list three (3) differences between 9 th and 12 th graders. do now
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List three (3) differences between 9th and 12th graders.
Do Now
How do we use the Scientific Method in Psychological Research?
Hypothesis:
Statement of
expected results
Subjects chosen
Subjects divided up
Experimental Group(get the
experiment)
Control Group(do not get the
experiment)
Variables: Factors that change in an experiment
How to tell the difference between variables
Independen
t Variabl
e
IFA request is made by a person in a uniform
Dependent
VariableTHENMore people will reply to this request
What is the experimental group?
Group on which critical
part of experiment
is performed
This group gets the real
sleeping pills
What is the Control Group?
Control Group
• Consists of subjects who are just like the experimental group except will not participate in the study
This group will not receive a placebo
• Placebo is a medicine that has no active ingredients and works by power of suggestion
Do Sleeping Pills Work?Dependent
Varia
bl
eWhat res
ults fr
om t
he ex
peri
me
nter
ma
ni
pulati
ng t
he i
nde
pe
nde
nt varia
bleEx.
Better slee
p, less slee
p, etc.
Subj
ectsT
wo gr
oups
of
pe
ople i
n si
milar
healt
h, sa
me age, si
milar slee
p iss
ues
Contr
ol
Re
moval
of fact
ors t
hat
may
pr
ove
hy
pot
hesis –
but
woul
d alter res
ults.
Ol
der
pe
ople,
pe
ople
wit
h c
ol
ds,
on
ot
her
me
dicati
on, etc.
Independent Variable(The variable the experimenter changes)Experimenter gives one group real sleeping pills and one group placebos
Hypothesis2 sleeping pills help
people with insomnia
What is a double-blind study?
• Patient’s expectations• Wondering which group gets real drug
Subject
What is a Control?
Examples: Subject with
cold, on medication, or any other issue
that could cause the results to be
effected
Something that could skew
results
Experimental
Subjects removed
Review: Research Methods Test
1. What is a hypothesis?2. What part of an experiment is the Independent Variable?3. What part is the Dependent Variable?4. What is the experimental group?5. What is a control group?*Bonus: What is a placebo?
Are researchers responsible for their subjects – even if they
volunteer for an experiment?
Are researchers responsible for their subjects – even if they
volunteer for an experiment?
Do NowDo Now
Experiments: Harlow’s Monkeys
• In subsequent experiments, Harlow’s monkeys proved that “better late than never” was not a slogan applicable to attachment. When Harlow placed his subjects in total isolation for the first eights months of life, denying them contact with other infants or with either type of surrogate mother, they were permanently damaged. Harlow and his colleagues repeated these experiments, subjecting infant monkeys to varied periods of motherlessness. They concluded that the impact of early maternal deprivation could be reversed in monkeys only if it had lasted less than 90 days, and estimated that the equivalent for humans was six months. After these critical periods, no amount of exposure to mothers or peers could alter the monkeys’ abnormal behaviors and make up for the emotional damage that had already occurred.
What are some types of research studies?
Cross Sectional Studies
Random sample of population
May not truly measure
generational issues
Case Study
Detailed information
Very detailed, no
comparisons
ProCon
Survey
Quick way to gather a lot of
information
Questions can be misunderstood
Interview
One on one information
Subject can be less than truthful – interpretation
issues
ProCon
Lab Experiment
Research completely objective
Artificial Setting
Field Setting
More realistic than Lab setting
Difficult to control
variables
ProCon
Naturalistic Observation
Observe in natural
environment
No subject feedback
Longitudinal Study
Gathers information over
a subject’s life
Expensive to undertake and keep
track of subjects
ProCon
What bothers you the most about people?Why do they do it?
How would you prove it?
Which method of research would best yield the most accurate data for your question?
What are Ethics?
You will see many studies that used:•Deception,deliberate creation of anxiety in subjectsStudies justified on grounds that:•We are seeking more information about human beings•More knowledge = the more people can be helpedProblems in history of psychological research:•Stanley Milgram Experiment•Stanford Prison Experiment•Little Albert
The American Psychological Association 1992
•Subjects must have right to decline/withdraw participation•Openness and honesty (disclose as soon as possible afterwards if this would skew results)•Information obtained must remain confidential•Experimenter has duty to assess any potential risks, and inform subject – correct/remove undesirable consequences
What is Classical Conditioning?
The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus.
Smell Food(Unconditio
ned Stimulus)
Hungry(Unconditio
ned Response)
Lunch Bell Rings
(Conditioned Stimulus)
Hungry when you hear bell(Conditioned
Response)
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
One of the best-known aspects of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Laid the groundwork for Behaviorism. Often used in training pets and teaching children.
The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. For example, if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response.
Smell Food
(Unconditioned
Stimulus)
Hungry(Unconditi
oned Response)
Lunch Bell Rings
(Conditioned
Stimulus)
Hungry when you hear bell
(Conditioned Response)
What is an Unconditioned Response?
The conditioned stimulus is the previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.For example, suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and a feeling of hunger is the unconditioned response. Now, imagine that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of the lunch bell. While the bell is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the bell was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the bell is the conditioned stimulus.
Smell Food(Unconditi
oned Stimulus)
Hungry(Unconditi
oned Response)
Lunch Bell Rings
(Conditioned Stimulus)
Hungry when you hear bell
(Conditioned Response)
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
What is a Conditioned Response?The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For example, let's suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is a unconditioned response, and the sound of a whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.
Smell Food
(Unconditioned
Stimulus)
Hungry(Unconditi
oned Response)
Lunch Bell Rings
(Conditioned
Stimulus)
Hungry when you hear bell
(Conditioned Response)
Summary• Scientific Method is used in Psychology experiments• Hypothesis: statement of expected results. Can be
proved or disproved through observation and experimentation
• Experimental Group: Group participating in experiment
• Control Group: Group not participating in the experiment
• Control: removal of subjects that could skew results• Variables: factors introduced or resulting from
experiment• Independent Variable: Variable controlled by
Researcher• Dependent Variable: Result of Experiment• Placebo: medicine with no active ingredients –
works by power of suggestion• Double Blind Study: Experiment with neither the
subject nor researcher knowing who has the placebo – removes expectations that can skew results
• Ethics: Guidelines for Psychological Experiments – results must outweigh risks.
• There are many types of psychological studies – each has their pros and cons.
• Types: Field Studies, Lab Experiments, Naturalistic Observation, Case Studies, Surveys, Longitudinal and Cross Sectional Studies, and Interviews.
• Classical Conditioning: is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
• Unconditioned Stimulus: one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
• Conditioned Stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response
• Unconditioned Response: s the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned Stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response
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