/+3!<$"3=(#'3>4>4?1(&@#&4A>$4(3"#>B>#>&A1(3CB>A>4?(34C(A5DD$'#(#$($'?34>"(
E3'F&'A(
N!'$7!'!!1*"$/&6*!!,&6&,*%,(G#$(
$'?34>"(34C("$4B&4#>$43=(
F&F%&'AHI(
J3'>3%=&(GD$A>#>B&H("$FD5#&C(3A(
E$==$KA8(
7L($E(#M&("3D>#3=(AM3'&(E3'F&'A(
>4B&A#&C(>4(#M&("$$D&'3#>B&((
9(-./(:*(D&'(#$4($E(D3CC6(A$=CI(
J3'>3%=&(
G>!&%!/0*!7$+/!2*$"+?!
D$&""/"$,*!1"*)&-)!-/&7&P$/&!%!
(
-M&(D'&F>5F(>A(C>B>C&C(>4#$(
A&B&'3=(E54CA(#$(KM>"M(E3'F&'(
F&F%&'A("34(3DD=6(E$'(A5DD$'#(
G3H(?'&&4(F345'&(A&&C(
G%H(E3'F&'(#'3>4>4?(
G"H(F&F%&'(K&=E3'&1(&I?I(
&C5"3#>$4($E(#M&>'("M>=C'&41(
43#5'3=(C>A3A#&'('&=>&E(
G3H(:*L(>A(3==$"3#&C(#$(#M&(F>==(#$(
>FD'$B&(>#A(F343?&F&4#((
G%H():L(>A(3==$"3#&C(#$(#M&(
&@#&4A>$4(K$'NA(
G"H():L(>A(3==$"3#&C(E$'(!'?34>"(
O3>',-'3C&(O54CI(-M>A(O54C(M3A(
3=A$("$4#'>%5#>$4(E'$F($#M&'(
A$5'"&A(34C(D'$B>C&A(=$34A(#$(
F&F%&'A(KM$(K>AM(#$("$4B&'#(#$(
A5A#3>43%=&(D'$C5"#>$4(3A(K&==(3A(
$#M&'("$FF54>#6(%&4&E>#AI(
<$"3=("$$D&'3#>B&(E54CA(G/!!
!"#$%&'!$%,!'!%6*%/&!%$7!
)*).*"+H(#3N&4(E'$F("$$D&'3#>B&(
D'$E>#AI(
<$34A(
P3B>4?(Q'$5DA(
! CX
Table 2. Summary information on the samples
!!!THE “TREATMENT” GROUP AND THE “CONTROL GROUP
!IN THE WHOLE AREA
a1=6#'!$;!H67#'9&,-$%7! _LD!
aE!$;!;&-'!,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!$'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!Q,'#&,=#%,!2'$1BS! IXD!
aE!$;!%$%!;&-'!,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!!%$%V$'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!Q*$%,'$0!2'$1BS! IXD!
>$,&0!%E!$;!;&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! CXX!
aE!$;!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!;&'=#'7!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! RC!
aE!$;!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!;&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! IDX!
aE!$;!5&'=#'7!-%!*$%9#'7-$%! IM!
BAK REUA
a1=6#'!$;!H67#'9&,-$%7! CID!
aE!$;!;&-'!,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!$'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!Q,'#&,=#%,!2'$1BS! ID^!
aE!$;!%$%!;&-'!,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!!%$%V$'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!Q*$%,'$0!2'$1BS! ID^!
>$,&0!%E!$;!;&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! ILC!
aE!$;!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!;&'=#'7!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! MX!
aE!$;!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!;&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! ^R!
aE!$;!5&'=#'7!-%!*$%9#'7-$%! R!
KUD CHUM
a1=6#'!$;!H67#'9&,-$%7! I^D!
aE!$;!;&-'!,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!$'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!Q,'#&,=#%,!2'$1BS! R^!
aE!$;!%$%!;&-'!,'&(#!&;;-0-&,#(!!%$%V$'2&%-*!;&'=#'7!Q*$%,'$0!2'$1BS! R^!
>$,&0!%E!$;!;&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! ICL!
aE!$;!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!;&'=#'7!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! CM!
aE!$;!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!;&'=#'7!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!*$$B#'&,-9#7! ^I!
aE!$;!5&'=#'7!-%!*$%9#'7-$%! R!
!
! CJ
Table 3. Confidence intervals of selected variables for FT producers and the control sample ! Ft producers Non Ft producers
Variables Obs. Mean [95% Conf. Interv.] Obs. Mean [95% Conf. Interv.]
Socio-demographic features
5,!:#&'7! IXD! ^ECX_w!!!!! ^EDRXDJC!!!^EMXX^RM! IXD!!!!! D! !
3#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7! IXD! LEXXXw!!!!! LEM_ILLR!!!!!RE_MLII! IXD!!!!! D! !
@2#! IXD! MJEI! MREMIRLI!!!!^DERXC_J! IXD! ^IE_CCCC! MJE^I^M^!!!!!!^_EICJ!
\*+$$0!:#&'7! IXD!!!!! LELIIw!!!!! LEI_C^RJ!!!!REDXJLM_! IXD! ^EJD^^^Lw!!!!! ^EMJC^^!!!!LE_IX^LI!
/#$B0#!-%!,+#!+$17#+$0(! IXD!!!!! _EXCR!!!!! _ELI_^R_!!!!MEDMIJX_! IXD!!!!! _ERLLLLR! _E^ILMI_!!!!!MEDILJC!
a1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%! IXD! CEMXX!!!!! CE_DCDDX!!!!CELR^RLJ! IXD! CE^^!!!!! CE__IDXC!!!!CERLXJIX!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Income, productivity and investment ! ! ! ! !
N%*$=#!;'$=!&2'-*10,1'#!! IXD! LDJMCEMJw! ^^CC^EML!!LLL^JE^_! IRJ! MILMLE_Rw! _L_L_E^I!!!MLJCJECC!
>$,&0!-%*$=#!! IXD! RXRRXELIw! RDMLJEMM!!!!XRDXRERR! IRJ!!!!! ^^IR_ERMw! MXDMDEDX!!!!LC_DREMI!
5&=-0:!-%*$=#!! IXD! IDMXJRE_ JCMRJEM^!!!!IIR_I^EC! IRJ!!!!! XRDXJE_J! RCXIMEDC!!!!IDI_LMEX!
>#=B$'&':!#=B0$:##7!! IXD!!!!! _EXCCw!!! CEJIM__I!!!!MER_DII_! IXD!!!!! CE^^w! IEXR^LR!!!!!_ECCM__!
c=B0$:##!(&-0:!F&2#!! XL!!!!!!! I^LECRJ! IMREID^L!!!!IL^EM^C^! LJ!!!!!!! I^_ERLXI! IMXEL_R_!!!!!I^XEXJJ!
"&%(!7-4#!! IXD!!! CLEDXD! CMEIRMIL!!!!CREJXLJ^! IXD! C_EX^^^L! CIELIJXI!!!!!CLEDJI_!
>$,&0!B'$(1*,-9-,:! IXD! J_ERMJw! RREDCLRC!!!!IIDEMRI^! IRR! LREM_LCXw! ^MEJ^ML^!!!!RJEJIRJI!
/'$(1*,-9-,:!$;!,+#!I7,!F$'G-%2!&*,-9-,:!! IXD! IC^EXJI!!!!! IDMEMMCX!!!!IMRE__JJ! IRR!!!!! JXEMDCRI! RCEDJXMR!!!!ICMERDLJ!
/'$(1*,-9-,:!$;!,+#!C%(!F$'G-%2!&*,-9-,:! JC! MJEDIMw! _CERRI^C!!!!L^EC^LCC! X^! C^EXR^CCw! IJE^JXR^!!!!_CEI^ILJ!
N%9#7,=#%,!-%!-%B1,! IXD!!!!! IML^IELR! CJLDEIJ_!!!!CL_M_EIM! IXD!!!!! ^CL^E^^L! C^XEMMLJ!!!!IDCRCELL!
Price, sales and trading conditions ! ! ! ! ! !
"$*&0!Q%$%!`'##%a#,S!*$$B#'&,-9#!!B'-*#! IRR! II_D^ER_w! IIIMIELJ!!!!IIMLJERL! XI!!!!!!! IDDIJE_Cw! JXCMEXJM!!!!IDCI_ER^!
5>!B'-*#! IRR!!!!! I_JMDEJX! I_X_CECX!!!!IMDMJELX! ! ! !
H,+#'!61:#'7!B'-*#! M!!!!!!!!! II^X_EC^! MCLRE^_^!!!!IXXJXEJL! IIL!!!!! IDMCDERX! JJILEXL_!!!!IDJCMELJ!
3$$B#'&,-9#7!&(9&%*#!B&:=#%,7! IRL!!!!! EDM^M^M^!!!! EDIM_RXC!!!!EDRL^_DJ! IRL! D! !
`'##%a#,!(-9-(#%(7! IRR! _DLEDJDM!w!!! CIJEI^XX!!!!!_J_EDCC! RR! IDIEC^JRw! ^LEMMCMX!!!!!IMLEDRR!
H,+#'!*$$B#'&,-9#!(-9-(#%(7! !L! IM! VREIJR^LI!!!!_^EIJR^L! II^! MDELDXR! REJMJ^_M!!!!R_ECLRXL!
Food expenditure and self-consumption ! ! ! !
[$17#+$0(!F##G0:!;$$(!#OB#%(-,1'#! IXD!!!!! M_DERIII! _XIEICRR!!!!MXDECJM^! IXD!!!!! MLIE^^^L! MIJEMCDM!!!!^D_ELJDR!
<-*#!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IXD! IDD! IDD!!!!!!!!!IDD! IXD! IDD! IDD!!!!!!!!!IDD!
a$$(0#7!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IRD! ECJMIIRL! VECXL^DDI!!!!EXRMR_^M! ILR! IEIJRLD^! VEMLJ_D^X!!!!CEXLM^I^!
?#2#,&60#7!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IXD! XIE_____w! RRELCJC!!!!X^ED_RMR! IXD! RIE_D^^Lw! LLERMMD^!!!!R^EXLRDL!
/&B&:&!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IXD! RJE_^w! RME_M^DI!!!!XME_^MJJ! IRJ! LRERJ__w! LIEL^RCR!!!!R_EJCJ_C!
5'#7+!;'1-,!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IXD! ^_EJLIIIw! MXEXR^RM!!!!^JEDMLMJ! IXD! _JE^^^^Lw! _ME^IDJJ!!!!MMELDDIC!
c227!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IXD! C^EJXXXJw! IJEJILDC!!!!_CEDLIRL! IRJ!!!!! ILEJX_CMw! IIERRMLC!!!!CCEIJIXL!
b-0G!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IRD! _E^XC_^_! ERRJJDDM!!!!LE_XMXD^! IRD! CEMIIRL^! EIDXM^R^!!!!MERI^DRC!
3+-*G#%!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IRX! ^CEXL^IR! M^EXLMX_!!!!^JEXL^^I! IRJ! MJECR_RM! MCEMMM_L!!!!^LEID_I_!
H,+#'!=#&,!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IRR! D! ! IRR! ED^LMJRC! VED^^DDIJ!!!!EILRJJL_!
5-7+!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IXD! RDE_XXXJw! L^EDRMX^!!!!R^ERDCJC! IRJ! ^REI^DXMw! ^IEDJCLR!!!!!!L_ECDJ!
5'#7+!%$$(0#7!7#0;V*$%71=B,-$%!7+&'#! IRC!!!!! E^XI_J^_!!!!! VE^LLCMDR!!!!IERCJD_I! IR^! E^RIMCXL! VE^^L_J^I!!!!IELJJC^C!
b&'G#,!9&01#!$;!7#0;!*$%71=B,-$%!! IXD! CJ^DCELLw! CRDCJECL!!!!_IJRLEDL! IXD! CMCILE^Iw! CIR^MEXI!!!!CLLRXECI!
Savings, debt and wealth ! ! ! ! ! !
K#6,U-%*$=#!! IXD! IEDMD_JL! ERJMMI_^!!!!IECXL_RJ! IRJ! IECMRLC! EJIM_^JR!!!!!IE^XDXX!
\&9-%2U-%*$=#!QB#'*#%,S! IXD! I^E^L_XJw! ICEJLIJJ!!!!IXEIL^RX! IXD! IIEMLJMMw!!!!! JE_RX_D^!!!!I_E^LD^X!
a1=6#'!$;!(1'&60#7!$F%#(! IXD!!!!! XE______!w!!!! XEIMMX_L!!!!XE^CIX_I! IXD!!!!! RE^w! REC^X_J^!!!!RERMILD^!
^!B#'*#%,!7-2%-;-*&%*#!$;!,+#!(-;;#'#%*#!-%!=#&%7!6#,F##%!&;;-0-&,#(!&%(!%$%!&;;-0-&,#(!;&'=#'7E!!!\$1'*#!)#**+#,,-.!3$%4$!&%(!`-&%;'#(&!QCDDXS!
! _D
!Figure 1a Schooling probability and birth order.
Legend. Vertical axis: probability of going to school, horizontal axis birth order in the family.
Control group (dashed line); FT affiliated (continuous line).
!
!
!"#
!"$
!"%
!"&
!"'
!"(
!")
!"*
!"+
#
,-./01234,!# ,-./01234,!$ ,-./01234,!% ,-./01234,!& ,-./01234,!' ,-./01234,!(
!"#$%!"&'%('
!!!Figure 1b Schooling probability and number of children in the family.
Legend. Vertical axis: probability of going to school, horizontal axis number of children in the
family. Control group (dashed line); FT affiliated (continuous line).
!
!"#
!"$
!"%
!"&
!"'
!"(
!")
!"*
!"+
#
./01234,!# ./01234,!$ ./01234,!% ./01234,!& ./01234,!' ./01234,!(
!
! _I
Table 4. The effect of Fair Trade affiliation on schooling decisions: conditional fixed effect
logistic regression
!!
!!@00!7&=B0#!!
!! >'#&,=#%,!7&=B0#!$%0:!
!!
Families with more
than two children only
Families with
more
than two
children only
! ! ! ! ! ! !
\$%7! VIEDCM! VIEDC^! VDERRM!! VIEMXI!! VIEMXX! VIEICD!!
! QVIE^LS! QVIE^LS! QVIECMS! QVIEXXS! QVIEXXS! QVIEMDS!
>'#%(7&'&;0$! VDEDDI! VDEDDC! VDEDDI! VDEDDI! VDEDDI!! VDEDDI!!
! QVCECCS! QVIERMS! QVIECXS! QV_EIDS! QVCEX_S! QVIER_S!
5,&2#+-2+*! DERDC! DELJ^! DELDM!! DERI^!! DELRL! DERLM!
! QME^IS! QME_IS! QIEJ_S! QME^_S! QMECCS! QIELRS!
5>!@2#! ! DEDCX_! ! ! DECMR! !
! ! QDEIRS! ! ! QIEIIS! !
!]#&'!(1==-#7! ]#7!! ]#7!! ]#7!! ]#7!! ]#7!! ]#7!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
aE!$;!H67E! _MLM! _MLM! IXLI! CI^L! CI^L! ID_X!
a'E!$;!`'$1B7! IXI! IXI! XC! II^! II^! MR!
"<!#C!QCCS! MJ^ELD! MJ^EL_! XREXM! _MRELR! _MXEJR! MXELC!
"$2!"-G#0-+$$(! VII_IELJJ! VII_IELX^! VRMDE_CC!! VLXMELXJ!! VLXMEDM_! VMI^EJJ^!
/'$6!t!#C! DEDDD! DEDDD! DEDDD! DEDDD! DEDDD! DEDDI!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
!>+#!#7,-=&,#(!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!-7!!
ijtjl
l
l
ijtijtijtjtijt
DYear
FTyearefamFTyearleFTTrendfuturNChildSchool
!"#
$$$$$
%%%
%%%%%&
'M_CID &'2
!QIS!
F+#'#!Schoolijt!-7!&!(1==:!,&G-%2!9&01#!$;!$%#!-;!,+#!-V,+!*+-0('#%!$;!,+#!PV,+!;&=-0:!F#%,!,$!7*+$$0!-%!,+#!:#&'!,!&%(!4#'$!$,+#'F-7#.!Nchildjt!-7!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!-%!,+#!;&=-0:!P!&,!,-=#!,.!TrendfutureFT!-7!&!QB'#V;$'=&,-$%S!,'#%(!9&'-&60#!=#&71'-%2! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! :#&'7! -%! ,+#! 7&=B0#! $;! ,+#! *+-0(! ;&=-0:! 6#;$'#! #%,#'-%2! -%,$! 5>.!FTYearlargefam.! -7! ,+#!%1=6#'!$;!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7! ;$'! ;&'=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#! ,+&%! ,F$!*+-0('#%.!FTyear! -7! ,+#!%1=6#'!$;! &;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7.!DYear!&'#!,-=#!(1==-#7!QIJXJ!-7!,+#!$=-,,#(!6#%*+=&'G!:#&'S!&%(!!P!!&'#!;-O#(!;&=-0:!#;;#*,7E!
! _C
Table 5. The effect of Fair Trade affiliation on schooling decisions: random effect probit
regression (marginal effects)
!! !! !! !! !! !! !
!!
!!@00!7&=B0#!!
!! >'#&,=#%,!7&=B0#!$%0:!
!
Families with more
than two children only
Families
with
more
than two
children
only
\$%7! VDEI_X! VDEI_L! VDECDX! VDECRC! VDECLXJ! VDE__M!
! QVCEC_S! QVCEIJS! QVCECIS! QV_E_XS! QV_E_CS! QV_EMRS!
@'#&! VDEXXI! VDEXX_! VDEIJI! VIEC_J! VIECMM! VDE^_I!
! QV^E^XS! QV^ELDS! QVDEXCS! QVLE_^S! QVLEMDS! QVIERRS!
3$%,'$0*$$B! DED_LI! DECDX! DEIJD! ! ! !
! QDEIRS! QDELMS! QDE_MS! ! ! !
@2'-*10,1'#! VDEDIL! VDEDI^X! DEDD_! VDEDC_L! VDEDCM! VDEDDL!
! QVIERXS! QVIERJS! QDECJS! QVCECLS! QVCECRS! QVDEMDS!
)-',+:#&'! DEID_X^II! DEIDM! DEDD_! DEDJM! DEDJM! DEIDC!
! QXELCS! QXEL_S! Q^EXRS! QLE^^S! QLE^JS! Q^EM^S!
>'#%(7&'&;0$! VDEDDDI! VDEDDI! VDEDDI! VDEDDI! VDEDDI! VDEDDI!
! QVIEICS! QVIEC^S! QVDELRS! QVCEDDS! QVCE_MS! QVIE_XS!
5,&2#! ! DED^D! ! ! DEIMI! !
! ! QDERIS! ! ! QIE^IS! !
5,&2#+-2+*! DE_DJ! DE_D_! DEC^M! DE_CM! DE_I_! DE_IX!
! QMEMCS! QMECJS! QIEX_S! QME^RS! QME_JS! QIEL^S!
]#&'!(1==-#7!! ]#7! ]#7! ]#7! ]#7! ]#7! ]#7!
3$%7! VIJJELLD! VCDDE_JR! VIJMEMDX! VIRJE_MI! VIXDER^C! VIJLEL^L
!! QVXE_JS! QVXEMDS! QV^ER^S! QVLE__S! QVLE_JS! QV^E_MS!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
[&17=&%!,#7,w!QBV9&01#S! QDEDDS! QDEDDS! QDE^LS! QDEDCS! QDED^S! QDEJJS!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
a! ^L^C! ^L^C! CXCD! _XRD! _XRD! IRJX!
a'E!$;!`'$1B7! _C^! _C^! I_R! CCX! CCX! XJ!
"<!#C!QCLS! MLIEIX! M^JEXJ! IIDED_! _LRECD! _LXEJC! JJE^I!
"$2!"-G#0-+$$(! VIRLDEMC_! VIRLDEILJ! VIDM^EXMC! VIDXXEXDI! VIDXRELCX! V^J^EDIJ
/'$6!t!#C! DEDDDD! DEDDDD! DEDDDD! DEDDDD! DEDDDD! DEDDDD!
>+#!#7,-=&,#(!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!-7!!
ijtjtl
l
lijtijt
ijtjtjtijt
DYearFTyearefamFTyearl
eFTTrendfuturBirthyearpControlcooAreaNChildSchool
!(#$$
$$$$$$
%%%%%
%%%%%%&
'RL
^M_CID
&'2QCS!
F+#'#!Schoolijt!-7!&!(1==:!,&G-%2!9&01#!$;!$%#!-;!,+#!-V,+!*+-0('#%!$;!,+#!PV,+!;&=-0:!F#%,!,$!7*+$$0!-%!,+#!:#&'!,!&%(!4#'$!$,+#'F-7#.!Nchildjt! -7! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! *+-0('#%! -%! ,+#! ;&=-0:! P! &,! ,-=#! ,.!Area! -7! &! (1==:! ,&G-%2! 9&01#! $;! $%#! -;! ,+#!B'$(1*#'!-7!0$*&,#(!-%!Y1(!3+1%!&%(!4#'$!$,+#'F-7#.!Controlcoop!-7!&!(1==:!;$'!*$%,'$0!B'$(1*#'7!F+-*+!,&G#7!9&01#!$;!$%#! -;! ,+#:!6#0$%2! ,$!&!*$$B#'&,-9#.!Birthyear! -7! ,+#!B'$(1*#'W7!:#&'!$;!6-',+S.!TrendfutureFT! -7!&! QB'#V;$'=&,-$%S!,'#%(! 9&'-&60#! =#&71'-%2! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! :#&'7! -%! ,+#! 7&=B0#! $;! ,+#! *+-0(! ;&=-0:! 6#;$'#! #%,#'-%2! -%,$! 5>.!FTYearlargefam.!-7!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!;$'!;&'=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%.!FTyear!-7!,+#!%1=6#'!
$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7.!DYear!&'#!,-=#!(1==-#7!QIJXJ!-7!,+#!$=-,,#(!6#%*+=&'G!:#&'S!&%(!jt( !&'#!'&%($=!#;;#*,7E!!
[&17=&%! ,#7,E! [Dg! ,+#! *$#;;-*-#%,7! $;! ,+#! '&%($=! Q,+-7! >&60#S! &%(! ,+#! ;-O#(! #;;#*,! #7,-=&,#! Q>&60#! MS! &'#! %$,!7-2%-;-*&%,0:!(-;;#'#%,!;'$=!#&*+!$,+#'E!
! __
Table 6. Robustness check: GMM estimates on the effects of FT affiliation on the Household
Schooling Index (HSI)
!@""!\@b/"c!! ><c@>bca>!`<H8/!Ha"]!
[\N,VI! DEXMD! DEXCJ! DEX^M! DEXMI!
! QICERMS! QIIER_S! QIIEMXS! QIDEJ^S!
\*+$$0:#&'! DEDML! DEDMM! DEDIL! DEDIR!
! QCER^S! QCE^XS! QIEDRS! QIEDXS!
@2#! VDEDD^! VDEDD^! VDEDD_! VDEDD_!
! QVIE_XS! QVIEM^S! QVDEXIS! QVDEXJS!
H'2&%-*:#&'7! VDEDIL! VDEDIJ! VDEDII! VDEDIL!
! QVCE__S! QVCE_RS! QVIERXS! QVCE^CS!
5,&2#! ! DEDIJ! ! DEI_R!
! ! QDE_^S! ! QIEICS!
5,&2#+-2+*! DED_X! DED__! DEDMI! DED_M!
! QCE^^S! QIELCS! QMEDLS! QCEJ_S!
3$%7! DEICL! VDE_ID! DEIRC! DEIJI!
! QDELDS! QVIEICS! QDEJMS! QIED_S!
a1=6#'!$;!$67E! C^LR! C^LR! I^LL! I^LL!a1=6#'!$;!2'$1B7!
CLL! CLL! IL^! IL^!@<QIS!,#7,!
VRERJ! VRER^! VLEM^! VLE_R!/'$6t!#C!
QDEDDDS! QDEDDDS! QDEDDDS! QDEDDDS!@<QCS!,#7,!
VDER_! VDER^! DELX! DELL!/'$6t!#C!
QDEMLLS! QDEM^^S! QDEMJXS! QDE^IDS!\&'2&%!,#7,!
XJECM! XJEJI! IDXELR! IDRE_M!/'$6t!#C!
QDEDXCS! QDEDLMS! QDEDDCS! QDEDDCS![&%7#%!,#7,!
^^ECI! ^_E_X! ^LECI! ^LERJ!/'$6t*+-C!
QDEJCJS! QDEJMIS! QDEXXMS! QDEX^_S!K&9-(7$%Vb*Y-%%$%!#O$2#%#-,:!,#7,!
_E__M! REXC^! CEJL_! DEXDR!/V9&01#!
DEDIJ! DEDDI! DED_I! DEMJD!
!>+#!6&7#!7B#*-;-*&,-$%!-7g!!
ti
k
kkti
titititilktilk
DtimeefamFTyearl
FTyearAgeSchoolyearHSIHSI
.I.^
I.MI._I.CI.ID.
&'2
S.QS.Q
!#$
$$$**$$**
%%%
%%%%&
'+
++++
Q_S!
F+#'#!tilkHSI .S.Q ** !-7!,+#!7*+$$0-%2!-%9#7,=#%,!-%(#O!;$'!,+#! S.Q lk ** !7*+$$0!&2#!*$+$',.!Age!&%(!Schoolyear!&'#!,+#!
'#7B$%(#%,! B'$(1*#'W7! &2#! &%(! 7*+$$0-%2! :#&'7! '#7B#*,-9#0:.! Organicyears! &'#! ,+#! %1=6#'! $;! :#&'7! $;! $'2&%-*!*#',-;-*&,-$%.!Dtime!&'#!:#&'!(1==-#7.!FTyearlargefam.! -7! ,+#!%1=6#'!$;!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!;$'!;&'=-0-#7!F-,+!=$'#!,+&%!,F$!*+-0('#%!&%(!FTyear!-7!,+#!%1=6#'!$;!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7E!>+#!#T1&,-$%!-7!#7,-=&,#(!F-,+!&!7:7,#=!`bb!=$(#0!F-,+! ,F$V7,#B! *$#;;-*-#%,7! &%(!A-%(=#P-#'! QCDD^S! *$''#*,-$%! ,$! $6,&-%! 1%6-&7#(! 7,&%(&'(! #''$'7E! ?&'-&60#7! 17#(! ;$'!61-0(-%2! #%($2#%$17! $'! B'#(#,#'=-%#(! Q`bb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aQD.IS!1%(#'!,+#!%100!$;!-%7,'1=#%,!9&0-(-,:E!>+#!K&9-(7$%Vb*Y-%%$%!7,&,-7,-*!-7!(-7,'-61,#(!&7!&%!5!1%(#'!,+#!%100!$;!$',+$2$%&0-,:!$;!,+#!7#,!$;!7,'-*,0:!#O$2#%$17!-%7,'1=#%,7!,$!,+#!#''$'!,#'=!$;!,+#!6&7#!#7,-=&,#E!w!A#!#7,-=&,#!,+#!=$(#0!-%!,+#!7167&=B0#!$;!,+#!*$%,'$0!2'$1B!&%(!,+#!,'#&,=#%,!2'$1B!6#;$'#!&;;-0-&,-$%E!A#!-%,'$(1*#!&!9&'-&60#!-%!F+-*+!&!0-%#&'!,'#%(!-7!=10,-B0-#(!;$'!,+#!,'#&,=#%,!2'$1B!(1==:!&%(!,#7,!F+#,+#'!,+#!0&,,#'!-,!-7!7-2%-;-*&%,0:!(-;;#'#%,!;'$=!4#'$E!>+#!,&60#!'#B$',7!,+#!*$#;;-*-#%,!&%(!,+#!,V7,&,-7,-*7E!
! _M
Appendix 1 Variable legend
!Variables Description Variables Description
!@'#&!I!! ?&'-&60#!,&G-%2!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!0-9#!-%!Y1(!3+1%!!
c=B0$:##!(&-0:!F&2#! >#=B$'&':!#=B0$:##7W!(&-0:!F&2#!
@'#&!C! ?&'-&60#!,&G-%2!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!0-9#!-%!)&G!<#1&!
!N%9#7,=#%,!-%!-%B1,! N%9#7,=#%,!-%!-%B1,!(1'-%2!0&7,!:#&'!
@;;-0-&,-$%!(1==:! K1==:!,&G-%2!,+#!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!&'#!&;;-0-&,#(!,$!5>!&%(!D!$,+#'F-7#!
!b&0#! K1==:!,&G-%2!,+#!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!&'#!=&0#!
!@2#! <#7B$%(#%,7W!@2#! !b&''-#(! K1==:!,&G-%2!,+#!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!&'#!=&''-#(!
3$%,'$0!2'$1B!! K1==:!,&G-%2!,+#!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!&'#!=#=6#'7!$;!*$$B#'&,-9#7!61:!&'#!%$,!5>!&;;-0-&,#(!
!K-9$'*#(! K1==:!,&G-%2!,+#!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!&'#!(-9$'*#(!
!\*+$$0!:#&'7! ]#&'7!$;!7*+$$0!&,,#%(&%*#! !8%=&''-#(! K1==:!,&G-%2!,+#!9&01#!$;!I!-;!'#7B$%(#%,7!&'#!1%=&''-#(!
!a1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%! a1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%! !3#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7! a1=6#'!$;!$'2&%-*!*#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7!!/#$B0#!-%!,+#!+$17#+$0(!! a1=6#'!$;!B#$B0#!0-9-%2!-%!,+#!
+$17#+$0(!3#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7!I! 3#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7!-%!&'#&!I!QY1(!3+1%S!
!5&=-0:!;$$(!*$%71=B,-$%! [$17#+$0(W7!;$$(!#OB#%(-,1'#!-%!&!F##G! 3#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7!C! 3#',-;-*&,-$%!:#&'7!-%!&'#&!I!Q)&G!<#1&S!!<-*#! k!$;!'-*#!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 5>!:#&'7! a1=6#'!$;!5>!&;;-0-&,-$%!:#&'7!!a$$(0#7! k!$;!%$$(0#7!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 5>!:#&'7!I! 5>!:#&'7!-%!&'#&!I!QY1(!3+1%S!!?#2#,&60#7! k!$;!9#2#,&60#7!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 5>!:#&'7!C! 5>!:#&'7!-%!&'#&!I!Q)&G!<#1&S!!/&B&:&! k!$;!B&B&:&!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! !K1'&60#7!$F%#(! \1=!$;!(1'&60#7!$F%#(!6:!'#7B$%(#%,7!!5'#7+!;'1-,! k!$;!;'#7+!;'1-,!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 3$$B#'&,-9#7!B'-*#! /'-*#!$;!d&7=-%#!'-*#!B&-(!6:!0$*&0!
*$$B#'&,-9#7!!c22!! k!$;!#227!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 5>!B'-*#! 5&-'!,'&(#!B'-*#!;$'!d&7=-%#!B'-*#!b-0G! k!$;!=-0G!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 5,!B'#=-1=! K-;;#'#%*#!6#,F##=!5>!B'-*#!&%(!,+#!
B'-*#!B&:#(!6:!0$*&0!*$$B#'&,-9#7!!3+-*G#%! k!$;!*+-*G#%!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! H,+#'!61:#'7!B'-*#! /'-*#!$;!d&7=-%#!'-*#!B&-(!6:!$,+#'!
61:#'7!!H,+#'!=#&,! k!$;!$,+#'!=#&,!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 3$$B#'&,-9#7!&(9&%*#!B&:=#%,7! @(9&%*#!B&:=#%,!;'$=!0$*&0!
*$$B#'&,-9#7!Qd&7=-%#!'-*#S!!5-7+! k!$;!;-7+!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! 3$$B#'&,-9#7!B'$;-,U(-9-(#%(7! /'$;-,U(-9-(#%(!'#*#-9#(!;'$=!0$*&0!
*$$B#'&,-9#7!Qd&7=-%#!'-*#S!!5'#7+!%$$(0#7! k!$;!;'#7+!%$$(0#7!7#0;VB'$(1*#(! H,+#'!61:#'7!B'$;-,U(-9-(#%(7! /'$;-,U(-9-(#%(!'#*#-9#(!;'$=!$,+#'!
61:#'7!Qd&7=-%#!'-*#S!?&01#!$;!7#0;!*$%71=B,-$%!QB#'!:#&'S! ?&01#!$;!7#0;VB'$(1*,-$%!QB#'!:#&'S! >$,&0!!B'$(1*,-9-,:! >$,&0!-%*$=#!B#'!+$1'!F$'G#(!!]#&'7!-%!&2'-*10,1'#! A$'G-%2!:#&'7!-%!&2'-*10,1'#! /'$(1*,-9-,:!I7,!&*,-9-,:! <#7B$%(#%,7W!-%*$=#!!;'$=!&2'-*10,1'#!
B#'!+$1'!F$'G#(!N%*$=#!;'$=!&2'-*10,1'#! <#7B$%(#%,7W!:#&'0:!-%*$=#!-%!
&2'-*10,1'#!/'$(1*,-9-,:!C%(!&*,-9-,:! <#7B$%(#%,7W!-%*$=#!;'$=!7#*$%(!
&*,-9-,:!B#'!+$1'!F$'G#(!>$,&0!-%*$=#! <#7B$%(#%,7W!:#&'0:!-%*$=#!;'$=!,+#!
=&-%!&%(!,+#!7#*$%(!&*,-9-,:!K#6,U-%*$=#!! 5&=-0:!(#6,!,$!-%*$=#!'&,-$!
5&=-0:!-%*$=#! >+#!71=!$;!,+#!:#&'0:!-%*$=#!#&'%#(!6:!&00!=#=6#'7!$;!,+#!+$17#+$0(!
\&9-%2U-%*$=#! "&7,!:#&'!7&9-%2!&7!&!B#'*#%,&2#!$;!-%*$=#!
>#=B$'&':!#=B0$:##7!! a1=6#'!$;!,+#!'#7B$%(#%,7W!,#=B$'&':!#=B0$:##7!!
"&%(!7-4#! >$,&0!0&%(!7-4#!Q'&-S!
/$7-,-9#!#O$2#%$17!#9#%,7! cO$2#%$17!#9#%,7!+&9-%2!&!B$7-,-9#!-=B&*,!$%!'#7B$%(#%,7W!-%*$=#!!-S!-%*'#&7#!-%!,+#!B&((:!'-*#!=&'G#,!B'-*#.!--S!&!B$7-,-9#!7+$*G!$%!B'$(1*,-$%.!---S!B'#7#%,!;'$=!;&'=#'7W!7$%7!&%(!(&12+,#'7!Q=$%#:!$'.!-%!7&=#!*&7#7.!&!*&'S.!9S!F&2#!7+$*G!-%!,+#!7#*$%(!&*,-9-,:.!9-S!0$,,#':!F-%%-%2!&%(!9--S!2'&%,-%2!$;!&F&'(7ES!
a#2&,-9#!#O$2#%$17!#9#%,7! cO$2#%$17!#9#%,7!+&9-%2!&!%#2&,-9#!!-=B&*,!$%!'#7B$%(#%,7W!-%*$=#!Q-S!*0$7#!'#0&,-9#7W7!(#&,+.!--S!(#7#&7#.!---S!*&'!&**-(#%,7.!-9S!;-'#.!9S!*&'!6'#&G-%2.!&%!9-S!-%*'#&7#!-%!,+#!-%B1,!=&'G#,!B'-*#.!9--S!,+#!(#&,+!$;!&%-=&07!17#(!&7!*&B-,&0!
-%9#7,=#%,!Q71*+!&7!F&,#'!61;;&0$7S.!9---S!&!70$F!(#9#0$B=#%,!$;!,+#!7$-0ES!
!K-7,&%*#!;'$=!*$$B#'&,-9#7! K-7,&%*#!;'$=!*$$B#'&,-9#7! ! !
!!
! !!
! _^
Appendix 2 Questionnaire
N° Question Alternatives ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !I! 3&7#!%1=6#'! 3`!$'!>`!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !C! \#O! ;#=&0#!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! =&0#!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !_! @2#! %1=6#'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !M! 3-9-0!7,&,17! 8%=&''-#(!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! (-9$'*#(!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! =&''-#(!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
^!@'#!:$1!=#=6#'!$;!&!*$$B#'&,-9#UB'$(1*#'7l!2'$1Bz!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
L!N;!^!m!:#7g![$F!;&'!($!:$1!0-9#!;'$=!,+#!*$$B#'&,-9#!*#%,#'!Q-%!]&7$,+$%Sz!
G=! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
R![$F!=&%:!B#$B0#!-%!:$1'!+$17#+$0(!=-2'&,#(!-%!,+#!0&7,!;-9#!:#&'7z!
%1=6#'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
X! N;!R!m!:#7g!A+&,!;$'z!<#0&,-9#7!=$9#(!&7!F#00!xIy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! \*+$$0-%2!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! b&''-&2#!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !"$$G!;$'!F$'GU7,&',!%#F!P$6!xRy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !5&=-%#.!('&12+,.!(-7#&7#!xJy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !H,+#'!Q7B#*-;:SjjjjjjjjxIIy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
J! -;!R!m!:#7g!A+#'#z! H,+#'!9-00&2#!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! )&%2G$G!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !H,+#'Va$%V)&%2G$G!x^y!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !H,+#'V%$%V>+&-0&%(!xRy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ID![$F!=1*+!($!:$1!*$%7-(#'!:$1'7#0;!+&BB:!Q;'$=!D!,$!IDSz!
DVID! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
II![$F!=&%:!:#&'7!+&9#!:$1!&,,#%(#(!,+#!7*+$$0z!
:#&'7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
IC![$F!=&%:!*+-0('#%!($!:$1!+&9#z!x;-00!,+#!,&6!6#0$Fy!
%1=6#'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
I_! 3+-0('#%!,&6! \#O!
@2#!
[$F!$0(!F+#%!7,&',#(!,+#!7*+$$0z!
[$F!=&%:!:#&'7!(-(!+#U7+#!&,,#%(!,+#!7*+$$0z!
[$F!=&%:!:#&'7!(-(!+#U7+#!'#B#&,z!x-;!%$,!m!Dy!
@*,-9-,:!! !+$F!=&%:!+$1'7U(&:!($#7!+#U7+#!F$'G!$%!,+&,!&*,-9-,:z
! !! b&0#!xIy!5#=&0#!x_y!+#0B!,+#!;&=-0:!xIy!
F$'G!$1,7-(#!,+#!;&=-0:!x_y!
%$,!F$'G-%2!x^y!
! 5-'7,! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! \#*$%(! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! >+-'(!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! 5$1',+! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! 5-;,+! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! \-O,+! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! \#9#%,+! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!! c-2+,+! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
IM![$F!;&'!($!:$1!0-9#!;'$=!,+#!7*+$$0z!
G=! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
I^!
K1'-%2!,+#!0&7,!:#&'!:$1'!*+-0('#%!F#%,!,$!7*+$$0!+$F!=1*+!+&9#!:$1!7B#%,!$%!#(1*&,-$%!;$'z!!
6&+,! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! 5##7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! 8%-;$'=7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! >#O,6$$G7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! _L
!cO#'*-7#!6$$G7.!B#%7.!B#%*-07!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! b#&07.!,'&%7B$',&,-$%! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! H,+#'!#OB#%7#7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
IL!A+#'#!F&7!:$1'!0&7,!*+-0(!6$'%z!
&,!+$=#!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! -%!&!'1'&0!*0-%-*!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! -%!,+#!+$7B-,&0!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! $,+#'!Q7B#*-;:S!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
IR![&7!:$1'!0&7,!*+-0(!6##%!9&***-%&,#(z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
IX![$F!=1*+!(-(!:$1!7B#%(!,+-7!:#&'!;$'!(#%,&0!*&'#!;$'!,+#!F+$0#!;&=-0:z!
6&+,! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
IJ![&7!$%#!$;!:$1'!*+-0('#%!(-#(z!
%1=6#'!$;!*+-0('#%!(-#(!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CD![&9#!:$1!7#'-$170:!-%P1'#(!:$1'7#0;!(1'-%2!,+#!0&7,!:#&'z!
+$F!=&%:!,-=#7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CI![$F!=&%:!(&:7!+&9#!:$1!2$,!7-*G!&%(!*$10(!%$,!2$!,$!F$'Gz!
(&:7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CC!N;!:$1!F#'#!,$!7#00!:$1'!B0$,!$;!0&%(!,$(&:.!+$F!=1*+!*$10(!:$1!7#00!-,!;$'z!
6&+,U<@N! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
C_!K$!:$1!17#!&%:!*+#=-*&0!;#',-0-4#'UB#7,-*-(#z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CM!N;!C_!m!%$g!K-(!:$1!17#!*+#=-*&0!;#'-0-4#'UB#7,-*-(#!-%!,+#!B&7,z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
C^!-;!CMm!:#7g!A+#%!(-(!:$1!7,$B!17-%2!,+#=z!
:#&'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CL![$F!=&%:!B#$B0#!($!171&00:!0-9#!-%!:$1'!+$17#z!
%1=6#'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CR!
K1'-%2!,+#!B&7,!:#&'.!+$F!=&%:!,-=#7!+&9#!:$1!&,,#%(#(!#O,#%7-$%!,'&-%-%2!&*,-9-,-#7z!
,-=#7!xD!-;!%$,!&,,#%(#(y!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CX!N;!CRtDg!A+&,!G-%(!$;!,'&-%-%2!*$1'7#7z!!
87#!$;!;#',-0-4#'7!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! N''-2&,-$%!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! a#F!7##(7!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! /#7,!-%;#7,&,-$%!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! )0-2+,!B'$60#=7!xJy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! 7$-0!B'$60#=7!xIIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! F#&,+#'!B'$60#=7!xI_y!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !2#%#'&0!*'$B!&(9-*#!xI^y!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! =&'G#,-%2!&(9-*#!xIRy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !-%7#=-%&,-$%!7#'9-*#7!xIJy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !$,+#'!Q7B#*-;:S!jjjjjjj!xCIy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CJ! N;!CRmDg!A+:z! N!&=!%$,!-%,#'#7,#(!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! N!($%l,!+&9#!,-=#!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! N!*&%l,!&;;$'(!,+#=!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !,+#'#!&'#%l,!,'&-%-%2!*$1'7#7!xRy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_D!A+-*+!-7!,+#!=&-%!61-0(-%2!=&,#'-&0!17#(!;$'!:$1'!+$17#z!
,-=6#'7!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !6'-*G7!&%(!*$%*'#,#!x_y!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! $,+#'!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_I!A+-*+!G-%(!$;!;0$$'!-7!,+#'#!-%!,+#!+$17#z!
6&'#!2'$1%(!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! _R
! ! *#=#%,!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! F$$(!6$&'(7!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ,-0#7!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! $,+#'!xJy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_C!A+-*+!-7!,+#!=&-%!0-2+,!7$1'*#!:$1!+&9#!&,!+$=#z!
#0#*,'-*-,:!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! 2&7!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! $-0!0&=B!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! *&%(0#!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! $,+#'!Q7B#*-;:S!xJy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
__!A+&,!,:B#!$;!;1#0!($#7!:$1'!;&=-0:!=&-%0:!17#!;$'!*$$G-%2z!
F$$(!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! *$&0!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! 2&7!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! #0#*,'-*-,:!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! (1%2!xJy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !$,+#'!Q7B#*-;:Sjjjjjjjj!xIIy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_M![&7!:$1'!;&=-0:!!&**#77!,$!('-%G&60#!F&,#'z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_^!)&,+'$$=!0$*&,-$%!&%(!7+&'-%2g!
-%7-(#!&%(!#O*017-9#!xJy!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! -%7-(#!&%(!7+&'#(!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !$1,7-(#!&%(!#O*017-9#!x^y!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! $1,7-(#!&%(!7+&'#(!x_y!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! %$!6&,+'$$=!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_L![$F!=1*+!($!171&00:!:$1!7B#%(!-%!;$$(!;$'!&00!:$1'!;&=-0:!-%!&!F##Gz!
6&,+! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_R! 3$%71=B,-$%!>@)! [$F!=&%:!,-=#7!($#7!:$1'!;&=-0:!#&,!,+#!;$00$F-%2!;$$(z!
A+-*+!7+&'#!$;!#&*+!;$$(!*$%71=#(!($!:$1!B'$(1*#!6:!:$1'7#0;z!!
! ! !
! !! #9#':!(&:!xIy!,F-*#!&!F##G!x_y!
$%*#!&!F##G!x^y!
$%*#!&!=$%,+!xRy!
%#9#'!xJy! D!V!IDD!k! ! ! !
! <-*#! !! !! ! ! !! a$$(0#7! !! !! ! ! !! ?#2#,&60#7! !! !! ! ! !! `'##%!/&B&:&! !! !! ! ! !! 5'#7+!;'1-,! !! !! ! ! !! c227! !! !! ! ! !! b-0G! !! !! ! ! !! 3+-*G#%! !! !! ! ! !! H,+#'!=#&,! !! !! ! ! !! 5-7+! !! !! ! ! !! 5'#7+!%$$(0#7! !! !! ! ! !
_X!
[$F!($!:$1!*$%7-(#'!:$1'!7,&%(&'(!$;!0-9-%2!*$=B&'#(!,$!,+#!$%#!$;!$,+#'!B#$B0#!F+$!0-9#!-%!,+-7!9-00&2#z!
=1*+!6#,,#'!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! 6#,,#'!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! #T1&0!x^y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! 0$F#'!xRy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! =1*+!0$F#'!xJy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_J!)#7-(#7!&2'-*10,1'#!($!:$1!+&9#!&%$,+#'!&*,-9-,:z!
*'&;,F$'G!xIy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! *$%7,'1*,-$%!x_y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !$,+#'!Q7B#;-*:Sjjjjj!x^y!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MD! @*,-9-,-#7l!>&6! ]#&'7!c&'%-%27U:#&'!
K&:7!F$'G#(U]
[$1'7!F$'G#(U(&:
! ! ! ! !
! _X
#&'!! @2'-*$0,1'#! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! \#*$%(! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !
MI![$F!=&%:!#=B0$:##7!($!:$1!+&9#z!
a1=6#'!$;!#=B0$:##7!K&-0:!F&2#! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! 7,&60#!#=B0$:##7!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ,#=B$'&':!#=B0$:##7! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MC!@'#!:$1!171&00:!-%9$09#(!-%!&!0&6$1'!#O*+&%2#!7:7,#=z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
M_!)1:#'7!>&6!V!A+$!($!:$1!171&00:!7#00!d&7=-%#!<-*#!,$z!
A+-*+!7+&'#!$;!B'$(1*,-$%!($!:$1!171&00:!7#00!,$!#&*+!,:B#!$;!61:#'z!
A+-*+!B'-*#!($!:$1!171&00:!'#*#-9#!B#'!,$%!7$0(z!
K$!:$1!'#*#-9#!=$%#:!-%!&(9&%*#z!
[$F!=1*+!(-(!:$1!'#*#-9#!&7!B'$;-,U(-9-(#%(!;'$=!,+#!B'$(1*#'l7!2'$1Bz!
[$F!=1*+!&'#!:$1!7&,-7;-#(!F-,+!,+#!B'-*#z!
!
! !! k! 6&+,U,$%!]#7!xIy!a$!xDy!
6&+,!xIm!9#':!=1*+!Cm!#%$12+Z!_m!%$,!9#':!7&,-7;-#(Z!Mm!%$,!&,!&00y!
!
! "$*&0!*$$B#'&,-9#! !! !! !! !! !! !! H,+#'!61:#'7! !! !! !! !! !! !
MM!K1'-%2!0&7,!;-9#!:#&'7!+&9#!:$1!*+&%2#(!:$1'!B'$(1*,-$%!7:7,#=z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
M^!/0#&7#!,#00!=#!,+#!:#&'0:!-%*$=#!-%!:$1'!;&=-0:E!
6&+,! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! +176&%(UF-;#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! 7$%7U(&12+,#'7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! $,+#'!=#=6#'7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ML!
K$!:$1!+&9#!$,+#'!7$1'*#7!$;!%$%!F$'G!-%*$=#!Q7167-(-#7.!($%&,-$%7.!#,*ES!z!
:#7!xIy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ;'$=!,+#!*$==1%-,:! %$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ;'$=!,+#!7,&,#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ;'$=!B'-9&,#!B#'7$%7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!;'$=!(#9#0$B=#%,!&2#%*-#7U%2$7!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! '#=-,,&%*#7!;'$=!'#0&,-9#7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! '#%,7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! $,+#'!Q7B#*-;:Sjjjjj! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MR!A+-*+!$;!,+#!;$00$F-%2!,+-%27!($#7!:$1'!;&=-0:!$F%z!
:#7!xIy!!%$!xDy!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ,9! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!#%,#',&-%=#%,!(#9-*#7!Q3K.!K?K!B0&:#'7.!#,*ES!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ;'-(2#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! 6-*:*0#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! =$,$'*:*0#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! *&'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! F&,#'!B1=B! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! B0$F-%2!=&*+-%#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! 2&7!7,$9#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ,'1*G! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! =$6-0#!B+$%#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MX!
[$F!=1*+!&'#!:$1!7&,-7;-#(!F-,+!:$1'!+$17#+$0(W7!0-9-%2!*$%(-,-$%7z!!
xD!V!IDy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MJ![$F!=1*+!($!:$1!*$%7-(#'!:$1'7#0;!!&!2$$(!;&'=#'z!!
xD!V!IDy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!!
top related