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List of ImportantAbbreviations
A- Interface Interface between the BSS and the MSC, manages theallocation of suitable radio resources to the MSs andmobility management
A-bis BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTSACELP Algebraic CELP (with special codebook, see CELP)ACR Absolute Category RatingADPCM Adaptive Differential PCM (with adaptive prediction and
quantization)AHr,dt Attenuation Range Receiving, Double TalkAHs,dt Attenuation Range Sending, Double TalkAMR Adaptive Multi-Rate codingAPC Adaptive Predictive Coding (also “block-ADPCM”)APP A-Posteriori ProbabilityATC Adaptive Transform CodingA-ter: BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a TRCATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBB-RELP Base-Band (i.e., low-frequency band) RELP (see RELP)BER Bit Error RateBFH Bad Frame HandlingBFI Bad Frame IndicationBSC Base Station ControllerBTS Base Transceiver StationC/I Co-channel interferenceCCR Comparison Category RatingCELP Code-Excited Linear Predictor/PredictionCOVQ Channel-Optimized Vector QuantizationCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCSI Channel-State InformationDCR Degradation Category Rating
928 List of Important Abbreviations
DCT Discrete Cosine TransformationDFT Discrete Fourier TransformationDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDTX Discontinuous TransmissionD-value Relationship between direct sound field sensitivity and diffuse sound
field sensitivityEDGE Enhanced Data-rate for GSM Evolution (an add-on to GSM)EFR Enhanced Full-Rate system (with the original GSM data rate and
better quality)EMBE Enhanced MBE (see MBE)ETSI European Telecommunication Standardization InstitutioneXCELP Extended CELP (with classified codebooks, see CELP)FER Frame Error RateFIR Finite (-length) Impulse Response (also “non-recursive”) filterFR Full-Rate system �= the first standard GSM speech coding at 13 kb/s�GSM Global System for Mobile communicationHC Harmonic Coding �= SM with a frequency grid, see SM�HR Half-Rate system (with half the original GSM data rate and less
quality)HVXC Harmonic Vector-eXcited Coding ( a HC / VQ combinaztion, see HC,
CELP, VQ)IMBE Improved MBE (see MBE)IP Internet ProtocolISCD Iterative Source-Channel DecodingISO International Standardization OrganizationITU International Telecommunication Union (formerly: CCITT, Conseil
Consultative de la Telephonie et Telegraphie)JLR Junction Loudness RatingLMS Least Mean Squares (algorithm)LP Linear Prediction
�= linear estimation of a new sample from n past samples�LPC Linear Predictive Coding (used generally for the filter inside all
predictive coders or specifically for the LP-based VOCODER)LSF Line Spectral Frequencies �= transformed LPC coefficients�LTP Long-Term Prediction (with a large lag in the order of a “pitch”
period)MBE Multi-Band Excitation (of an LP filter)Mops Mega (i.e., million) Operations per SecondMOS Mean Opinion ScoreMOS-LQO Mean Opinion Score, Listening Quality ObjectiveMPE Multi-Pulse Excitation (with a reduced number of entries on a general
time grid)MPEG Moving-Picture Expert Group (also standardizing speech and audio
systems)MSC Mobile Switching Center
List of Important Abbreviations 929
MSE Mean-Square ErrorNLMS Normalized Least Mean Squares (algorithm)NLP Non Linear ProcessorOLR Overall Loudness RatingPCM Pulse-Code Modulation
(= analog-to-digital conversion, with linear or possiblynon-linear quantization)
PLMN Public Land Mobile RadioPSD Power spectral densityPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkR Rating Factor, used in the E-model for transmission planningRELP Residual (signal)-Excited Linear PredictorRLR Receiving Loudness RatingRLS Recursive Least Squares (algorithm)RPE Regular-Pulse Excitation (with a reduced number of entries on a regular
time grid)SBC Sub-Band CodingSIRP Spherically Invariant Random ProcessSISO Soft-In/Soft-OutSLR Sending Loudness RatingSM Sinusoidal Modeling (of signals by sums of general sinusoids)SNR Signal-to-Noise (power) Ratio (usually on a log. scale, in dB)SOVA Soft-Output Viterbi AlgorithmTC Transform CodingTDM Time Division MultiplexTELR Talker Echo Loudness RatingTELRdt Talker Echo Loudness Rating, Double TalkTRC Transcoder ControllerUEP Unequal Error ProtectionUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication SystemVAD Voice Activity DetectionVOCODER Voice CODER with parametric speech description and synthesisVoIP Voice over Internet ProtocolVQ Vector Quantization (also “block quantization”)WB Wide-Band (speech, with ∼7 kHz bandwidth rather than 3.5 kHz)
Index
Abnormal child births, 1226ABR wave V, 166Absolute category rating (ACR),
500, 833Absolute magnitude estimation,
219, 1198, 1205Absorption coefficient, 680Accelerometer
compression mode, 1318shear mode, 1317–1318highimpedance charge output,
1319see also Piezoceramic
accelerometersAccreditation, 1307–1308Accuracyregularization frontier,
523Acoustic glints, 1840–1841Acoustic impedance
flowmeter, 996–997tube measurements, 103
Acoustic intensity map, 1129Acoustic measurement, 662–663,
1302Acoustic micrometer, 984–986Acoustic middle ear reflex
(AMER), 161–162Acoustic optical modulator
(AOM), 1333Acoustic particle motion,
1851–1854Acoustic rate gyro, 984, 995–996Acoustic reflex threshold (ART),
161Acoustic surface area meter,
989–994Acoustic telemetry, 1857Acoustic volume meter, 984–989
Acoustical loading, 629Acoustical properties,
measurement, 949Acoustic-gravity waves, 1511Acoustic-tube modeling, 402Acousto-mechanical design, 1269Active and reactive sound fields,
1111Active noise cancellation (ANC),
169Active sonar, 1737–1754Actuator, 1141–1151
electrodynamic, 1144–1145electromagnetic, 1144–1145electrostatic, 1304hydraulic, 1142–1143intertial, 1143magnetostrictive, 1145magnetostrictive, 1145–1150MEMS, 1151piezoceramic, 1079piezo-electric (electrostrictive),
1148pneumatic, 1143shape memory alloy, 1147
Adaptive filters, 887, 890, 1030Adaptive line enhancer (ALE),
128Adaptive multirate (AMR), 602,
876Adaptive procedure, 217ADAT format, 706Advanced authoring format
(AAF), 717–718Aerodynamic noise, 963, 967Affine projection (AP) algorithm,
888Air absorption, 764
Air conditioner noise, 225Aircraft landing noise, 1014Aircraft noise
detection of, 972–977induced annoyance, 1009–1010
Air-gun, 1546–1547, 1551–1552Akaike information criterion,
1605–1606Akaike weights, 1606Alcoholic Gasserian rhizolysis,
1220Algebraic code-excited linear
prediction (ACELP), 590,601, 603, 605, 608, 610,863, 864
Algorithmic composition, 339Aliasing, 20, 22–24, 39–40, 43,
54–55, 68, 74, 88, 137, 142,407, 695, 727, 802, 888,902, 1030–1031, 1040,1102, 1136, 1403, 1426,1428, 1488–1489, 1510,1550, 1555–1556, 1559,1764, 1863, 1864
leakage, 40Alpha-trimmed mean, 1614Ambi-handed subjects, 1202Ambisonics, 753, 758, 912Amplitude
clipping, 774modulated noise signals, 488modulated wideband noise, 248modulation following
responses (AMFR), 168modulations (AM), 179panning, 750–753, 756range relationship, 1512tracking, 1078
1910 Index
AMR-WB, 599–601, 604, 607, 610Analog-to-digital converter, 19,
21, 29, 40, 94, 1598, 1760Analogue controllers, 1086
features, 1103Analogue recording gear, 76Analysis-by-synthesis, 368, 590,
597, 862, 867, 875Anechoic listening, 750Anti-aliasing filter, 20, 22–24, 55,
103, 1031, 1102, 1900Anti-aliasing, 22, 55Aperture function, 1488–1489Aperture length, 1136, 1776Approximate transcription, 318AR model, 776–777, 780ARIB EFR-PDC, 603ARMA modeling, 780Array
broadside, 901, 1711, 1718,1763, 1767
conformal, 1718–1719, 1811,1822
delay-and-sum, 1404–1405differential microphone, 691,
696, 912line, 670, 676, 963, 965, 970,
1134, 1282, 1474, 1663,1711, 1713–1715,1717–1719, 1759,1762–1765, 1767,1773–1775, 1777, 1821,1829
planar, 140, 696, 1498, 1719,1808, 1822–1823
processing, 1465rectangular, 1134response, 1426, 1488stack, 1552, 1554three-dimensional, 1718–1719See also Infrasound
Loudspeaker arraysMicrophone arraysPipe arraysSeismic arrays
Articulation Index (AI), 201, 486Articulation, 201, 369, 375, 440,
486, 488, 513, 733–735Articulation-to-non-articulation
ratio (ANR), 513Articulatory modeling/synthesis,
581Articulatory synthesis, 368, 561Asper, 264Asynchronous signal, 69, 80Atmospheric models, 1439, 1501,
1513
Atmospheric variability, 1439,1502–1503
Atmospherical tomography,94, 95
ATRAC, 122, 720, 811Attack behavior, 422Attenuation, 765, 778, 845, 954,
959, 1070, 1530–1531Audibility of the error, 406Audio
bandwidth, 595–598bitrate, 800browsing, 310coders, 599coding, 277, 597–598, 602, 605,
614, 801, 866, 1419algorithms, 614
compression systems, 231Engineering Society Anthology
series, 625restoration, 773–775, 780thumbnail, 320, 327
Audiological diagnosticalmethods, 149
Audiovisualinteraction, 731–749perception, 731, 733, 738space, 731speech, 731–738, 741
Auditorybrainstem responses (ABR),
166cortex, 170, 187, 215, 739–741,
1844distance (AD), 508filters, 185, 232, 234, 236
bandwidth, 234–235function, physiological
measures, 159–171information, 154, 1868models, 175, 187, 236, 281, 287applications of, 187nerve, 154, 156, 161, 166–177,
215, 236, 281–282, 1868,1873
non-intrusive qualityestimation (ANIQUE),512–513
pathway, 154–158, 166, 168,1868, 1870
perceptionmodels of, 180principles of, 206
periphery model, 281processing models, 175–188,
206scene analysis, 286, 1852
signal processing, 175, 187steady-state responses (ASSR),
167system, functional model, 203
Auralization, 81, 677, 762–768Autocorrelation, 10, 45–46, 48,
88, 91–93, 102, 183,279–280, 283–284, 295,318, 367, 466, 470–471,569, 598, 858, 872, 886,888–889, 891, 1046, 1057,1777
Automatic event location, 1468Automatic gain control (AGC),
206, 920, 1760, 1851, 1864Automatic microphone scanning
system, 966Automatic music composition,
339Automatic network processing,
1467–1469Automatic phase association,
1468Automatic repeat request (ARQ),
608Automatic segmentation, 327Automatic speech recognition
(ASR), 186, 188, 203, 483,521–522, 524
Automatic tone modeling, 287Automatic unit selection, 563Autoregressive (AR) models, 776Autoregressive (AR) predictors,
609Autospectra, 30, 45, 47, 69–71Autospectrum, 42, 46–47, 70–71A-weighting, 107, 109, 111, 117,
1078Azimuthal deviation, 1438, 1449,
1451, 1500, 1503–1504
Babbling, 676, 735–736Background noise, 825, 846Back-plate, 1247, 1252, 1257Bad frame handling (BFH), 870Bad frame indicator (BFI), 611Baleen whales, 1891, 1895,
1897–1898, 1901–1902,1904
Band cancellation filtering, 283Band frequency scales, 486Band widening, 233Band-limited random noise, 248Band-pass filters
function, 1366values, 116
Index 1911
Bandwidth Limitations, 1085Bark
loudness spectra, 503, 506power spectrum, 501scale, 268, 480, 486, 501, 504,
507, 509, 856spectral distortion, 486, 501value, 270
Barometer, 24–25Barometric equalization, 1269Barrel stave, 1792, 1796–1797Bartlett estimator, 1488Basilar membrane, 151, 156, 159,
166, 176, 215, 230, 232,236, 265, 268, 451, 798,1193, 1896, 1904
Basilar papilla, 1868–1869Basis spectrum, 293, 378–379,
381, 383–384Bat detectors, 1836–1837, 1847Baum-Welch algorithm, 312Bayesian
Cramer-Rao bound, 1608framework, 291inversion, 1637network, 523, 526–527probability network, 287
BCJR algorithm, see Viterbialgorithm
Beam pattern, 1490, 1716,1764–1765, 1802,1804–1805, 1813–1814,1904–1905
Beamformer, 141, 692–694, 696,698, 700, 901–903, 1714,1717, 1762–1767,1770–1771, 1776
delay-and-sum, 140–141, 694,697, 1762
high-resolution, 1717Beamforming, 4, 139–140,
143–144, 691–693,695–700, 900–902,911–913, 1487–1489,1656–1658, 1661, 1714,1719, 1762, 1764,1766–1768, 1770, 1774,1776
blind, 699, 904data-independent, 693–696,
900–902filter-and-sum, 696least-squares, 1489–1490
Beampattern, 695Beamwidth-aperture product,
1713
Bearing estimation, 1490–1492,1709, 1717, 1773, 1775
Bearing tracker, 1778Bearing-time intensity, 1771Beats, 232, 236Bel canto, 361Bell clapper, 424, 442Bender bar, 1792Best linear unbiased estimator,
1703Best modulation frequencies
(BMFs), 180Bidirectional delay line,
404, 409Binary gold sequences, 87Binaural
cells, 1873cue coding, 803dereverberation, 209hearing, 200, 207–208masking level difference, 237perception, 181processing, 178reproduction, 755
Biophysics, 1206Biosonar, 1900, 1905Biot theory, 1541–1542Birth-death detection algorithm,
1369Bit error rate (BER), 602,
827–828, 868–871,876, 919
Bitrate reduction, 800Blackman window, 58, 268Blade passage frequencies
(BPFs), 1076–1077, 1079Blind source separation, 292–293,
691, 699, 904, 911Blocked pressure, 1825Blocking matrix, 698, 903–904Blow hole, 429Blown instruments, 420–421,
424, 431–432Boatwhistle, 1860Bodes sensitivity, 1092Bootstrapping, 1616Bottom loss, 1674–1675, 1725Boundary element method
(BEM), 762Boundary layer, 640, 992, 1000,
1285, 1439, 1455,1473–1474, 1483, 1525,1822–1824
Bounded input bounded output(BIBO), 13
Bowed-string, 403, 406Bowing pressure, 421
Bowstringdynamics, 401junction, 405
Braille, 1233, 1216Brainstem processing models,
178Brainstem-evoked response
audiometry, (BERA),154, 166
Bright sound, 421Brightness matching, 392Broadband
detector, 1768, 1771–1772models, 1503noise, 265signal, 27, 29, 31, 57, 113, 697,
1668, 1682, 1687, 1768,1771, 1777, 1859
Brunt-Vaısala frequency, 1444Bubaran, 348Bucket brigade, 1358Buried Markov models, 528, 550Butterworth, 22–23, 624, 652–653
Calculated roughness, 268,272–273
Calibration, 24–25, 1120, 1288couplers, 1298
Call types, 1836, 1846, 1870,1875–1878
Capacitive sensorsapplication, 1344electric circuit, 1341environmental consideration,
1343operation principle, 1339–1341selection of, 1343target and guard plate, 1340
Cardiac gating, 170Cardioids, 756, 1279Carpal tunnel syndrome, 1219,
1221Category scales, 219Cauchy distribution, 1389–1391,
1397, 1596, 1600–1601Causalgia, 1220CDMA2000, 607CELP, 605–606, 610, 862, 865,
876, 922Central auditory pathway, 1868Cepstral, 188, 307, 365–366,
449–450, 475–476, 478,480–481, 498–499, 522,1399, 1579–1581
analysis, 475distance (CD), 498–499
1912 Index
representation, 365–366transform, 475–476, 478, 1579
Cepstrum, 1579, 1399Cerebellar dysfunction, 1225Channel codewords, 857Channel-optimized vector
quantization (COVQ),609, 875
Chaotic dynamics, 7Charge sensitivity, 1315Chebyshev, 22–24,Checkerboard, 314–316, 328Chirp, 10, 29, 90, 166, 1375, 1377Choip, 63Chopper microphone, 984,
997–999Chorus, 789, 1878Chorusing, 1878Choruslikeness, 324Chowning law, 751Chroma spectrum, 307Chroma vector, 307–309, 323, 328Chromagram, 307Chronic neuralgia, 1220Cinema sound, 748, 800, 1280Cipher notation, 335Clarinet, 409–410, 412, 420,
431–432Classic horn theory, 639Classical guitar, 436Click detection, 776–777Click evoked emissions, 163Click suppression, 777Closed coupler, 1874Closed-loop experiments, 1873Cluster synthesis, 384Clustering algorithms, 328Clustering segments, 305, 315Clustering, 310CNS, 1870, 1873Co-array function, 1489Coarticulation, 560Cochlea, 151Cochlear
amplification, 177excitation pattern, 182frequency map, 181implant, 176, 1239, 1241transformation, 176
Cocktail party phenomenon, 200Codebook, 368, 588–590,
605–606, 608–610,860–862, 865, 875–876
adaptive, 588–590, 605–606,610, 862
fixed, 588innovative, 588–590, 605,
608–609Codec
AMR narrowband, 603free lossless audio, 801variable bit rate, 606
Code-excited linear prediction(CELP), 368, 480, 603
Coderharmonic vector-excited, 877tandeming of speech, 921–923
Codingadaptive transform acoustic
(ATRAC), 122, 720, 811binaural cue, 803channel, 602–603, 608–610,
709, 857, 869–868,874–877, 918–919
frequency-domain, 865gap, 856general audio, 600generic model, 608harmonic, 866linear predictive, 367, 449–450,
464, 466, 469–470,480–481, 588
loss-less, 122multipulse linear prediction,
572nonnegative sparse algorithm,
297RELP, 858sparse, 292–293, 296–297transparent, 801, 804See also Audio coding
Cognitive informationprocessing, 157
Cohen class distributions, 49Coherence function, 70Coherent field, 1392Coherent power, 47, 71Coincidence detection, 179, 247,
1837Collage, 350–351Columella, 1866–1867Comb function, 137, 473Comb-filter effects, 658, 672, 685,
753, 757Comfort noise, 603, 606, 828,
910, 916, 918–918, 924Command signal, 1082–1085Commercial seismology,
1531–1533data acquisition costs, 1546
Common chunk, 712Common focus point (CFP)
technology, 1568Common-midpoint (CMP)
stacking, 1552–1553, 1559Communication, 1692, 1852,
1862, 1895man-machine, 176
Commuted waveguide synthesis,409
Comodulation masking release(CMR), 237
Companding, 455Comparison calibration, 1293,
1303, 1307Comparison category rating
(CCR), 833, 838Compensation schemes, 205–206Complementary sensitivity
function, 1085–1086, 1090,1101
Complex smoothing, 659Complex stimulus, 243Compositional interface, 334Compressional wave, 1526–1528,
1537–1538, 1542, 1547,1586, 1673, 1675, see also Pwaves
Computational auditory sceneanalysis (CASA), 209
Computer assisted composition,339
Computer music composition,333–334, 340–341, 355
Computer notation programs,335
Concatenation cost, 558,564–565, 573–574, 577
Concatenative, 480, 558, 561, 569,573, 575, 577–578, 580–581
Concentration matrix, 526–529Conditional probability density
function, 1729Conditions for stability, 1046Conservation of sound energy,
1110Consistency parameter, 1428Consonant-vowel syllables, 736Constant beamwidth transducer,
1801Constant delay, estimation, 494Constant percentage bandwidth,
33–34, 43–44, 122Constant-Q transform (CQT), 308Continuous judgment, 220–221,
224–227
Index 1913
Continuous wavemodels, 1503parabolic equation, 1506–1508
Controlled illumination, 1568Convective peak, 1825, 1827Convergence zone, 1671,
1687–1688Conversation tests, 833Conversational situation, 822,
824–825, 831, 835, 834, 923Convolution theorem, 35–36, 40Copolymer, 1788Corpus-based synthesis, 563Correlation function, 44, 1427,
1488–1489, 1491, 1824Cost function, 125, 296–297, 700,
887–888, 1038, 1058–1060,1062, 1066, 1068,1070–1072, 1078,1090–1091, 1152, 1155,1577, 1636, 1731
Coupling effect, 1384Covariance matrix, 310, 312,
526–528, 531, 535, 545,547, 549, 1404, 1491, 1607,1611–1613, 1707, 1715
COVQ, 609, 875–876Cramer-Rao bound, 1490
Bayesian, 1608Cranial nerves, 1876Cricothyroid muscle, 1846Critical angle, 1676–1675, 1684,
1687Critical band, 229, 233, 235, 255
filterbank, 254–255, 501Critical bandwidth, 122, 233–234,
236–237, 840Critical distance, 1393Critical ratio, 1859Cross-channel effects, 1217Cross-correlation
factors, 272function, 44–46, 94, 178, 495,
957, 959–961, 972–973,1488, 1491
generalized, 904Crossfading, 725Crossover network, 410Cross-spectrum, 46, 69Curie point, 1784Curve-fitting method, 951Cut-and-spliced, 727C-weightings, 109, 110Cyclic redundancy check (CRC),
608, 870Cyclostationary processes, 10Cymbal, 1804, 1806–1807
Damping, 41, 169, 200, 292, 401,406, 411, 429–430, 624,636, 641, 1141, 1147, 1167,1175–1176, 1178, 1252,1254, 1257, 1267,1270–1272, 1276–1277,1391, 1635, 1637–1638,1640, 1645, 1648, 1786
filter, 406material loss, 636
Dark sound, 421DAT format, 704–706Data acquisition, 17, 25Data compression, 720, 854, 1900Data matrix, 1560–1561Data validation, 31Data window, 26, 40, 53, 56–60,
62, 898, 1494See also window
Day-night average sound level(DNL), 1006–1014,1017–1018
Decimation, 21Decision process, 218De-clicking, 776Decoders, APP, 874Decoding, iterative
source-channel, 874Deconvolution
Bayesian, 1578blind, 1575deterministic, 1572–1575, 1580gapped, 1577homomorphic, 1579, 1581minimum entropy, 1578MISO, 1610predictive, 1577–1578spiking, 1577statistical, 1575–1576,
1580–1581surface-consistent, 1579–1581Wiener-Levinson, 1574–1575
Deep sound channel, 1671, 1673Degradation category rating
(DCR), 500, 833, 836–838Degree of modulation, 264–265,
271–272De-hissing, 778–780Delay estimation technique,
494–495Delay variation, 652, 659–660Delays, 672, 786–787, 1049Delay-sensitive responses, 1839Delta-Sigma (DS), 19, 21–22, 24DEMON, 1773Denoising, 49, 779, 792Depth migration, 1589
Design frequency, 1764–1765,1767
Detectionoutlier, 1615parameter, 1740probability, 1749, 1754threshold, 234, 237, 804, 1218,
1190–1194, 1235, 1429,1744–1745, 1751,1753–1754, 1761, 1769,1771, 1901
Detectorenergy, 236, 1699, 1768, 1772optimal, 185–186
Deterministic signal, 4–5, 34, 69,72, 73–74, 80
De-thumping, 775–776DFT, 37–39, 53–54, 136–138, 280,
457–461, 779, 884,888–890, 892, 899,904–905, 1132, 1368, 1774
Diabetes, 1219Diaphragm
acoustic impedance, 1258–1259damping, 1254, 1260displacement, 1249, 1261protection grids, 1302radiation, 637tension, 641
Dichotic pitch, 248Dielectric constant, 1313–1315,
1339, 1341, 1343, 1785,1788
Differential micro-phone, 209Diffraction, 637, 679, 765, 1269Diffraction kernels, 1647Diffuse field equalization, 764Diffuse sound field method,
936–938, 945–946Diffuse zone, 1631Diffuse-field, 1255, 1294,
1300–1301, 1303Digital analyzers, 119Digital audio
broadcast, 719, 800editing, 723restoration, 774stationary head, 705–706
Digital compact cassette (DCC),800
Digital filter, 368Digital formats, 706, 718Digital processing schemes, 210Digital recorders, 704, 1863–1865
1914 Index
Digital recording, 22, 187, 323,704, 1858, 1863–1864,1899–1900
Digital signal processing (DSP),3, 111, 205, 209, 400, 457,558, 651, 655, 658, 794,885, 984, 1759,
Digital-to-analog converter, 20,560, 1772
Digital versatile disk (DVD),720–723
Digital waveguide, 368, 400–404,766–768
Dijkgraaf, 1835Diphones, 560–563, 572Direct stream transfer (DST), 722Direction of arrival, 286, 1403,
1498, 1773estimation, 1402–1405, 1407,
1774Directional filtering, 763, 765,
1655Directional hearing, 1872, 1905Directionality, 1278, 1281, 1284,
1761, 1867, 1873–1874,1894
figure-of-eight, 1278–1279Directivity index, 694, 697, 763,
1744, 1761, 1823Directivity patterns, 1279–1280,
1411Disc of uncertainty, 1089Discontinuous transmission
(DTX), 603, 606, 828, 919Discrete cosine transform (DCT),
802Discrete fourier transform (DFT),
37–39, 53–54, 136–138,280, 457–461, 778–779,884, 888–890, 892, 899,904–905, 1132,1368, 1774
Discrete measurements, 136Discrimination limens, 1871Dispersion error, 767–768Displacement overload, 660Dissonance, 263Distance measure, 308, 500,
503–506, 508, 510, 580Distortion, 201
components, 72emissions, 164peaks, 74product, 72, 74–75, 78,
163–165, 236Distributed systems, 14
Disturbance, 812, 1015, 1082,1091
density, 510index (DIX) model, 813rejection, 1082
DIVA auralization system, 762DOA see Direction of arrivalDolby digital surround, 720Dolph-Chebyshev window, 58–59,
696Dolphins, 1897, 1899–1901,
1903–1905Domain transfer functions, 1098Doppler effect, 789, 791, 967,
1332, 1778, 1839, 1841Doppler shift, 1330, 1332–1333,
1735, 1741–1742, 1777,1841–1842
Doppler vibrometer, 1179,1402–1404
Dorsomedullary nucleus, 1868Double-modulator/single-carrier
(DMSC) FM, 389Double-talk detection, 890DPOAE fine structure, 165DPOAE I/O functions, 164–165DSD-IFF File Format, 7163-D triangular surveying, 1408Dual channel FFT analysis, 69Dual resonance nonlinear
(DRNL), 177Duplex theory of pitch
perception, 183Dynamic linearity, 1308–1309Dynamic processing, 793–794Dynamic range, 136, 1249, 1260,
1264compression, 205–206
Dynamic thermal model, 634Dynamic time warping (DTW),
320Dynamic tortuosity, 1168Dynamite, 1546, 1548, 1554
EAAC+, 600–601Ear
bone, 1866defender, 169, 1094, 1097dermis, 1186epidermis, 1186pinna, 147stapes, 147, 150–151, 1866tympanum, 149, 1866–1867VIIIth cranial nerve, 1868
Eardrum vibration, 1873
Earthanisotropy, 1529composition and structure,
1523seismic wave attenuation, 1530velocity, 1528
EC theory, 182Echo
cancellation, 825–828, 844,883–885, 887, 891, 897,904, 909–912, 916–919,923–924
canceller, 825, 828, 832,836–837, 844, 913,916–920, 922–924
colors, 1840free connection, 826loss, 824, 844–845, 916–917,
919, 923path models, 890–891suppression, 883–884, 891, 912,
916Echolocation, 1903, 1905
performance, 1838–1844Eckart filter, 1492Edit decision list (EDL), 717, 725,
727Edit point, 724–728Editing digital tape recordings,
706Editing modes, 727–728
effects, 236EFR-GSM, 591, 603Eigenfrequencies, 421, 433, 436,
438–442, 1382–1385, 1388,1391
distribution, 1386spacing, 1383
Eigenvalue spread, 888, 1047,1051, 1060–1061, 1064,1074
adaptive decomposition, 904Eikonal equation, 1441, 1443,
1445–1456, 1504Electrical analog circuits, 1874Electrical stimulators,
1236–1237, 1240Electroacoustic analogies, 176Electrodynamic shaker, 1143,
1145, 1148Electroencephalography (EEG),
167–168, 738–739, 780Electro-mechanical coupling,
1253Elicitation, 1598, 1603–1605EM algorithm, EM, 291, 521,
525, 530
Index 1915
Embedded Codec, 604–606Embouchure control, 411Emission sound pressure level,
1126Empirical models, 1501,
1511–1512, 1594Endfire, 697, 1763, 1767Energy spectral density (ESD),
34, 42Energy splitting loss, 1747Entropy-satisfying
upwind-differencingscheme, 1456
Envelope extraction, 255Envelope fluctuations, 265Equal temperament, 289, 333,
337, 346Equalization cancellation (EC),
179Equal-loudness contours,
251–252, 1194Equivalent circuit model, 1798Equivalent rectangular
bandwidth (ERB),235–236, 255
Error sensor, 1024–1026, 1030,1032, 1061
ESPRIT, 1490, 1774Estimation
algorithms, 294, 296, 485, 506parametric, 1699
Estimator, 1610–1611,1616–1617, 1700, 1703
perception-based, 499–500robust, 1610, 1614
Euler’s equation, 1110, 1116,1282
Euler-Lagrange equation, 1442European Broadcasting Union
(EBU), 715Eustachian tube, 149–150, 1867Evanescent
filter, 1134waves, 133–135, 1129, 1131,
1133, 1136Evoked response audiometry
(ERA), 156, 166EVRC, 607Excitation
components, 476pattern, 154, 182, 238, 254,
268–270, 1893-plus-resonance (EpR), 367-resonance model, 361signal, 66–67, 69, 71–75, 78–81,
87, 102, 362, 364, 366, 451,459, 464, 469, 471,
475–476, 478, 480, 572,575–576, 588–589, 855, 869
spectra, 270Expectation-maximization (EM),
290, 521–522Extratympanic sensitivity, 1873Eyring formula, 680
F0 estimation, 278multiple, 284
Fast field program, 1680Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),
26, 33, 38, 53, 67, 88, 99,377, 805, 1130, 1765,1900
Fast MLS Transform (FMT), 97Fast Transversal Filters (FTF),
888Feature vector, 305, 307–313,
316, 318, 320, 323–325,328, 521, 526, 528
Federal Aviation Administration,1017
Federal Interagency Committeeon Noise (FICON), 1008
Feedbackamplifier, 408comb and allpass filters, 794control systems, 1081controller, 1026, 1048,
1051–1052, 1054,1082–1083, 1098–1103
FM, 390, 393–394linear resonant controller, 1054loops, 185nonlinear, 408reduction, 684, 686–687
Feedforward, 1024–1025,1029–1030, 1032–1033,1044, 1051–1054,1081–1082, 1092,1099–1103
Feedforward comb filter, 788Female response call, 1875Fermat’s principle of stationarity,
1442Ferroelectric, 1313–1315, 1317,
1783–1784, 1788–1789Field-effect transistor (FET),
1251Filters
allpass, 401, 406, 786, 790, 794,892
crossover, 651digital design, 401dispersion, 405–406
elliptical, 23exponential, 135extended multidelay, 890FIR, 116, 592, 654–655, 766,
888, 1042, 1051high-slope analogue crossover,
654in-phase/quadrature, 121inverse, 67Kalman, 978, 1701, 1705,
1708–1709, 1778lattice digital, 403linear phase, 120, 406, 654, 660loop, 406matched, 49, 67, 157, 185, 775,
777, 1699, 1738–1744,1869
mel, 308multidelay, 889Octave- and
fractional-octave-band,112–113
perceptual, masking, 122pluck, 409polynomial smoothing, 776prediction-error, 1641pure-state, 1492, 1494synthesis, 572, 588–589, 592,
597, 599, 609, 865, 888Tikhonov, 135transversal, 125waveguide digital, 368See also Finite Impulse
Response (FIR) filtersFilterbank, 156–157, 179,
186–187, 206, 238,254–255, 270, 501–502,504, 805, 809, 865,888–889, 1366, 1370, 1372,1840, 1842, 1893
nonlinear, 238Filtered-reference LMS,
1044–1045, 1047–1049,1051
Filtering, statistical techniques,209
Filters and delays, 786Filters discriminate signals, 119Finite and boundary element
methods, 662Finite difference (FD), 401, 424,
1284, 1456approximation, 1117–1118error, 1117formulation, 427time domain, 401, 762
1916 Index
Finite element, 151, 363, 369,419, 424–425, 429, 628,638, 762, 1154, 1388,1676–1677, 1798
Finite impulse response (FIR),120, 125, 176, 654–655, 885
Fish vocalizations, 1859, 1857Fisher F-statistic, 1466, 1492Fisher information, 1607, 1609Flanger, 789Flanking bands, 234, 237Flanking maskers, 237Flat cardioid characteristics, 1282Flow resistivity, 1168–1169Flow-induced noise, 1822Fluctuation strength, 263Fluid-filled (audio) horns, 638Flute-like instruments, 428Flutter tonguing, 333, 342FM slide, 1741–1742FM synthesis, 377, 385, 389, 391,
394Forced-choice discrimination
test, 811Formant, 361–362, 364–365,
369–370, 387, 390–394,449–451, 458–461,463–464, 466, 468, 472,474–475, 478, 480–481,499, 508, 560, 566,574–576, 578–579,597–599, 855, 862, 1237
FM, 387, 392–394Singer’s, 361vocoder, 364, 369wave functions, 369
Forward error correction (FEC),604, 608, 613
Forward problem, 1642, 1724,1726, 1728
Forward propagators, 1130Four-channel model, 1202–1204Fourier series, 5, 36–38, 54, 57Fourier synthesis, 1510, 1682,
1688Fourier-t transformation (FTT),
254Four-point microphone method,
1408arrangement, 1408correlation, 1410directivity patterns, 1411short-time intensity, 1410virtual image, 1409–1410
Fractional-octave-band analysis,116–117
Frame erasure concealment, 606,608, 610–611, 613
Frame loss recovery, 611Frame of reference, 220–221,
227, 1444Free-field, 936, 1255, 1294
comparison, 1307condition, 200, 662, 993, 952,
1115, 1268corrections, 1300–1301, 1307
Free-nerve endings, 1189–1190Frequency bands, 44, 81, 108,
142, 154, 156, 181, 201,209, 237–238, 486, 649,838, 1404, 1410,1428–1429, 1493,1868–1870
broadening of, 201Frequency chirp, 29Frequency-dependent amplitude,
84, 1683Frequency-dependent group
delay, 71Frequency-domain
adaptive filtering, 889calibration, 26, 29coders, 866coding, 865LMS algorithm, 127models, 289, 291
Frequency-independent delay,120, 766
Frequency mapping, 843Frequency modulation matching,
391Frequency response, 655, 1252Frequency scaling, 323, 450Frequency subband filtering, 888Frequency tracker, 1778Frequency warping, 768Frequency weighting, 107, 109Fresnel zone, 1647Frogs, 1861–1863, 1866,
1870–1872, 1875–1878,1880
earless, 1870Full wave modelling, 1440Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), 168–170,738–740
G.722.1, 601–602G.729, 593, 605–606, 611G.729.1, 605–606, 611Gain-before-feedback boost, 684,
686
Gain error, 73Gain estimation, 494Gain margin, 207, 1088, 1090,
1096–1097Gamelan instruments, 347Gamma distribution, 1599–1600Gamma-tone, 1877Gap detection, 185, 1198,
1234–1235Gauss elimination algorithm, 427Gauss’s theorem, 1110Gaussian
beam model, 1505distribution, 289–290, 310,
527–528, 1595, 1599–1601,1614, 1725, 1747
error, 1725mixture, 524, 531–532, 550models, 521–522, 531, 1613noise, 26–27, 29, 1611, 1697,
1702, 1705random fields theory, 170sparse, 522, 524, 527, 529windowed sinusoids, 50
Gaussianity, 1578Gauss-Markov model, 1705, 1709Gene expression, 1870Generalized sidelobe canceller,
698, 903Generalized sweep synthesis, 81Genetic algorithm, 380, 382, 385,
391–393, 1152, 1158, 1640,1642, 1731–1732
Geodynamo, 1524Geometric diffraction theory,
638Geometric modeling of musical
instruments, 424Geometric models, 1503Geometrical dispersion, 1684Geophones, 1547, 1550Georges’ model equation, 1444Geotomography, 1640Ghost image, 142Ghost reflections, 1576Ghost source, 142–143Gibbs sampling, 1729Glabrous skin, 1188Glasberg and Moore’s formula,
235Global propagation, 1683, 1702Glottal
closure, 560, 567–568, 571excitation, 366, 368, 570,
575–576formant, 576, 578–579
Index 1917
pulses, 365, 450, 459, 462–464,469, 471–472
source, 362Golay codes, 87–88, 103Gold sequence, 87, 100–102
See also Kasami sequenceGonadotrophin releasing
hormone, 1877Gong morphing, 333, 341Gradient noise amplification, 127Graphical models, 521, 524, 527,
551Grating lobes, 142, 1489, 1714,
1766Green’s function, 14, 1133–1134,
1541, 1678Griffin, 1224–1226, 1835Ground loops, 18Group additive synthesis, 382Group delay, 66Guitar, 313, 315–316, 401,
407–409, 420–424, 436,438–440, 669, 788–789
body, 409, 421, 423, 436,438–440
electric, 407–408
H2/H� control, 1091, 1101Habituation, 224Hadamard transform-Based
FMT, 98Hair cells, 281Hair-follicle network, 1190Half-wave rectification (HWR),
281Hamiltonian equations, 1439,
1441–1443, 1445–1446,1456
Hamiltonian treatment,1441–1443
Hammersley-Clifford theorem,527
Hamming, 56, 377, 457–458, 502,513, 609
Hamming windowed, 458, 502Hand-arm vibration, 1222–1223Hankel function, 1136, 1506,
1508, 1678Hann window, 56, 496, 1877Hanning, 41Hannon album, 221Harmonic coding (HC), 866Harmonic complex tones, 183,
234, 247Harmonic distortion, 74, 76, 663,
811, 1261
Harmonic impulse responses, 75Harmonic noise model (HNM),
569Harmonic vector-excited coder
(HVXC), 877HARPA ray tracing computer
program, 1504, 1438Harvey Fletcher, 486Head-related transfer function
(HRTF), 87, 90, 160, 747,755, 764, 766
Hearing aids, digital, 176, 187,205
Hearing impairment, 201, 206listeners, models for, 255
Hearing model, 500Hearing sensation, 251, 254, 260,
263Hearing, threshold, 166, 168, 245,
272, 501, 504, 1260, 1293,1309
Heisenberg uncertainty principle,35, 48
Helmholtz equation, 132, 767,1506, 1508
Hemi-free-field method, 934–936,943–944
Heschl’s gyrus, 171Hidden Markov model, 311, 297,
311–312, 324, 328, 371,522, 525, 550, 580
High-definition television(HDTV), 800
Histogram method, 1603–1604Hit and false alarm rates, 218Hologram surface, 1130, 1135Holography
cylindrical nearfield acoustical,1133
Nearfield acoustical (NAH),131, 1129–1137
patch, 137planar nearfield acoustical,
131, 1130Homomorphic vocoder, 365Hooke’s law, 1536Horizontal wind model (HWM),
1501Hot-wire anemometers, 1284Human auditory system, 499,
1900Human segmentation, 327Husebye’s method, 1426Hybrid adaptive procedure, 218Hybrid feedback controllers, 1102Hybrid methods, 780, 1732Hydraulic actuator, 1142, 1150
Hydrophone, 1547, 1550–1552,1581, 1685, 1711, 1758,1760, 1767, 1851, 1857,1862–1863, 1899,1901–1903
Hypercomplex, 1869, 1870Hypoglossal, 1876
IEC-standard timecode, 705Image source method, 762, 765Impedance
adjustment, 150, 431audiometry, 150tube, 765, 1179
Impulse response, 12–14, 22,35–36, 47, 49, 55, 65–66,74–75, 79, 88, 90, 93,96–99, 102–103, 116, 120,128, 160, 176–177, 238,406, 409, 440–441, 444,468, 475, 654–655, 657,662–663, 679–680, 683,692–693, 758, 765–765,789, 794, 885–887, 890,904–905, 957, 959–960,1032, 1034–1035,1043–1044, 1048, 1051,1366, 1391, 1395,1398–1400, 1402,1408–1410, 1412, 1417,1483, 1488, 1561,1564–1567
measurements, 103Incompressibility condition, 429Independent component analysis
(ICA), 292–293, 295, 298Independent subspace analysis
(ISA), 295Index of refraction, 1506, 1670Indonesian gamelan, 333, 335,
347, 420Inertial actuator, 1143Infinite impulse response (IIR),
654Informational masking, 237Infrasound
array data processing, 1487from earthquakes, 1432–1435noise-reducing pipe arrays,
1473phase identification, 1464signals, 1432, 1462, 1470, 1498,
1502, 1513travel time tables, 1452, 1469waves, propagation of, 1497from volcanoes, 1430–1431
1918 Index
Infrasound data processing atIDC, 1464–1467
network processing,1463–1464, 1466
reviewed event bulletin, 1463standard event list, 1463station processing, 1463–1465,
1467–1468Inharmonicity, 7, 278, 290, 380,
420–421, 438, 560–561Inhibitory network, 183Initial transient, 420–422, 424,
436, 438–440Inner and outer hair cells, 151Inner ear, 147, 150–151, 153–154,
159, 161–162, 164, 215,281, 451, 798, 856, 1840,1867, 1869–1870, 1904
oval window, 150–151, 159,164, 176, 1867
Input-output function, 184Instantaneous frequency, 1370Instantaneous impression,
221–224, 226Instantaneous judgments,
222–225Instrumental clustering in
families, 420Integer-coded strings, 1160Integrated octave band analyzer,
118Intelligibility function, 483, 197,
199–201Interactive music, 338Interactive processing, 1469–1470Interaural
cross-correlation function, 178intensity difference, 182level difference, 748, 750, 1873phase difference, 237time difference, 178–179, 182,
748, 750, 766, 1873Interleaved pulse positions (IPP),
590Internal inflammation, 1226Internal model control,
1099–1100Internal representation, 157,
185–186, 813, 843Internal stability, 1086International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), 1293International microphone
standards, 1262Interpolation schemes, 13Intersexual selection, 1878Invariance property, 1610
Inverse problem, 1300, 1580,1629, 1640, 1642, 1696,1723–1726, 1728–1729
Inverse repeat sequences, 93, 100Inverse-vocal-tract, 862Inversion, iterative, 1639, 1642Irradiated wave, 1332IRS filtering, 592Isolated large amplitude, 1465
Jew’s harp, 246Jitter, 560, 580, 612, 826, 917Judgement Model, 500Just intonation, 333, 344–346,
349
Kaiser and Gaussian windows, 58Kaiser-Bessel, 41, 811Kalman filter, 978, 1701, 1705,
1708–1709, 1778Kandinsky tests, 834, 837Karaoke, 367, 369Kasami sequence, 87, 97,
100–102Kelly-Lochbaum model, 368, 403Kernel methods, 523, 1604Kirchhoff migration, 1589KTH rule, 370Kullback-Leibler (KL), 310,
574–575, 1605
Lamb wave, 1438, 1500Lame constant, 1526Laminar flow, 429Laplace-domain transfer
function, 35, 1032,1030–1031, 1083, 1098
Laryngeal, 1846, 1876–1877Larynx, 360–361, 855, 1845–1846,
1876Laser Doppler method, 1330Laser Doppler Velocimeter,
1329–1338Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDV)
applications, 1337–1338construction, 1333–1336features, 1331–1332one-dimensional, 1333–1335operation principle, 1332three-dimensional, 1335–1336
Late auditory evoked potentials(LAEP), 166–167
Late packet processing, 613Lateral inhibition, 1873Lateral suppression, 238
Lateralization, 178, 242, 244Leakage, 22, 55, 141
wavenumber 137Leaky precursors, 1689Least absolute deviation (LAD),
1612Least squares
damped, 1636recursive (RLS), 126–127,
887–888Legendre sequence (LGS), 87,
100, 102–103L-estimators, 1614, 1615Level recorder, 225Likelihood function, 287, 530,
550–551, 1601, 1605,1607–1608, 1610, 1699,1701, 1703, 1726, 1729
Liljencrants-Fant (LF) model, 363Line spectral pair (LSP), 480Line spectrum frequencies
(LSFs), 574Linear
acoustic wave propagation,1499
chirps, 63deconvolution, 74distortion, 246, 408,phase filters, 120, 406, 654, 660prediction PSOLA (LP-PSOLA),
571predictive coding (LPC), 367,
449–450, 464, 466,469–470, 480–481, 588
resonant feedback controllers,1054
source-filter model, 361wave
equation, 1500theory, 1440
Linearization, 623Linearly constrained minimum
variance (LCMV), 698, 903Linkwitz-Riley functions,
652–651Lip reading, 206, 1239, 1241Lippmann-Schwinger equation,
1590Listening
-only tests, 837situation, 822–823, 839, 842tests, 654, 664, 751, 804, 833,
836–837, 868Lithosphere, 1525Lloyd-Max algorithm, 454
Index 1919
LMS algorithm, 126–127, 887,1025, 1030, 1033, 1036,1038, 1043–1051
Localizationcollapsing method, 1631double difference method, 1631Geiger’s method, 1629,
1631–1632grid search, 1630inside-head, 755joint hypocenter determination
(JHD), 1630–1632Lofargram, 1769–1770Log spectral error (LSE), 498Logarithmic frequency scale, 33,
289–290, 323Logistic function, 508Log-lag correlogram model, 283Lombard effect, 910Long baseline, 1902Long-term spectrum, 236Loop gain, 153, 1084–1085,
1092–1094, 1096Loss mechanisms, 1673–1675Loudness, 162, 251, 504, 823
adaptation, 224dynamic model, 254Equal contours, 251–252, 1194fluctuation, 263models of, 182overall of instrument, 422overall rating (OLR), 842, 849pattern, 182, 254rating, 838, 841–842, 845,
916–917rating, sending (SLR), 842scaling, 165, 252, 258, 843specific, 182, 254, 257–258,
813summation, 259transformation, 256–258Zwicker model of, 254, 257See also Bank loudness spectra
Loudspeakeractive, 650–651, 655, 658arrays, 758design, 649–664direct-radiating, 635, 637distributed-mode, 638dodecahedron, 940dynamic, 624, 631–632,
640–641, 1349–1350,1362
electrostatic, 1354–1356composition, 1354–1355transducer efficiency,
1355–1356
enclosure, 626, 652horn, 638layouts, 748–750passive, 649–650performance evaluation,
649–664superconductive, 1351–1354
composition, 1351–1353equivalent circuit, 1353properties, 1351
theory developments, 625thermal model, 635time alignment, 684transmission line, 634
Love wave, 1527, 1538–1539Low-noise-treated cabling, 1319,
1321LSQR, 1640Lyapunov equation, 533
Mach number, 1821, 1827Magnetic bias, 1147Magnetic induction, 17Magnetic resonance images
(MRI), 168–170, 369Magnetoencephalography
(MEG), 167–168, 738–739Magnitude estimation, 219, 254,
1195, 1197Magnitude response, 66, 78, 501,
649, 651–652, 656, 695,1091, 1390–1391, 1399
Mahalanobis distance, 310,574–575
Mainlobe, 141–143, 695–695, 902Male aggressive behavior, 1878Markov Chain Monte Carlo
(MCMC), 291Markov models, 297, 311, 328,
521–522, 526, 528, 550Maskers, flanking, 237Masking, 122, 181, 201, 229–232,
234, 236–238, 256, 1850backward, 185, 233, 803, 808binaural level difference, 237central effects, 237comodulation release, 237forward and backward, 185,
803forward, 232frequency, 122growth functions, 230informational, 237partial, 229, 866psychoacoustic models, 807
simultaneous, 230, 232, 501,504, 803, 806
spectral, 229, 256, 258temporal, 122, 187, 236,
255–256tone-on-tone patterns, 231–232two-tone, 234, 237upward spread of, 230–233
Mass Spectrometer-IncoherentScatter Radar Model(MSIS), 1501
Mass-spring-damper system, 633Matched field inversion, 1729Matching pursuit algorithm, 286,
1403–1405, 1417Mate attraction, 1878Material absorption, 765Mating-call detector, 1869Maximum a posteriori (MAP),
536–537, 1613, 1729Maximum connect set (MCS),
96–97, 102Maximum length sequences
(MLS), 67, 87, 90–91, 663,683
Maximum likelihoodestimator, 1610linear regression, 525, 547sequential procedure, 217training, 525, 529–531
Maxwellian optics system, 1193MBROLA, 565McGurk effect, 734–738Mean listening quality-opinion
score (MOS), 833, 843Mean opinion score, degradation,
833Mean-squared-error (MSE), 898,
902, 1575Measurement equation,
1704–1705, 1708–1709Measuring normalizing block
(MNB), 505–506Mechanical stimulators, 1236Mechanical-acoustical
transformation, 631Mechano-acoustical conversion,
629Mechano-electric transduction,
1207Mechanoreceptor, 1187, 1189,
1207Media Exchange Format (MXF),
717–718Meissner corpuscle, 1189–1190,
1192, 1205Mel filters, 308
1920 Index
Mel-frequency cepstralcoefficient (MFCC),307–309, 328, 365–366,480, 522, 525, 574, 578
Melodic, 318Mel-scale cepstral feature, 188Meridian lossless packing (MLP),
722Merkel-cell neurite complex,
1189, 1204–1205Mesh Topologies, 767–768M-estimators, 1615Metabolism, 1878Method of moments, 1599,
1603–1604Metropolis algorithm, 1731Micro electrical mechanical
systems (MEMS), 1331Microflown, 1116, 1120, 1284,
1286, 1288–1290Microflown intensity probe,
1121–1122, 1288–1290Micro-mechanical devices, 1264Microphone
accurate theory, 640arrays, 691, 696, 758, 901–912,
1125, 1263, 1281calibration, 1293–1311condenser, 632, 640–641,
987–988, 1116, 1120, 1247,1254, 1262, 1284, 1286,1288, 1295, 1299,1308–1309, 1862
dipole, 756–757directional, 207, 594, 686,
757–758, 912, 1275dynamic, 641–642, 1267–1268,
1271–1272electret, 1249interference, 1280laboratory standard, 1295,
1297, 1300, 1302–1303,1307
measurement, 160, 687–688,1247, 1249, 1252, 1257,1263–1264, 1295, 1303
phase-matched pressure,1284
pressure, 1275pressure-sensing condenser,
1247pressure-sensitive
omnidirectional, 1279ribbon, 631, 671, 1278–1279techniques, 671, 756–758working standard, 1302
Middle ear, 147
Middle ear input impedance, 160Middle latency auditory evoked
potentials (MAEP), 166MIDI, 277, 297, 333, 335–339,
370, 712MIDI dance floor, 338Midrange, 649–650Millington-Sette formula, 680Minidisc, 719Minidisk recorders, 1864, 1865Minimum mean squared error
(MMSE), 698, 873, 1609,1613
Minimum phase zero, 1388–1390,1394, 1396–1398
Minimum variance distorsionlessresponse, 1717
Misadjustment, 126Mismatch problem, 1709–1710Mismatched filter, 67Mixed excitation linear prediction
(MELP), 480, 607, 866Modal equalization, 659Mode projector, 1804–1805, 1808Model parameter, 289–290, 369,
371, 465, 492, 536, 661,1603, 1616, 1636–1637,1641–1642, 1710,1723–1733, 1844
Model selection, 523, 636, 1594,1605, 1617
Model-based processing, 1696Modeling pitch, 241–242Modelling error, 1043,
1047–1048, 1073–1075,1709
Modified discrete cosinetransform (MDCT), 600,802, 809, 811
Modulation filterbank, 179,186–187
frequency, 154, 264index, 385–387, 389–392,
489–490transfer functions, 180, 488,
492Modulation, 179, 185, 264, 322,
385, 391, 959Moessbauer method, 215Mohorovicic discontinuity, 1525,
1527Moment generating function,
1602Monitor wedges, 670, 676, 686Monophonic, 279Monte Carlo method, 1642Motion sickness, 1224, 1226
Motoneurons, 1875–1876Motor nuclei, 1876Motorneuron map, 1875Mountain associated waves
(MAW), 1430Moving coil, 1267MP3, 122, 187, 614, 716,
808–810, 1864, 1895MPEG audio file formats, 716
MPEG-1, 804, 808–811MPEG-2, 720, 810–811MPEG-4, 803
MS stereo, 757Multiband resynthesis OLA
(MBROLA), 572Multichannel techniques,
900–904Multidimensional scaling, 220Multigrid approaches, 1642Multi-input multi-output, 13Multimodel inference, 1606Multi-path sound propagation,
961Multiphonic playing technique,
435Multiphonic sounds, 431–433,
436Multiple scattering, 1564, 1568Multiple sensory inputs, 1216Multiplexed channel phase
correction, 29–30Multisensory neurons, 739Multitone techniques, 663Multi-variable binary string
(MVBS), 1155, 1160Murich segmentation, 309Music
segmentation, 310structure detection, 327summarization, 309summary, 324synthesis, 375, 385, 391thumbnails, 325–326transcription, 277–278, 283,
285, 291, 293, 295,297–298, 328
Music and singing synthesisequipment (MUSSE),364–365, 370
Music transcription, manual, 297Musical instrument digital
interface see MIDIMusical instrument, structure of,
419, 422Musical tones, 284, 421, 899Musique Concrete, 350
Index 1921
Muting, 1587Mutual information, 308, 905
Nagra-D recorder, 705Narrowband, 461, 1600,
1768–1769, 1772, 1774,1777, 1837, 1897, 1905
detector, 1768–1772masking of, 232noise, 233, 248, 265,
866telephony, 492, 823
National metrology institutes(NMIs), 1296
NATO STANAG, 607Naval Research
Laboratory-Ground toSpace Model (NRL-G2S),1502
Navier-Stokes model, 429–430Nearfield acoustical holography
(NAH) see HolographyNegative binomial, 1597Neighboring critical bands, 268Neonatal screening tool, 165Nested modulator FM, 392–394Neural adaptation, 185Neural hearing disorders, 156Neural networks, 283, 371, 523,
524, 1606, 1072Neural structures, 1188–1190Neuralgia, 1220Neurectomy, 1220Neuronal filter bank, 1846Neyman-Pearson detector, 1696Night-time “penalty”, 1006Noise
aircraft landing, 1014barriers, 103, 953, 958, 963cancellation, 162, 166, 169,
825, 827, 844, 918, 1024,1032
electrical, 1025, 1030, 1033,1043, 1052
self-adaptive (SANC), 128of car, 225control, 1167disturbance, 505electromagnetic, 19electronic, 17–18elimination, 984environmental, 216, 219–220,
222, 1006–1008, 1550annoyance, 1008–1016community reaction, 1018
floor, 676
induced annoyance,1008–1012, 1014
internal, 157, 257level, 27, 480, 486, 492, 592,
600, 807, 846, 910,912–913, 963, 965,1005–1008, 1015, 1018,1097, 1260, 1264,1429–1430, 1484, 1491,1577, 1744, 1749,1757–1769, 1821,1850–1859, 1901
mapping, 1124narrowband 233, 248, 265, 866notched, 234–236Nyquist (or Johnson), 1260periodic, 72pseudo, 1826–1828pseudo-random, 74–75, 80radiation problems, 131railroad, 1358–1362ranking of sources, 1124reduction, 206–209, 607, 779,
825–826, 832, 844, 846,897–905, 910–925, 1124,1465, 1474, 1482, 1485
algorithms, 594–595, 847schemes, benefit of, 209
road, 225self, 1759, 1821–1822shaping, 21, 599, 806, 810-to-Masked-Ratio (NMR)
model, 812traffic, 222uncorrelated, 70–71, 268, 902,
1715uniform masking, 234white, 233wideband random, 248
Noisy channels, 852–877Nonideal harmonicity, 292, 491,
774, 842Nonlinear
feedback, 408filterbank, 238effects, 236models, 636, 639progressive wave equation
(NPE), 1513–1514reflection coefficient, 411transmission line model, 164
Non-minimum phase, 1033, 1092,1388–1390, 1394–1398
Nonnegative matrix factorization(NMF), 292–298
Nonnegative sparse codingalgorithm, 297
Non-parametric processing, 1746Non-periodic Sweeps, 74Non-stationary random signal, 10Normal-Incidence
Sound-Absorption,950–951
Normalized Least Mean Square(NLMS) algorithm,126–127, 887, 892
Numerical magnitude balance,1195
Numerical solutions, 1508Numerical weather models, 1502Nyquist
(or Johnson) noise, 1260criterion, 1087–1098, 1714,
1764frequency, 20–23, 54–55, 68,
377, 451, 1739, 1863–1864,1900
sampling, 1738
Objective audio signal evaluation(OASE) model, 812
Objective evaluation, 812, 832,838
Objective function, 530, 1158,1608, 1611, 1613, 1637,1642, 1728–1732
Off-axis signals, 1899Offset function, 92, 93Omnidirectional, 1275Open media framework
interchange (OMFI),717–718
Open-loop experiments, 1873Operculum, 1867Optimization problem,
1629–1630, 1725, 1728Optohapt, 1233Orthotelephonic reference
position, 821, 823Oscillation, 35, 243, 246, 394,
405, 429, 812, 1047, 1357,1531
Ossicles, 150Otic capsule, 1867Otoacoustic emissions (OAE),
153, 162–165Otoscopy, 147, 149Overall impression, 220Overlapping partials, 287Overshoot, 236Overtone series models, 288Overtone singing, 246Oxygen consumption, 1878
1922 Index
P waves, 1526–1528, 1533, 1538Pacinian corpuscle (PC), 1188,
1192, 1217Pacinian system, 1192, 1201,
1217Packet based Transmission, 826,
916–918Packet loss concealment, 611,
826, 916, 918Packetization, 825–826, 844,
916–917Packet-switched transmission,
877Pair-wise panning, 751–753Parabolic equation (PE), 1503,
1506, 1510, 1678–1677,1678, 1681, 1683, 1730
Parameter sensitivity, 1733Parametric processing, 1696Paraxial approximation, 1444,
1647, 1681Paraxial ray tracing, 1444–1446Parkinsonism, spastic disorders,
1225Parseval’s theorem, 34, 108Partial coherence, 139Particle velocity sensor, 1282Partitioned block
frequency-domain adaptivefilters (PBFDAF), 890
Passive radiators, 634, 659Pattern theory, 1202–1203Peak-picking algorithms, 474Pendopos, 340, 348Pentode, 794Perceptual
audio quality measure (PAQM),813
brightness, 391coding, 120, 122evaluation of speech quality
(PESQ), 509–510, 514, 610,824, 843, 848
grouping rules, 287linear predictive (PLP), 480masking filters, 122models, 175, 206, 580, 602objective measurement (POM),
813speech quality measure
(PSQM), 504transformation, 500, 503,
505–506, 510Percussion transcription, 278,
295
Periodicautocorrelation functions
(PACF), 88coded signals, 100cross-correlation, 93–94, 99noise, 72pseudo-random noise, 74signal, 5, 7, 10, 36–37, 243, 279,
567to aperiodic ratio (PAPR), 579
Periodotopic mapping, 156Peripheral auditory, models of
the, 281Peripheral hearing model,
283–284Permeability, 1168Phase error, 30, 1042–1043,
1049–1051, 1116–1117,1121, 1339, 1507, 1513
Phase linear filters, 119–120Phase margin, 1088, 1090,
1093–1094, 1097Phase response, 22–23, 108–109,
120, 178, 406, 651, 653,655, 663, 765, 790, 1118,1120, 1270, 1288,1390–1391, 1397,1399–11400, 1477, 1798,1807, 1810
Phase vocoder, 353, 364,377–378, 1365–1366
Phase-lag compensator, 1093,1096–1098
Phaser, 800Phon, 251Phonation, 360–361, 575–576,
1892Phoneme transitions, 371Phoneme, 199, 298, 361–362,
370–371, 451, 456–457,459–460, 462, 559–562, 574
Phonology, 1892–1893Phonotaxis, 1872Physical acoustics series, 625Physiological mechanisms, 180,
216Piano
performance, 221, 283roll, 292, 319string, 7, 400–401, 406
Picket fence effect, 40–42, 54PICOLA algorithm of Morita, 568Piezoceramic accelerometers
construction, 1316compression mode, 1318flexural mode, 1318
high impedence charge,1319–1321
low impedence designs (IEPE),1331–1322
model analysis, 1322mounting
stud, 1323screw, 1324adhesive, 1324magnetic, 1324shear mode, 1315–1316
NVH, 1322Piezo-ceramic, 1079, 1146, 1233,
1313–1314, 1316–1319,1325, 1784, 1789–1794,1804
plates, 1148stacks, 1150
Piezo-composite, 1788, 1799,1801, 1804–1805,1807–1811, 1813–1814
Piezo-electric, 625, 632, 635, 671,675, 1239, 1314–1317,1319, 1322–1323,1329–1330, 1547,1783–1785, 1789–1790,1807, 1809
acceleration pickup, 1330crystal, 1316film, 1148materials, 1239, 1789polymer, 1786, 1788transducers, 625, 632, 642,
1547Pipe array
acoustic frequency response,1477–1482
acoustics of noise-reducing,1474
electrical equivalents for, 1477electro-acoustic model (for),
1477fundamental resonance
frequency, 1480high frequency cut-off, 1482resonances, 1480response, 1474simulations, 1484transfer function for, 1478
Pistonphones, 24, 1302, 1310Pitch
bend, 349harmonics, 462, 473, 479height, 244manipulation, 369marks, 567mismatch, 571
Index 1923
modification, 566, 569, 571,785, 789, 1365, 1379
pattern completion, 247percept, 168, 183, 242–243,
246, 278, 281, 283perception, 168, 183, 241–243,
278, 281–283of random stimuli, 248shifting, 790–791, 793strength, 245theory, 183, 241–242, 247units, 244
Pitch-synchronous overlap-add(PSOLA), 369, 566
Plane-wave horn theory, 638Playback, 197, 231, 336, 409,
484–485, 560, 587, 660,677, 719, 773–775, 790,814, 838, 1865, 1880, 1895,1894
Plucked instrument, 420, 439–440Plucked or struck stringed, 408PODX (Poisson Distribution)
system, 340Point impedance models, 177Point of subjective equality
(PSE), 216Poisson model, 1383Polarization, 1249Pole-zero diagram, 466–468Polymer composites, 1809Polyphonic, 277–279, 284, 287,
291, 297, 299, 306, 318,341
Polyphonic transcription, 297Pore radius, 1173Pore shape, 1168Pore walls, 1173Poroelastic foams, 1178Poroelastic media, 1175Porosity, 1168Porous materials, 1167Porpoises, 1897, 1899, 1901,
1903–1905Positron emission tomography
(PET), 156, 168, 738–739Post-location processing,
1470–1471Postmasking, 232Poststack time migration, 1588Power spectral density (PSD), 27,
34, 42, 115, 495, 898Power spectrum, 26–27, 45–46,
92, 102, 160, 248, 280, 289,295, 298, 316, 475–476,487–489, 501, 764, 778,859, 1825, 1850, 1893
p-p method, 1116, 1118Preamplifier, 81, 674, 1120,
1250–1251, 1259–1260,1308, 1863
Predation risk, 1861, 1878, 1880Prediction error, 465–466, 1577Predictive quantization, 609Pre-echo, 654, 804, 809Preferred pairs, 95–96, 101Premasking, 233Preoptic nucleus, 1868Preprocessing, 162, 175, 185,
187–188, 205, 295, 514,559, 804, 1567, 1578
Pressure field, 1255, 1294Pressure gradient, 631, 999–1000,
1276–1277, 1283–1284,1851
Pressure-intensity index,1118–1120
Pressure-residual intensity,1119–1120
Prestack time migration, 1589Prestress, 1147Pretrigeminal nucleus, 1876–1877Prewhitening factor, 1575, 1577Primary calibration, 1294Primary frequencies, 1804Primary wave, 955, 1537Primitive polynomial (PP), 91Principal components analysis
(PCA), 294–296, 380, 383Principal co-ordinates, 1060,
1074Probabilistic relational models
(PRMs), 552Probability density function
(PDF), 10, 312, 452, 454,873, 1602, 1604, 1610,1729
Probability distribution,Bernoulli, 1597beta, 1598, 1600, 1603binomial, 1597chi-square, 1600exponential, 1596, 1597gamma, 1599generalized beta, 1598generalized lambda, 1598geometric, 1597Laplace, 1596levy-stable, 1595–1596lognormal, 1595, 1600maximum entropy, 1599Maxwell, 1600Pareto, 1596Poisson, 1596, 1597
power-law, 1596Rayleigh, 1385, 1600, 1747triangle, 1598uniform, 1598, 1600Weibull, 1597, 1601
Probe frequency, 232Processing gain, 1741, 1746Profile analysis, 237Progressive multi channel
correlation (PMCC),1425–1435, 1465–1466,1468, 1493–1494
Prominent portion, 224Propagation
loss, 634, 949, 1754modeling, 1434, 1498, 1503,
1679models, 1503–1505, 1512–1513,
1515, 1729, 1731, 1754phase, 1391
Propeller noise in aircraft,1076–1079
Prosody, 558–559, 563–566, 577modification, 558, 562–563,
566transplantation, 566
Proximity effect, 1277Proximo-distally Gaussian, 1207Pseudo-periodic (voiced) signal,
591Pseudo-random modulation, 491Pseudo-random noise, 74–75, 80Pseudo-reference speech signal,
514Psychoacoustic analysis,
803–804, 810Psychoacoustical model, 804Psychoacoustical roughness,
263–273Psychoacoustics, 215–227, 241,
801, 824Psychophysical methods,
216–220, 223, 226limitation of, 218–219
Psychophysical nomenclature,1203
p-u sound measurement systems,1116, 1120–1123
Public Switched TelephoneNetworks (PSTN),825–827, 915–916,918–919, 924
Pulse code modulation (PCM),605, 704, 805, 854
Pulse-transfer function, 1031Pythagorean tuning, 333, 345
1924 Index
Q values, 1844Q10 dB, 1871QCELP, 607Quadruplex model, 1203Quality chunk, 715Quality factor, 1530, 1790, 1810Quantile function, 1598–1599,
1602, 1604Quantisation, 450–455, 480–481,
609, 704, 712, 805–806, 854Quartz, 1314Quasi-constant frequency, 1837Quasi-free-field measurements,
78Quasi-stationary Signals, 62Questionnaires, 219
Radiation efficiency, 1123Radiation impedance, 626, 637,
938Random signal, 4Range dependent, 1671,
1674–1677Range estimation, 1737, 1741,
1743Range resolution, 1737,
1741–1744RASTI, 491, 677, 683Rate of convergence, 126Rating Method, 219Ray
based methods, 762, 1398model, 1443, 1503–1505, 1687,
1691parameter, 1443, 1447–1448,
1453theory, 1437, 1456–1457,
1503–1504tracing, 762, 794, 1386,
1437–1457, 1469, 1513,1553, 1589, 1591, 1629,1636, 1691
Rayleigh wave, 1179–1178,1527–1526, 1538–1539
Razor blade cut-and-splice, 705RCELP, 607–608Reactive intensity, 1111, 1122Real-time analyzers, 117Receiver matrix, 1561–1562Receiver Operating
Characteristics, 1697, 1740Reciprocal calibration, 641Reciprocal interpretation,
1207–1208Reciprocal pair, 95
Reciprocity technique, 1295,1297–1299, 1303
Reconstruction error, 288, 297,868
Reconstruction from LaserProjections, 1413,1415–1417
Recording checklist, 1866Recording gain, 1859, 1863Recruitment, 153–154, 165, 206,
252, 257, 259, 1221Recursive least squares (RLS),
126–127, 887–888Reed, 279, 409–412, 420, 423,
431–432Reel-rocking, 727–728Reference measurement, 73Reference signal, 125, 127, 129,
139, 495, 497–498, 500,506, 508–509, 512, 688,698, 847, 897, 904, 998,1026, 1029, 1032,1034–1037, 1040,1043–1045, 1046–1049,1051–1052, 1057, 1077,1081, 1092, 1102
Reflected wave, 1332Reflection
emissions, 164free surface, 1542operator, 1562, 1567–1568
Reflection coefficient, 404, 411,498–499, 951, 1538, 1563,1576, 1595, 1598, 1674,1725, 1733
Reflectivity estimation, 1568Reflectivity, 1673Reflex sympathetic dystrophy,
1220Refractive index, 1413Regularization, 134Regular-pulse excitation (RPE),
860, 862Relative amplitude spectral error,
381, 393Release call, 1875RELP coding, 858Reoptimization of DOAs, 1406Replica correlator, 1698, 1739Residual echo suppression, 884,
913Resonance chambers, 1268, 1271Resonator, 176, 400, 408, 444,
1280, 1356–1358, 1790,1792, 1868, 1876
Respiratory, 1185, 1876Reverberation
artificial, 1398control, 1399–1400phase, 1394–1395, 1397–1398spectrum, 1738, 1750strength, 1753surface, 1750time, 14, 66, 81, 116, 677–678,
766, 937, 1125, 1382water column, 1576
Revision of STI (STIr), 489Reynolds averaging, 1824Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes
(RANS), 430Ridge regression, 536–538, 540,
549RIFF (Resource Interchange File
Format), 712–715Robotization, 793Robust stability, 1089–1091,
1094, 1099, 1101Robust transmission, 856–857Robust vector quantization, 609Robustness, 126, 246, 284Room equalization, automatic
maintenance of, 687Room equalization., 684Room impulse response, 66, 90,
102–103, 677, 756, 794Room response equalizers,
657–669Room simulation, 786, 794Rotary, 785, 788–789Rotating diffuser, 103Rotating reflector (diffuser), 938Roughness, 254, 263, 1205
of amplitude-modulated tones,268, 272
calculation, 265dependency, 271specific, 265threshold, 264, 268, 273
Ruffini/Paciniform end organ,1189
Rules-based systems, 370, 560Runge-Kutta four-step algorithm,
1444Running autocorrelation
function, 183RWC Music Database, 327
S wave, 1526–1529, 1537–1538,1540–1542, 1646
Sabine formula, 680Sacculus, 1867Sampled-time system, 1082, 1098
Index 1925
Samplingperiod, 799rate, 799synthesis, 378, 409theory, 799
Satellite, 826, 885, 912, 915, 1878Saxophone, 422–423, 431–432Scaling method, 219Scanning laser doppler
vibrometer (SVM), 1404,1414, 1419
Scattering loss, 1673, 1675Search algorithm, 590, 1630,
1692, 1725, 1728, 1730Secondary calibration, 1293Secondary wave see S waveSegregating simultaneous sound
sources, 1852Seismic
arrays, 1655signal processing, 1560–1561,
1566, 1568–1569, 1575,1612, 1617
waves, 1526–1528, 1530–1531Seismogram, 1525, 1527, 1535,
1537–1538, 1587Seismology, 1506, 1523,
1526–1527, 1571–1581exploration, 1538–1539, 1595,
1605, 1657earthquake, 1539
Sensitivity function, 1053, 1083,1085–1086, 1090–1091,1098, 1100–1101
Sensor, kinematic viscosity, 984,999
Sensory substitution, 1218–1219,1231–1241
Separation of speech voices, 288Sequence modulation method,
957–961Sequential testing, 217Servo-control systems, 1082Servo-valves, 1142–1143Shaft vibration measurement,
1344Shallow water, 1670–1672, 1677,
1685, 1733, 1748, 1804,1863
Shear layer, 1823–1824Shear modulus, 424, 426,
1176–1177, 1179–1180Shear waves, 1176, 1526–1531,
1537–1539, 1542 see also Swaves
Shielding and scattering, 949Shift-and-add, 92, 93
Shimmer, 560Short-term memory, 206, 246,
812Short-time Fourier transform
(STFT), 47–49, 292–294,307, 366, 1365–1368,1370–1372
Short-time intensity, 1410Short-time spectral attenuation
(STSA), 778–779Sidelobes, 40–41, 142, 144, 970,
1715, 1719Sigma-Delta converters, 19SIGNAL, 1895–1896Signal
detectability, psychophysicaltheory of, 1011
detection theory, 218digitization, 853–856excess, 1754, 1760–1761follower, 1778model, 285–286, 289, 291, 293,
296, 362–363, 378,1559–1569, 1669–1693
reconstruction, 777, 1376subspace method, 1490
Signal classification, 4–12almost periodic, 7chaotic, 7cyclo-stationary, 10non-stationary random, 10periodic, 5–6stationary random, 10transient, 7
Signal correlation, 888, 890,1490, 1427
Signal processingalgorithms, 399, 484, 515, 691,
1560, 1568package Matlab®, 38scheme, 205, 207theory, 1426
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 17,26, 71, 79, 79, 97, 103, 134,169, 185, 201, 206, 487,610, 663, 733, 778, 823,849, 898, 955, 967, 1284,1334, 1426–1427, 1429,1432, 1462, 1466, 1470,1474–1475, 1484, 1491,1574, 1588, 1655, 1657,1661, 1738, 1760, 1840,1859, 1905
Signal-to-quantisation noise ratio(SQNR), 453
Silence descriptor (SID), 606Similar material, 306
Similarity matrix, 313–318,320–321, 324, 328, 1895
Simmering, 348Simulated annealing, 1642,
1731–1732Simultaneous iterative
reconstruction technique(SIRT), 1639–1640
Simultaneous sample and hold,29
Simultaneous-evoked OAE, 163Sine law, 750Singer’s formant, 361Singing physical articulatory
synthesis model (SPASM),368
Singing synthesis, 360, 364, 367,369
Single crystal, 1352, 1783, 1789Single degree-of-freedom (SDOF)
system, 49Single flux quantum (SFQ), 1351Single input-single output, 12Single scattering, 1562–1564,
1567, 1647, 1662Single-ended or output-based
approach, 511Single-phoneme models, 370Single-reed woodwind, 409Singular value decomposition
(SVD), 1063–1066, 1075,1726–1727
Sinuosity or “shape factor”, 1170Sinusoidal model, 284–286, 288,
291, 366, 370, 572, 611,778, 793, 866, 1365, 1367,1370, 1379
Sinusoidal voice coding, 366–367Sinusoids plus noise model, 285Slant stacks see VespagramsSleep disturbance, 1006, 1010,
1016–1017Slotted cylinder, 1792, 1794–1795Slowness vector, 1445, 1655–1659Slow-phase modulation, 686SmartMusicKIOSK, 326–327Smooth time, 340–341, 344Smoothing, 312, 563, 570, 572SMV, 607Soft clipper, 407Soft formatting, 709Somatosensation, 1194, 1215SONAH (statistically optimal
NAH), 137, 144Sonar equation, 1744–1746, 1754,
1760–1761
1926 Index
Sonar, passive, 1717, 1743,1757–1761, 1767–1769,1772, 1773
Sone, 252, 257–258Song learning, 1892–1893Sonogram, 47, 1887, 1892, 1900Sound
absorbing andsound-insulating, 1168
attenuationcoefficient, 951measurement, 954, 959damping materials, 1176detection, 1851–1852energy level, 943–946exposure level, 43, 945,
1016–1017insulation, 1167intensity, 1109, 1283measurement, 1115, 1117, 1121localization, 182, 215, 731,
1845, 1862, 1872power, 933–946, 1109, 1121measurement of, 1289pressure method, 934–937,
944–946source distance (SSD),
1391–1392, 1397–1398speed profile, 1671, 1685,
1689–1690synthesis, 336, 399, 409
Sound designer I format, 711Sound field
calibrators, 1310–1311corrections, 1300, 1303visualizations, 1411
Sound file formats, 711Sound recordings, 668, 800, 809,
1862–1863, 1280, 1880Sound separation, 278, 284, 287Soundscapes, 353Source level, 1744–1745, 1749,
1751, 1760, 1804, 1807,1899, 1901, 1904–1905
Source matrix, 1561–1562Source separation, 165, 285–286,
295, 298, 793, 911Source spectrum, 1682Source-filter model, 361, 371,
464–466, 802Spaced microphone techniques,
756–758Spallanzani, 1835Sparse coding, 292–293, 296–297Sparse Gaussians, 522, 524, 527,
529Sparse temporal sampling, 170
Sparseness, 297Spatial aliasing, 142, 695, 902,
1403, 1426, 1428,1488–1489, 1510, 1556,1764
Spatial angular frequencies, 132Spatial event plots, 1207Spatial Fourier transform, 133,
136–137, 141, 1179–1180,1488
Spatial hearing, 747Spatial information, 1403Spatial low-pass filter, 134, 136Spatial processing, 1711, 1741,
1761–1762, 1765Spatial resolution, 131, 136,
168–169, 739, 901–902,1129, 1263, 1331, 1662,1716, 1739
Spatial window effects, 137Speaker adaptation, 524, 546Speakerphones or piston-phones,
19Specificity theory, 1202Spectral analysis, 33Spectral band replacement
(SBR), 600–601, 803, 814Spectral centroid, 308, 384,
391–392, 420–421Spectral components, phase, 236Spectral density, 233Spectral domain, 67, 69, 80, 298,
457, 472Spectral fluctuations, 420–421Spectral magnitude subtraction,
898Spectral pattern matching, 280Spectral pitch, 244–249Spectral resolution, 71, 259, 460,
480Spectral smoothing, 165, 289, 578Spectral subtraction, 594–593,
898Spectral techniques, 579Spectral tilt, 363, 384, 499, 508,
576, 578–579, 598–599Spectral-temporal modulations,
187Spectrogram, 293, 295–296, 307,
461–463, 481, 797, 798,1470, 1769–1770, 1772,1895
Spectro-temporal, 183, 185, 187,254–255
Spectrum scaling, 42Speech
acquisition, 1219, 1232
coding, 125, 188, 285, 449–450,464, 588, 590, 592, 601,603, 605, 607–609, 614,802, 824–827, 844, 853,855–857, 867, 876–877,916–916, 921
enhancement, 205, 898–899envelopes, 202, 494–497, 512intelligibility, 154, 187, 197,
200–202, 207, 209,483–488, 491–493,514–516, 822, 1273
index, 201, 491test, 197, 484, 488, 491models, 571-plus-noise mixture, 594production, 450–455quality, 492, 504, 509, 918–919
estimators of , 492tests, 484, 500, 504, 508
reception threshold (SRT),197–198
recognition sensitivity model,203
recordings, tools, 580synthesizers, 561transmission index, 201–202,
488–489, 677waveforms, 455, 463
Speech processing applications,450, 453, 457, 480
Speechreading, 732, 740Speech-to-noise ratio (SNR), 197,
503Split spread, 1547, 1551, 1554Split-step Fourier (SSF)
parabolic equation, 1506Spontaneous OAE, 162, 164Stable/transients separation, 793Stagnation region, 1822–1823Standard event bulletin (SEB),
1464, 1470Standard screened event bulletin
(SSEB), 1464Stapedius muscle, 150–151, 161,
176State equation, 1413, 1499, 1705,
1708–1709State transition matrix, 1705,
1708State vector, 1705, 1708Stationary random process, 10Statistical decision theory, 181,
203Statistical parametric mapping,
170
Index 1927
Steady state genetic algorithm(SSGA), 1158
Steepest descentalgorithm, 1038–1041,
1062–1063, 1066–1072,1075, 1077
method, 126, 1038, 1041Stereophonic setup, 748, 755–756Stereo tomopgrahy, 1643Stevens power law, 1195Stiff string, 401, 406Stiffness matrix, 427Stimulus pairs, 217Stimulus parameters, 220, 242,
254, 1207Stopwatch mechanism, 1839Stratospheric returns, 1500,
1508, 1511Stratum germinatium, 1186Stress-strain formulation, 425Striated time, 340–341Strict stationarity, 10Strictly positive real (SPR), 1047String instruments, 278–279, 392,
400, 442, 788–789Struck strings, 401, 406Structural waves, 1822Structure-based distance, 308Subconvective, 1827Subduction zones, 1526Subhar-monic applied in the
virtual-pitch theory, 247Subharmonics, 76Substitution schemes, 206Successive approximation (SA),
19Super Audio CD (SACD), 722, 800Superconducting quantum
interference devices(SQUIDs), 1351
Super-heterodyne principle, 77Superior olivary nucleus, 1868Superior temporal sulcus (STS),
739Supervised learning, 297, 308Suppression experiments, 237Suprathreshold distortions, 154Supremum, 1090Surface duct, 1669, 1683,
1687–1688Surface intensity method, 1121Surface-related multiple removal,
1568Sweep, 74–75, 90Swim bladder, 1852–1853, 1856,
1904Switching, 846
Syllable, 565, 734, 737,1894–1895, 1892
Sylvester equation, 534, 536, 540,544
Sylvester matrix, 534Synchronized overlap-add
(SOLA), 567Synthesis of the Singing Voice,
370–371Synthesis Tool Kit (STK), 406Synthesizers, 336, 364, 375, 385,
390, 560–561, 563,565–566, 578, 1880
Synthetic aperture, 1775System identification, 125System under test, 65, 67, 88, 97,
489
Tactile aid, 1231, 1233–1235,1237, 1239–1241
Tactile communication, 1219,1231, 1235, 1239
Tactile sensitivity, 1218Tactile vocoder, 1232, 1239Tactual roughness, 1205Talk tests, 835–836Talker echo loudness, 845Talking situation, 822, 824Tandem-free operation, 923Tape recorders, 704, 709, 1863,
1866, 1894, 1899Tape recording, 702–704, 706Tape saturation characteristics,
794Target cost, 564–565, 574Tau-p model, 1438, 1446–1448,
1505Teleseismic wave analysis, 1662Template matching, 775Temporal clipping, 924Temporal discontinuities, 496,
513Temporal fluctuations, 236Temporal integration, 185, 238,
259Temporal modulation transfer
functions (tMTFs), 180Temporal patterns, 219Temporal resolution, 184Temporal stream, 219–221, 223,
226–227Temporal summation,
1192–1193, 1198Temporal waveform, 236Terminal differentiation, 1186Testosterone, 1877
Text-to-speech (TTS), 557–559Texture
morphing, 333, 355patterns, 313–316score representation, 324sequences, 324
Thalamus, 1868, 1870Theory vs. model, 241Thermal characteristic length,
1168, 1174Thermal overload, 660Thermal runaway, 1809Thermoacoustics, 1356–1362
engines, 1356heat pump mode, 1356–1358resonator, 1356theory, 1350
Thermodynamic model, 405Thermospheric returns, 1500,
1512Thiele-small parameters, 633, 661Third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP), 600Tikhonov filter, 135Tikhonov regularization, 1611Timbre, 341, 346, 420, 422, 440
attack and vibrato, 420models, 286morphing, 333, 341, 355variation, 423
Time aliasing, 74, 88Time alignment, 672, 684, 843Time and intensity pathway, 1873Time bandwidth product,
1740–1741, 1771Time delay
closure, 1427, 1465, 1493estimation algorithm, 496–497spectrometry, 77
Time dispersion, 1684–1685Time invariant, 12, 88, 97, 405,
408, 693, 901, 935Time panning, 754, 756Time resolution, 116Time stretched pulse, 80, 955, 958Time stretching, 351, 785,
790–791, 793Time structure, 91, 246Time warping, 1372–1379Time-domain
and frequency-domainalgorithms, 566
harmonic scaling (TDHS), 567model, 291–292, 579parabolic equation (TDPE)
model, 1503, 1510
1928 Index
Time-frequencyanalysis, 47components, 286
Time-harmonic representation,139
Time-lag matrix, 317, 320–323Time-lapse method, 1546Time-reversed excitation signal,
67Time-series analysis, 3Time-varying
amplitudes, 292, 389delay, 496–497, 843systems, 14
Tinfoil cylinder phonograph, 773Tomography
autoregressive technique, 1641cross-borehole, 1643, 1647double-difference, 1646global, 1646, 1648irregular grids, 1640local earthquake, 1646nullspace shuttle, 1639refraction, 1643stereo, 1643travel-time, 1636, 1642–1643,
1646X-ray, 168
TomoVes experiment, 1643–1645Tonal percept, 247Tonal stimuli, 244–247Tonotopic organization, 156Tortuosimeter, 1171Tortuosity, 1168Torus semicircularis, 1868Total energy density, 1289Tracking, 126, 1707, 1710Tractable, 1307, 1566–1568Trajectory models, 524, 528Transducer, 631–632, 642, 1349,
1783, 1798, 1801dynamic, 631–632, 660–661electric-to-acoustic, 1362electromagnetic, 632electromagnetic-acoustic, 631electronic data sheet, 1325electrostatic, 632flextensional, 1792, 1805membrane-based, 1268theory, 625, 641
Transduction, 1248Transfer function (TF), 65, 1381
complex, 65, 70Transfer matrix, 1561Transform coded eXcitation
(TCX), 601Transient detector, 1772
Transient signal, 7Transient-evoked emissions, 162Transitory hyperventilation, 1225Transmission
loss, 956, 1125, 1506–1507,1562, 1725, 1744–1745,1751, 1760–1761
path, acoustic, 71performance, background
noise, 825errors, 496, 602, 608–609, 827,
918error-free, 917packet based, 826, 916–918packet-switched, 877
Transmission line, 164, 176, 628,634, 826, 1202, 1298, 1798
loudspeakers, 634model, 177
nonlinear, 164Transmitting voltage response,
1799Transparent coding, 801, 804Transport equation, 1441, 1504Transversal filter, 125Transversal or tangential wave,
1538Travel time, 1441–1443,
1447–1451, 1456, 1469,1498, 1504–1505,1510–1511, 1523, 1537,1629, 1633, 1662,1690–1691, 1724, 1728
Traveling wave, 176, 402Tremolo, 343, 785, 788Triangulation, 973, 1330, 1625,
1776Triboelectric effect, 1320Trigger zone, 1220–1221Trills, 342–342Triode, 794Trombone, 423Tube distortion, 407Tukey window, 137Tuning curves, 230, 232–233,
1871Tuning fork tests, 151Turbulent boundary layer,
1822–1824, 1828Tweeter, 410, 649–650, 658,
660–661, 674Two component approach, 257Two-microphone technique,
1284Two-tone masking, 234, 237Two-tone suppression, 178, 1869,
1875
Two-way mismatch algorithm,378
Tympanometry, 160Tympanum, 149
Ultrasonicmeasurement techniques, 103non-destructive testing, 94tortuosimeter, 1172transducers, 624, 626, 637, 642,
1172Uncomfortable level (UCL), 258Underwater acoustics, 104, 691,
1676, 1678–1679, 1682,1715, 1723, 1725, 1729,1731, 1762
Unequal error protection (UEP),610, 871
Uniform shading, 142–143Unique Material Identifier
(UMID), 716Unitary pitch model, 283Unmodulated noise, 265Unpleasantness, 264Unvoiced sounds, 361, 363, 856
Vagal, 1876“Variable d” principle, 1280Variance distortionless response,
903Vector base amplitude panning
(VBAP), 751–752Vector quantization, 609,
860–861Vellus hair, 1186Velocity model building, 1590Velocity vector field, 1129, 1131Ventriloquism illusion, 732,
739–741Vertebrate evolution, 1870Vespagrams, 1658Vibrating tools, 1222Vibration damping, 1167Vibrato, 385, 788–789Vibrators, 1542, 1548Vibrotactile sensitivity, 1201,
1216Vibrotactile system, 1237Vibrotaction, 1196, 1203, 1216,
1219, 1241Virtual acoustics, 149, 200,
761–762, 1398Virtual earth, 1084Virtual musical instruments, 399Virtual tape, 727Virtual-pitch, 244–248
Index 1929
Viscous characteristic length,1168, 1174
Viscous friction, 1167, 1170Viterbi algorithm, 312, 868VMR-WB, 595, 604, 606–607, 611Vocal animals, 1861Vocal cords, 450–451, 464, 590,
1845–1846, 1876Vocal folds, 360–361, 363–364,
369, 560, 577, 580,1845–1845
Vocal timbre, 362Vocal tract, 360–361, 363–369,
450–451, 458, 464–466,468–471, 473, 475–476,478, 480–481, 514, 560,576, 855, 858
nodels, 364physical modeling, 368
Vocoder, 363–365, 369, 1365homomorphic, 365phase, 353, 364, 377–378,
1365–1366tactile, 1232, 1239
Voice activity detector (VAD),594, 603, 605, 918
Voice coding, sinusoidal, 366–367Voice coil impedance, 633Voice-controlled attenuation,
825, 844Voice enhancement devices, 925Voice modeling, principles of
singing, 360Voice morphing, 367Voice over Internet protocol
(VoIP), 493, 496, 605,612–613, 825, 844, 918
Voice quality, 575, 577–579Voiced sounds, 360–361, 845,
856, 859Volterra
expansion, 14kernels, 93series, 92, 636
Vowel consonant-vowel stimuli,733
Vowel recognition, 737
Walmsley’s method, 291–292Waterbed effect, 1092, 1096Water-house’s correction, 937Wave equation, 400–402, 628,
762, 1108, 1130, 1380,1440–1441, 1500, 1504,1506, 1512, 1526, 1561,
1566–1567, 1589–1590,1676–1678, 1681–1682,1724, 1776
migration, 1589WAVE Format, 713, 715Wave propagation
anisotropic elastic media,1536–1537
heterogeneous elastic media,1540
homogeneous, isotropic media,1537
isotropic elastic media, 1537porous media, 1541transversely isotropic media,
1539Wavefield
operators, 1559, 1568synthesis, 912
Waveform similarity overlap-add(WSOLA), 369
Wavefront construction (WC)technique, 1456
Waveguidedigital filter, 368mesh, 400, 762
Waveletanalysis, 49–50, 392mother, 49, 50shaping, 1574shrinkage, 779transformation, 439
Wavenumberintegration, 1676–1678leakage, 137space, 1132–1134spectrum, 133–135, 137, 1714vector, 133–134, 141–142, 1445,
1659, 1764Wavetable
index synthesis, 380, 382–383interpolation synthesis, 380multiple synthesis, 378–380,
385, 389synthesis, 375–376, 378,
380–381, 385, 387, 389, 394Weber’s law, 231Weberian ossicle, 1853Weighted count test, 1468Weighted speech signal, 597Weighting filter, 597–592, 787Weighting for sound
measurements, 108Weighting functions, 270Wet end, 1754
Whales, 1757, 1836, 1895,1897–1898, 1902–1905
Whisperization, 792Whistles, 1897, 1899White finger, 1222Whole body vibration, 1224Wideband
random noise, 248spectrogram, 461–463speech, 595–597, 601, 606, 608telephony, 492, 607, 614
Wiener filter, 779, 886, 898–899,902–903
Wiener-Levinson estimator, 1575Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD),
48–49smoothed pseudo, 48
Wind-corrected amplitude,1511–1512
Wind-generated turbulence, 1473Window function, 40–41, 134,
137–138, 377, 791, 970,1366, 1371, 1374
Windowexponential, 41, 134–135,
1399–1400optimum data, 53, 58–60, 62rectangular, 26, 40–41, 56, 79,
134, 137, 457spatial effects, 137spectral, 57tukey, 137
Wireless telephony, 493, 607WKBJ approximation, 1441Woofer, 649–650, 675Working standard (WS), 1302Wow and flutter, 774, 1864Wraparound, 1134Write-once-read-many (WORM),
709
Youla parameterisation, 1100Young Modulus, 424, 1177–1176
Zebra finch, 1894, 1896–1892Zech’s logarithm, 92Zero padding, 99, 138, 474Z-network, 109Zone of silence, 1454Z-transform, 54–56, 60, 367Zwicker model of loudness, 254,
257Zwicker’s and Terhardt’s formula,
235Zwislocki’s theory, 1192–1193
Cumulative Contents
Editor Biographies vEditorial Board viiPreface ixAcknowledgments xiContributors xvii
PART I ACOUSTIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 11 Signals and Systems 3
1 Temporal Signal Classification 42 System Definition and Classification 12
2 Acoustic Data Acquisition 171 Electronic Noise 172 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 193 Anti-aliasing Filters 224 Basic Digital Signal Calibration 245 Multichannel System Calibration 286 Data Validation and Diagnostic Techniques Summary 31
3 Spectral Analysis and Correlation 331 Introduction 332 The Fourier Transform and Variants 353 Practical FFT Analysis 404 Spectral Analysis Using Filters 435 Correlation Functions 446 Time–Frequency Analysis 47
1932 Cumulative Contents
4 The FF T and Tone Identification 531 Introduction 532 The FFT (and DFT) 543 Leakage 554 Windows 575 Estimation of Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase 596 Applications 62
5 Measuring Transfer-Functions and Impulse Responses 651 Introduction 652 Measurement Methods 663 Excitation Signals 79
6 Digital Sequences 871 Introduction 872 Golay Codes 873 Binary Maximum-Length Sequences 904 Fast MLS Transform (FMT) 975 Gold and Kasami Sequences 1006 Legendre Sequences 1027 Application Remarks 103
7 Filters 1071 Introduction 1072 Frequency Weightings 1083 Octave- and Fractional-Octave-Bandpass Filters 1124 Phase Linear Filters 1195 In-Phase/Quadrature Filters 1216 Perceptual Masking Filters 122
8 Adaptive Processing 1251 Introduction 1252 The LMS Algorithm 1263 Adaptive Applications 128
9 Beamforming and Wavenumber Processing 1311 Planar Nearfield Acoustical Holography 1312 Beamforming 139
Cumulative Contents 1933
PART II AUDITORY SYSTEM AND HEARING 14510 Anatomy, Physiology and Function of the Auditory System 147
1 External Ear 1472 Middle Ear 1493 Inner Ear 1514 Auditory Pathway 154
11 Physiological Measures of Auditory Function 1591 Head-Related Transfer Functions 1602 Tympanometry 1603 Acoustic Middle Ear Reflex 1614 Otoacoustic Emissions 1625 Evoked Potentials 1666 Functional Imaging of the Auditory System 168
12 Auditory Processing Models 1751 External and Middle Ear Transformation 1762 Cochlear Transformation 1763 Examples of Brainstem Processing Models 1784 Models of Auditory Perception 1805 Applications of Auditory Models 187
13 Speech Intelligibility 1971 Speech Intelligibility 1972 Measurement Methods 1993 Factors Influencing Speech Intelligibility 2004 Prediction Methods 201
14 Signal Processing in Hearing Aids 2051 Basic Approach to the Rehabilitation of Hearing Deficiencies 2052 Factors of Hearing Impairment and Rehabilitation Strategies 2063 Limitations of Current Rehabilitation Strategies 2094 Conclusions 209
PART III PSYCHOACOUSTICS 21315 Methods for Psychoacoustics in Relation
to Long-Term Sounds 2151 Introduction 2152 Methods for Psychoacoustics 216
1934 Cumulative Contents
3 Information Processing along the Temporal Stream –The Method of Continuous Judgment by Category 220
4 Information Processing in Hearing – Summary 226
16 Masking and Critical Bands 2291 Introduction 2292 Description of Masking Effects 2303 Critical Bands in Psychoacoustical Experiments 2334 Approximations of Auditory Filter Bandwidth 2345 Limits of the Critical Band Concept 2366 Modeling Auditory Masking 2387 Conclusions 238
17 Aspects of Modeling Pitch Perception 2411 Introduction 2412 Basic Issues 2413 Pitch of Tonal Stimuli 2444 Pitch of Random Stimuli 248
18 Calculation of Loudness for Normaland Hearing-Impaired Listeners 2511 Introduction 2512 Model 2543 Conclusions 260
19 Psychoacoustical Roughness 2631 Introduction 2632 Roughness in Dependence of Signal Parameters 2643 Roughness Calculation 265
PART IV MUSICAL ACOUSTICS 27520 Automatic Music Transcription 277
1 Introduction 2772 Musical Sounds and F0 Estimation 2783 Auditory Model-Based Multiple-F0 Analysis 2814 Sound Separation Using Sinusoidal Modeling 2845 Statistical Inference Within Parametric Signal Models 2896 Unsupervised Learning Techniques 2927 Summary and Conclusions 298
Cumulative Contents 1935
21 Music Structure Analysis from Acoustic Signals 3051 Introduction 3052 Features and Similarity Measures 3073 Segmentation 3094 The Similarity Matrix 3135 Finding Repeating Sequences 3176 Music Summary 3247 Evaluation 3278 Summary and Conclusions 327
22 Computer Music Synthesis and Composition 3331 Introduction 3332 Music with Live Performers 3343 Form, Structure and Time 3404 Timbre and Texture 3415 Tuning Systems 3446 Musique Concrete and Collage 3507 Environments 3538 Conclusion 355
23 Singing Voice Analysis, Synthesis, and Modeling 3591 Introduction 3592 Principles of Singing Voice Modeling 3603 Models of the Glottal Source 3624 Models of the Vocal Tract 3645 Synthesis of the Singing Voice 3706 Conclusion 371
24 Instrument Modeling and Synthesis 3751 Introduction 3752 Spectral Analysis 3773 Wavetable Synthesis 3784 Wavetable Matching 3815 Frequency Modulation (FM) Synthesis Models 3856 Frequency Modulation Matching 3917 Conclusions 394
25 Digital Waveguide Architecturesfor Virtual Musical Instruments 3991 Introduction 3992 Vibrating Strings 4003 Wind Instruments 4094 Recommended Reading 412
1936 Cumulative Contents
26 Modeling of Musical Instruments 4191 Introduction 4192 Finite-Element Formulation 4253 Finite-Difference Formulation 4274 Turbulent k− � Model of Flute-Like Instruments 4285 Multiphonics in Blown Instruments in Terms
of a Split-Phase Pressure Description 4316 Time-Dependent Model of a Classical Guitar Body 4367 Guitar Back-Plate Timbre Brightening by Stress Bending 4408 Church Bell Clapper Time-Dependent Striking Force 442
PART V SPEECH 44727 Display and Analysis of Speech 449
1 Introduction 4492 Speech Production, Sampling and Quantisation 4503 Display of Speech Waveforms 4554 Analysis of Speech Waveforms 4635 Conclusion 481
28 Estimation of Speech Intelligibility and Quality 4831 Introduction 4832 Estimators of Speech Intelligibility 4853 Estimators of Speech Quality in Telecommunications 4924 Conclusion 514
29 Gaussian Models in Automatic Speech Recognition 5211 Introduction 5222 Background 5253 Training Regularized Gaussian Decompositions 5324 Training Shared Regularized Gaussian Decompositions 5415 A Generalized EM Procedure 5496 Conclusions 550
30 Speech Synthesis 5571 Concatenative Text-to-Speech Synthesis 5582 Prosody Modification 5653 Smoothing 5704 Estimation of Unit Selection Costs 5735 Voice Quality/Speaker Modification and Other Open Issues 5756 Further Reading and Relevant Resources 581
Cumulative Contents 1937
31 Speech Coders 5871 Introduction 5872 Speech Coding Concepts 5883 Issues Related to Input Conditions 5914 Issues Related to Channel Conditions 6025 Current Developments and Future Challenges 614
PART VI AUDIO ENGINEERING 62132 Transducer Models 623
1 Modelling Fundamentals 6232 Historical Introduction 6243 Current Literature Overview 6254 Overview of the Models 6255 Classical Principles 6286 Fundamentals of Transducers 6317 Dynamic Loudspeakers 6328 Horn Loudspeakers 6389 Electrostatic Loudspeakers 64010 Microphones 64011 Piezoelectric Transducers for Ultrasonic
and Underwater Applications 642
33 Loudspeaker Design and Performance Evaluation 6491 Loudspeaker as a System Design Problem 6492 Crossover Filters 6513 Frequency Response Equalization 6554 Room Response Equalizers 6575 System Delay and Delay Variation 6596 Protection 6607 Understanding Loudspeaker Operation by Modeling 6618 Acoustic Measurement Techniques 6629 Listening Tests 664
34 PA Systems for Indoor and Outdoor 6691 Introduction 6692 The PA System 6713 Planning and Setting Up the Loudspeakers 6764 Sound Indoors 6795 Sound Outdoors 6826 Measurement Methods 6837 Special Issues on Signal Processing for PA Systems 684
1938 Cumulative Contents
35 Beamforming for Speech and Audio Signals 6911 The Basic Concept 6922 Data-Independent Beamforming 6933 Differential Microphone Arrays 6964 Statistically Optimum Beamformers 6975 Blind Source Separation as Blind Beamforming 6996 Concluding Remarks 700
36 Digital Audio Recording Formats and Editing Principles 7031 Digital Tape Recording 7032 Digital Recording on Computer Mass Storage Media 7073 Consumer Digital Formats 7184 Digital Audio Editing Using Mass Storage Media 723
37 Audiovisual Interaction 7311 Audiovisual Space 7312 Audiovisual Speech 7323 Neural Basis of Audiovisual Perception 738
38 Multichannel Sound Reproduction 7471 Introduction 7472 Concepts of Spatial Hearing by Humans 7473 Loudspeaker Layouts 7484 Reproduction Methods 7505 Capturing Sound for Multichannel Audio 755
39 Virtual Acoustics 7611 Introduction 7612 Auralization and Signal Processing 7623 Waveguide Meshes in Room Acoustics 766
40 Audio Restoration 7731 A Brief History of the Recording Technology 7732 Aims and Problems 7733 Overview of Digital Audio Restoration 7744 Future Directions 780
41 Audio Effects Generation 7851 Filters and Delays 7862 Tremolo, Vibrato and Rotary Speaker 7883 Chorus, Flanger and Phaser 7894 Pitch Shifting and Time Stretching 790
Cumulative Contents 1939
5 Dynamics Processing 7936 Room Simulation 794
42 Perceptually Based Audio Coding 7971 Introduction 7972 Transparent Coding: General Strategy 8013 Transparent Coding: Specific Examples 8044 Subjective Evaluation of Sound Quality 8115 Objective Evaluation of Sound Quality 8136 Concluding Remarks 814
PART VII TELECOMMUNICATIONS 81943 Speech Communication and Telephone Networks 821
1 General Aspects of Speech Communication 8212 Modern Telephone Networks 825
44 Methods of Determining the Communicational Qualityof Speech Transmission Systems 8311 Assessment Methods 8312 Subjective Assessment 8323 Objective Methodologies 8384 Network Planning 848
45 Efficient Speech Coding and TransmissionOver Noisy Channels 8531 Introduction and Fundamentals 8532 Speech Coding 8573 Speech Transmission over Noisy Channels 8674 Further Work, Results and Literature 877
46 Echo Cancellation 8831 Echo Cancellation and Suppression 883
47 Noise Reduction and Interference Cancellation 8971 Single-Channel Techniques 8982 Multichannel Techniques 9003 Blind Signal Separation of Convolutive Mixtures 904
48 Terminals and Their Influence on Communication Quality 9091 Acoustic Interfaces 910
1940 Cumulative Contents
49 Networks and Their Influence on Communication Quality 9151 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) 9152 Packet-Based Transmission 9163 Mobile Networks 918
50 Interaction of Terminals, Networksand Network Configurations 9211 Tandeming of Speech Coders 9212 Delay 9233 Tandeming of Speech Echo Cancellers 9234 Tandeming VAD and NLP 9245 Other Signal Processing 925
List of Important Abberviations 927
PART VIII NOISE 93151 Sound Levels of Noise Sources 933
1 Sound Power Level 9332 Sound Energy Level 943
52 Outdoor Measurements 9491 Measurement of Acoustical Properties of Ground
Surfaces – Hideki Tachibana 9492 Measurement of Shielding Effect of Noise
Barriers – Kohei Yamamoto and Yasushi Miki 9533 Measurement of Sound Attenuation for Long-Distance
Propagation Outdoors – Yasushi Miki 9594 Noise Sources in Road and Railway Transport – Yasushi Takano 9635 Detection of Aircraft Sound Events – Ichiro Yamada 972
53 Measurements of Physical Characteristics Using Soundat Audible or Lower Frequencies 9831 Acoustic Micrometer [59] 9842 Acoustic Volume Meter [45,51] 9863 Acoustic Surface Area Meter [56] 9894 Acoustic Rate Gyro [35] 9955 Acoustic Impedance Flowmeter [18] 9966 Chopper Microphone [29] 9977 Kinematic Viscosity Sensor [27] 999
Cumulative Contents 1941
54 Community Response to Noise 10051 Statistical Character of Environmental Noise in Populated Areas 10062 Predicting the Annoyance of Environmental Noise 10083 Predicting Sleep Disturbance 10164 Predicting the Likelihood of Noise-Induced Complaints 10175 Summary 1018
PART IX ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL 1021Introduction 1023
55 Forward Control in Single-Channel Systems 10291 Introduction 10292 Control of Deterministic Disturbances 10333 Adaptive FIR Controllers 10434 Equivalent Feedback Controller 1051
56 Forward Control in Multichannel Systems 10571 Introduction 10572 Optimal Control of Tonal Disturbances 10583 Steepest Descent Algorithms 10624 Trade-Off Between Error Attenuation and Control Effort:
The Leaky Algorithm 10705 Robustness to Plant Uncertainties and Plant Model Errors 10726 Applications: Controlling Propeller Noise in Aircraft 1076
57 Feedback Control Systems 10811 Introduction 10812 Analogue Controllers 10863 Application: Active Headsets 10944 Digital Controllers 10985 Hybrid Feedback Controllers 1102
PART X STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICSAND VIBRATION 1107
58 Intensity Techniques 11091 Introduction 11092 Sound Intensity and Sound Power 11093 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 1111
1942 Cumulative Contents
4 Measurement of Sound Intensity 11155 Applications of Sound Intensity 1122
59 Nearfield Acoustical Holography 11291 Introduction 11292 Planar Nearfield Acoustical Holography 11303 Cylindrical Nearfield Acoustical Holography 11354 Spherical and General Surface Nearfield Acoustical Holography 1137
60 Actuator Design and Deployment 11411 Introduction 11412 Actuator Design 11423 Actuator Deployment Using Genetic Algorithms 1151
61 Materials Testing 11671 Introduction 11672 Sound Propagation in Rigid Porous Materials 11683 Sound Propagation in Elastic Porous Materials 1175
PART XI BIORESPONSE TO VIBRATION 118362 Tactile Responses to Vibration 1185
1 Introduction 11852 Neural Structures 11883 Thresholds of Detection in the Temporal and Spatial Domains 11904 Suprathreshold Responses 11945 Subject Variables 11976 The Four-Channel Model of Cutaneous Mechanoreception 12027 Roughness and Texture 12058 Biophysics 1206
63 Uses and Applications of Somatosensation 12151 Introduction 12152 Intermodality Interactions 12163 Sensory Substitution 12184 Health 12195 Environmental Well-Being 12216 Whole Body Vibration 1224
64 Sensory Substitution 12311 Introduction 12312 Temporal Gap Detection 1234
Cumulative Contents 1943
3 User Variables 12354 Practical Design Considerations 12355 Mechanical Stimulators 12366 Electrical Stimulators 12367 Coding 12378 The Systems 12399 Training 1239
PART XII TRANSDUCERS FOR ACOUSTICMEASUREMENT 1245
65 Condenser Microphones 12471 Introduction 12472 General Principle 12473 Transduction 12484 Preamplifiers 12505 Sensitivity 12526 Frequency Response 12527 Microphones and Sound Fields 12558 Critical Design Parameters and Materials 12579 Acoustic Impedance of Diaphragm 125810 Dynamic Range 126011 Microphones and International Microphone Standards 126212 Microphones of Other Designs and Materials 1263
66 Dynamic Pressure Microphones 12671 Introduction 12672 Driving the Membrane 12683 Generating the Electric Output 12704 Advantages and Limitations 1271
67 Dynamic Pressure Difference Microphones 12751 Introduction 12752 The Frequency Response of a Dynamic Pressure
Difference Microphone 12753 The Directional Response of a Pressure Difference
Microphone 12784 The Ribbon Microphone 12785 Cardioids and Other Directivity Patterns 12796 Interference Microphones 12807 Reflectors 12818 Fixed and Variable Arrays 1281
1944 Cumulative Contents
68 The Microflown Particle Velocity Sensor 12831 Introduction 12832 The Microflown Transducer 12853 Limitations 12864 Calibration 12885 Applications 1288
69 Microphone Calibration 12931 Introduction 12932 Calibrations Performed at Primary and Secondary Levels 12933 Principal Types of Sound Field and Microphone Responses 12944 Laboratory Standard Microphones Suited for Primary
Calibration 12955 Principle of Microphone Reciprocity Calibration 12956 Primary Pressure Response Calibration by
Reciprocity Technique 12977 Primary Free-Field Response Calibration by
Reciprocity Technique 12998 Sound Field Corrections of Laboratory Standard
and Measurement Microphones 13009 Determination of Diffuse-Field Frequency Response 130010 Working Standard Microphones 130211 Sensitivity and Frequency Response Calibration
by Comparison 130312 Frequency Response Calibration by Electrostatic Actuator 130413 Free-Field Response Calibration by Free-Field Comparison 130714 Traceability and Accreditation 130715 Dynamic Linearity 130816 Field Calibration with Sound Field Calibrators 1310
70 Piezoceramic Accelerometer 13131 Introduction 13132 Technology Fundamentals 13133 Construction 13164 Selecting and Specifying 13195 Mounting 13236 Latest and Future Developments 13257 List of Applicable Standards 1326
71 Laser Doppler Velocimeter 13291 Introduction 13292 Operation Principle 1332
Cumulative Contents 1945
3 Basic Construction 13334 Applications 1337
72 Capacitive Sensors 13391 Principle of Operation 13392 Some Useful Advice for Capacitive Sensors 13433 Applications 1344
PART XIII ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS 134773 Energy Saving Transducers and Thermoacoustics 1349
1 Introduction 13492 Challenges to Improving Dynamic Speakers 13503 Superconductive Loudspeakers 13514 Electrostatic Loudspeakers 13545 One-Bit Driving 13566 Thermoacoustics 13567 Summary 1362
74 Sinusoidal Representation of Acoustic Signals 13651 Introduction 13652 Phase Vocoder 13653 Sinusoidal Model 13674 Sinusoidal Model for Rapidly Changing Signal 13705 Time-Scale and Pitch Modification 1379
75 Room Transfer Function 13811 Introduction 13812 Modal Expansion of the TF 13813 Distribution of Eigenfrequencies 13824 Chaotic Properties of Ray Tracing and Eigenfrequency Distribution 13865 Distribution of Zeros 13886 Phase Response of Room TF 13907 Control of Magnitude and Phase for Artificial
Reverberation Rendering 1398
76 Spatial Information of Sound Fields 14031 Introduction 14032 DOA Estimation 14043 Spatial Information Measurement: Four Closely Located Point
Microphones Method 14084 Sound Field Measurement Using a Laser 14115 Summary 1417
1946 Cumulative Contents
PART XIV INFRASONICS 142377 Infrasound Event Detection Using the Progressive
Multi-Channel Correlation Algorithm 14251 Introduction 14252 Correlation: The Basic Component of PMCC 14273 PMCC Configuration 14294 Processing Examples 1430
78 Ray Tracing in an Inhomogeneous Atmospherewith Winds 14371 Historical Introduction 14372 Atmospheric Variability 14393 Geometrical Acoustics 14394 Concluding Remarks 1456
79 Infrasonic Data Processing at the Provisional TechnicalSecretariat of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanOrganization 14611 Overview of IDC Processing 14632 Infrasonic Station Processing at the IDC 14643 Automatic Network Processing 14674 Interactive Processing 14695 Post-location Processing 1470
80 The Design and Performance of InfrasoundNoise-Reducing Pipe Arrays 14731 Introduction 14732 Historical Background 14743 Design Principles for a Robust Infrasonic Noise-Reducing System 14754 Noise-Reducing Pipe Array Design and Performance 14775 Conclusion 1485
81 Processing Infrasonic Array Data 14871 Array Processing 14872 Bearing Estimation 14873 Signal Detection and Enhancement 1492
82 Infrasound Propagation 14971 Introduction 14972 Relevant Physics and Issues 1499
Cumulative Contents 1947
3 Propagation Models 15034 Summary and Future Direction 1512
PART XV SEISMOLOGY 152183 Structure and Elastic Properties of the Earth 1523
1 Why Seismology is Studied 15232 Structure and Composition of the Earth 15233 Seismic Waves 15264 Elastic Properties of the Earth 15285 Commercial Seismology 1531
84 Seismic Wave Propagation 15351 Introduction 15352 Medium Models 15363 Reflections of Plane Wave 1542
85 Seismic Data Acquisition 15451 Introduction 15452 The Acquisition System 15463 Signal-to-Noise Quality 15504 Sampling for Migration Imaging 1554
86 Signal Models in Seismic Processing 15591 Introduction 15592 The Data Matrix 15603 Source, Transfer and Receiver Matrices 15614 Accuracy and Tractability in Seismic Signal Models 1566
87 Deconvolution and Optimal Filtering in Seismology 15711 Introduction 15712 Deconvolution with Known Source Signatures 15723 Deconvolution with Unknown Source Signatures 15754 Conclusions 1580
88 Seismic Migration Imaging 15851 Introduction 15852 The Migration Problem 15863 Time Migration 15884 Depth Migration 1589
1948 Cumulative Contents
89 Geophysical Parameter Estimation 15931 Introduction 15932 Model Selection 15943 Information Assessment 16064 Estimator Selection 16105 Estimator Validation 16166 Conclusion 1617
90 Earthquake Localization 16271 Introduction 16272 The Location Problem 16273 Geiger’s Method 16294 Grid Search 16305 Methods to Reduce Uncertainty 1630
91 Seismic Tomography 16351 Introduction 16352 Seismic Travel-Time Tomography 16363 Examples of Travel-Time Tomography 16434 Extensions of Travel-Time Tomography 1646
92 Array Signal Processing 16551 Introduction 16552 Slowness, Backazimuth and the Complete Slowness Vector 16553 Array Methods 16564 Array Configurations 1663
PART XVI UNDERWATER ANDOCEANOGRAPHIC ACOUSTICS 1667
93 Propagation and Signal Modeling 16691 Introduction 16692 The Ocean Acoustic Environment 16703 Numerical Modeling Techniques 16754 Time-Harmonic Solutions of Separable Problems 16785 Time-Harmonic Solutions of Non-Separable Problems 16796 Pulse Solutions by Fourier Synthesis 16827 Signal Simulation Examples 16828 Summary 1692
Cumulative Contents 1949
94 Statistical Signal Processing 16951 Background 16952 Detection 16973 Estimation 16994 Spatial Processing and Arrays 1710
95 Inverse Problems in Underwater Acoustics 17231 Introduction 17232 Linear Inverse Problems 17253 Linearized Inversion 17274 Nonlinear Inverse Problems 17285 Matched Field Inversion 1729
96 Active Sonar 17371 Introduction 17372 The Sonar Signal 17383 Sonar System Design 17434 Performance Analysis 17445 Discussion 1754
97 Passive Sonar 17571 Introduction 17572 Passive Sonar Systems 17583 The Passive Sonar Equation 17604 Spatial Processing and Array Gain 17615 Detectors 17686 Classification 17727 Localization 1773
98 Transducers for Sonar Systems 17831 Transduction Materials 17832 Conventional Designs and Modeling Approaches 17903 Broad Bandwidth Transducer Designs 17984 Considerations for Remotely Operated Undersea Vehicles 1807
99 Flow Noise 18211 Introduction 18212 Flow-Induced Noise in Hull-Mounted Sonar Systems 18223 Transition Zone Noise Scaling 18234 Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall Pressure Fluctuations 18235 Transducer Size and Array Effects 1827
1950 Cumulative Contents
PART XVII ANIMAL BIOACOUSTICS 1833100 Bat Bioacoustics 1835
1 Introduction 18352 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18363 Call Characteristics 18374 Echolocation Performance and Models 18385 Hearing Performance and Models 18446 Stimulus generation 18457 Archives and Databases 1847
101 Fish Bioacoustics 18511 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18512 Hearing Performance 18513 Vocalization Sounds 18554 Locating and Tracking 18575 Archives and Databases 1858
102 Amphibian Bioacoustics 18611 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18622 Hearing Performance and Modelling 18663 Characteristics of Anuran Calls 18754 Stimulus Generation – Synthesized Calls 18805 Archives and Databases of Signals 1880
103 Avian Bioacoustics 18871 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18872 Hearing Performance 18903 Characteristics of Songs and Calls 18914 Archives and Databases of Signals 1894
104 Cetacean Bioacoustics with Emphasison Recording and Monitoring 1897
1 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18982 Locating and Tracking 19013 Echolocation Models 1903
Index 1909
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