lessons in project management - 6 - requirements engineering
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International Project Management
Prof. Dr. Frank Habermann
Lecture 6 –
Requirements Engineering & Modeling
© Becota GmbH | www.becota.com | 2010
Legal (contractual) requirements vs. product requirements
Project (management) requirements vs. engineering requirements
Business (organisational) requirements vs. personal requirements
Product versus service engineering
Introducing enterprise models (as a method for connecting perspectives)
Introducing enterprise architectures
The problem of collecting information
Content
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each project is
aboutmeeting
requirements
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Requirements are closely linkedto goals and expectations
Picture sources: http://3.bp.blogspot.com; http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/contract.jpg
the project contractrequests a certain quality to
meet the project‘s objectives
THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements are closely linkedto goals and expectations
Picture sources: http://3.bp.blogspot.com; http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/contract.jpg
a stakeholderrequests a certain feature or quality
to meet his/her objectives
the project contractrequests a certain quality to
meet the project‘s objectives
THE PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
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Requirements are closely linkedto goals and expectations
Picture sources: http://3.bp.blogspot.com; http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/contract.jpg
... and many stakeholdersrequest various features and qualities
to meet their perspectives
the project contractrequests a certain quality to
meet the project‘s objectives
A BUNCH OF PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
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Remember lecture 2:each corporate perspective is a source of requirements
regionalperspective (r)
hierarchicalperspective (h)
subject matterperspective (m)
Perspectivesto be integrated :
m * h * r
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As a project manager you have to deal withall these kinds of requirements
Picture sources: http://hirepm.com; http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/contract.jpg
A BUNCH OF PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
TypeNumberLevel of Detail
TypeNumber
Level of Detail
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Time drives requirements (number and level of detail)
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
KNOWLDGE GAINED
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Time drives requirements (number and level of detail)
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion
KNOWLDGE GAINED
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Time drives requirements (number and level of detail)
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion
Fit
KNOWLDGE GAINED
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Time drives requirements (number and level of detail)
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
KNOWLDGE GAINED
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion
Gap
Fit
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Time drives requirements (number and level of detail)
Picture sources: http://3.bp.blogspot.com; http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/contract.jpg
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion
Gap
Gap
Fit
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Two main taks: developing and managing reqirements
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion develop
requirementsto the rightlevel of detail
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Two main taks: developing and managing reqirements
TIME
Pre-Project Main Project
Leve
l o
fre
qu
irem
en
tssp
ecif
icat
ion develop
requirementsto the rightlevel of detail
Gap
managegaps/conflictsin type andlevel of detail
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements levels
enterprise
departments(= special interest groups)
employees(= users of the solution)
one
some
many
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements levels
BusinessChallenge(Mission)
enterprise
departments(= special interest groups)
employees(= users of the solution)
engineeringthe contract
(blueprintingthe solution)
one
some
many
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements levels
BusinessChallenge(Mission)
enterprise
departments(= special interest groups)
employees(= users of the solution)
engineeringthe contract
(blueprintingthe solution)
engineeringthe solution
one
some
many
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements levels
BusinessChallenge(Mission)
enterprise
departments
users
engineeringthe contract
(blueprintingthe solution)
engineeringthe solution
one
Requirements engineering in a strict sensemeans specifying the solution
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project requirements
versus
productrequirements
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements engineering is aboutproduct requirements
THE CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS
WHAT
The „object“ tobe delievered, i.e. the project product
PRODUCT requirements
HOW
The „way“ ofrunning the project
and producing the deliverables
PROJECT requirements
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements engineering is aboutproduct requirements
WHAT
• Solution components• Solution features• Solution-related services• …
HOW
• Project rules (e.g. corporate forms)• Project guidelines (e.g. following Prince2)• Project tools and methods (e.g. MS Project)• …
THE CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Requirements engineering is aboutproduct requirements
WHAT
• Solution components• Solution features• Solution-related services• …
HOW
• Project rules• Project guidelines• Project tools and methods• …
requirementsengineering ismodeling theproject product
ímpacts
THE CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS
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Remember lecture 1…
Picture Source: www.infrastructurist.com
PROJECT RESULT
1. Temporary(a project got a
clear start and end date)
2. Unique(a project provides individual
and substantial results)
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The product can also be a service product!
PROJECT PRODUCT Deliverable
SERVICEPRODUCT
PHYSICALPRODUCT
COULD BE
e.g. designingan innovative
restaurant processservice engineering
e.g. designingan innovative
and delicious mealproduct engineering
requirements engineering
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Relationship between processes, services, products
Be seated Place order Get served Eat
„Dining at a fine restaurant“
Process chain
Pay
Meal
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Relationship between processes, services, products
Be seated Place order Get served Eat
Place order Pay Get servedSeat
yourself
„Dining at a fine restaurant“
„Dining at a fast-food restaurant“
Process chain
Process chain
Pay
Eat
Meal
Meal
> Sometimes the service makes the difference!
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Another famous example of service innovation
Picture source: http://www.n-tv.de/img/
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some brief considerations
about product
quality
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What is product quality?
The International Standardization Organization (ISO) says:
“The totality
of features and characteristics
of a product or service that
bears its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs.“
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
What is product quality?
The International Standardization Organization (ISO) says:
“The totality
of features and characteristics
of a product or service that
bears its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs.“
in just two words…
MATCHED
EXPECTATIONS
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Unfortunately, a project manager has to cope with manyexpectations from all kinds of stakeholders…
Picture source: www.blackcommentator.com
> First rule: stay manageable, i.e.learn to say „no“
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… and this – to make matters worse – is a great source ofmisunderstanding (e.g. in IT projects)
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse –is a great source of misunderstanding
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
… and this – to make matters worse – is a great source ofmisunderstanding (e.g. in IT projects)
Picture source: http://govfor.us
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
In projects there is much room for misunderstanding
Picture source: http://jarodrosello.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/ © Becota
> Second rule: for requirements engineeringchoose a language that everybodyaccepts and understands
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this leads us to
enterprise
modeling
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… before beginninga bigger project
… before fabricatingsomething which cannotbe changed anymore
… before investing serioustime and money
Thus a model always
– serves a higher purpose
– is an instrument
– is „made for something“
Architects (and artists) start with a model…
Picture source: http://www.marmo.ch/var/scultura/storage/images/www_home/kurse
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Modeling – an example
Model Domain
Abstract
Model
Modeling Purposee.g. your
friend‘s birthday
Modeling Methode.g. interviewing yourGrandma and takinghand-written notes
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Develop your individual example
Context (Model Domain)
Abstract
Model
Modeling Purpose???
Modeling Method???
Source: Scheer/Habermann/Thomas
???
???
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Missing the two-faced god orwhy technical system design needs architectures and models
© Becota GmbH | www.becota.com | 2010
BusinessWorld
TechnicalWorld (here: ICT)
UnderstandingBusiness
UnderstandingTechnology
Missing the two-faced god orwhy technical system design needs architectures and models
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BusinessPeople
TechPeople
BusinessWorld
ICTWorld
Missing the two-faced god orwhy technical system design needs architectures and models
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Markets, Orders,Efficiency, Costs,
Revenues… Servers, Systems, Classes, Tools, Plattforms…
BusinessPeople
TechPeople
BusinessWorld
ICTWorld
Missing the two-faced god orwhy system design needs architectures and models
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Business-oriented
View
BusinessWorld
ICTWorld
SharedModelWorld
Missing the two-faced god orwhy system design needs architectures and models
Technologyoriented
View
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Business
Towards a modeling architecture
Technology
Shared Model World
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Business
Towards a modeling architecture
Technology
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Business
Modeling views
Technology
Data Function …Orga
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Business
Modeling phases
Technology
Step 1
Step 2
Step n
…
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Business
Modeling architecture a.k.a. methodology
Technology
EA
Data Functions …Orga
… Analysis
Design…Implementation…
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Modeling – a business example
Model Domain
Abstract
Model
here: process model
Modeling Purposee.g. introduction of
a new logistics system
Modeling Methodhere: Value Chain
Diagram
Source: Scheer/Habermann/Thomas
© Becota GmbH | www.becota.com | 2010
• Process: Aircraft production
• Activity: Check turbine
• Customer: Airline
• Process duration: 22 days (on avarage)
• Process: Production of aircraft 4711
• Activity: Check turbine 4711-13b
• Customer: Emirates (order 201012)
• Process duration: May 1st, 2009 to June 3rd, 2009
Types vs. instances
Business type Business instance
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Summary: Ways of reducing complexity…
1. Reduce information by havinga step-by-step approach (phase model)
…
Business
Technology
Analysis
Design
Implementation
© Becota GmbH | www.becota.com | 2010
Summary: Ways of reducing complexity…
1. Reduce information by havinga step-by-step approach (phase model)
…
Business
Technology
Analysis
Design
Implementation
2. Reduce information by concentratingon particular enterprise aspects (set your focus by selecting a view)
Business
Technology
Data Function …Orga
© Becota GmbH | www.becota.com | 2010
Summary: Ways of reducing complexity
Procure-ment
Support
Pro-duction
ShippingSales
Sales4712
Sales4713
Sales4711
…
3. Reduce information by identifyingcommon rules and characteristics (develop a model!)
types
instances
© Becota GmbH | www.becota.com | 2010
Summary: Ways of reducing complexity
Procure-ment
Support
Pro-duction
ShippingSales
Sales4712
Sales4713
Sales4711
…
Procure-ment
Support
Pro-duction
ShippingSales
CheckResourcesHandle
RequestPresent
ProposalNegotiate Contract
PrepareProposal
…
3. Reduce information by identifyingcommon rules and characteristics(develop a model!)
4. Reduce information by settingthe focus on parts and pieces (develop specified sub-models)
types
instances
level 1
level 2
level 3, 4, 5 …
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Imagine your product would be a car …
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What are its parts?
Picture source: h ttp://farm3.static.flickr.com/2317/2066997439_41215dcafa_o.jpg
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And how can you model their hierarchical structure?
…
…
… … …
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Aggregation / specification –another example (now service engineering)
ebay
externalevent
externalcustomer
.. Shopping at ebay
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Aggregation / specification –another example (now service engineering)
ebay
externalevent
externalcustomer
.. Shopping at ebay
.. seeking insights (here: sub-processes) Auction
Support
PaymentShipping
Explo-ration
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Aggregation / specification –another example (now service engineering)
ebay
externalevent
externalcustomer
.. Shopping at ebay
.. seeking insights (here: sub-processes) Auction
Support
PaymentShipping
Explo-ration
.. aiming at a deeper understanding of all business activities (i.e. theirhierarchical structure as well as their business logic)
A2A1 A4 A5
A3
…
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Top-down vs. bottom-up modeling(in practice you combine both approaches)
ebay
externalevent
externalcustomer
Auction
Support
PaymentShipping
Explo-ration
A2A1 A4 A5
A3
…
top-down
bottom-up
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Summary: Modeling
VIEW(e.g. process)
PHASE(e.g. design)
(SUB)MODEL
METHOD(e.g. Value Chain)
REAL WORLD
focus shape
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profession
To sum it up: we use models to find a common language …
belief, behavior
knowledge
belief, behavior knowledge
education
age group
gender
ethnicity
nationality
Hierarchicalposition
profession
education
age group
gender
ethnicity
nationality
Hierarchicalposition
Picture inspired by www.filderfunkost.org/lk_bayreuth/pix/interdiscourse.jpg
syntax
MODEL =TRANSLATOR
sematics
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… in order to avoid inconsistent solutions …
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… as well as unpleasant misfits
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I cannot overemphasize this point!
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last but not least …
how to collect
informationfor
requierements analysis?
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Analyse the requirements (1/2)
OrganisationalRequirements
UsabilityRequirements
TechnicalRequirements
ExternalRequirements
COLLECT
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Analyse the requirements (2/2)
Picture Source: Sony
OrganisationalRequirements
UsabilityRequirements
TechnicalRequirements
ExternalRequirements
COLLECT
DISCUSS
APPROVE
SystemAnalysis
Architecture Functions Data Others…
© Becota | www.becota.org | 2010
Inquiry problems –the difficulties of capturing the actual situation
• Crucial question: Where do you get your information from?-> often from document studies, observation and interviews
• Problem: those process descriptions typically don‘t match the reality– Information is missing/incomplete– Information is redundant/inconsistent– Information is misleading/false– Two particular problems in practice, if you interview people:
• Is the person unbiased and objective? • Can and will the person risk to be “brutally” honest?
– Descriptions are on divergent levels of detail– Descriptions are in the „language“of the business area,
where the knowledge owner belongs to
Thank you very much!
presentation by
Frank Habermann
founder of Becota and Professor of Business
http://de.linkedin.com/in/frankhabermann/en
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