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Psychology 372

Physiological PsychologySteven E. Meier, Ph.D.

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Sensory Systems

Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

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Overview

• Lots of sensation or sensory systems • Whole fields of Psychology are associated with

this area• Examples

• Visual system• Auditory system• Tactile system• Olfactory and Taste system• others

Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Systems overview

• Systems have some type of receptor system

• Receptor systems are designed to convert some outside stimulus to a electrical-chemical signal • Is called transduction

• The electrical-chemical signal is used by the nervous system

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Receptor systems

• Usually lack axons• Usually form synapses with dendrites of

other sensory neurons• Messages are carried on different

pathways to specific areas of the brain• Detect small ranges of energy levels

• Visual system: 400 to 700 nm• Auditory system: 20 to 20,000 Hz

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Receptor systems

• Some systems are more complicated than others

• Visual system versus touch system• Visual system was initially part of brain

systems• Has become more specialized and

moved• Allows more processing of information• Increases survival.

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

The Eye

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Some structures

• Pupil: Is basically a hole• Iris: Is a muscle that controls the size of

the hole• Cornea:

• Is it clear transparent membrane that covers the pupil and Iris

• Focuses approximately 75% of visual information onto the retina

• Lens: Focuses the remaining 25% of light onto the fovea of the retina

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Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon

Rods and Cones

Two types of photoreceptors are located within the retina Rods: 120 million

Light sensitive (not color) Found in periphery of retina Low activation threshold

Cones: 6 million Are color sensitive Found mostly in fovea

Source: http://insight.med.utah.edu/Webvision/imageswv/rodcoEM.jpeg

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Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon

Retinal Circuitry

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Adapted from Dowling, J.E., and Boycott, B.B. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of London, B., 1966, 166, 80-111.

Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon

Primary Visual Pathway

Information from each visual field crosses over at the optic chiasm and projects to the opposite side of the primary visual cortex

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Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon

Visual Cortex

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Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon

Summary of Visual Cortex

V4: responds to color (and form perception) Lesions of V4 impair color perception

V5: responds to movement TEO: involved in color discrimination, 2-d

pattern discrimination TEO projects to area TE

TE: neurons here respond to 3-d objects (a face or a hand)

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Auditory system

• Is less sophisticated than the visual system

• Designed to transduce frequencies of sound into hearing

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyDivisions of the Ear

• Outer ear:• Channel to

tympanic membrane

• Middle ear:• Ossicles

• Inner ear:• Cochlea

Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

The Cochlea

• The cochlea is formed from three chambers:

• Hair cells within the organ of Corti transduce sound waves into nerve impulses

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAuditory Pathways

• Afferent pathways:• Through cochlear nuclei

• To superior olivary nuclei

• To inferior colliculus• To medial geniculate• To auditory cortex

• Efferent pathway:• Olivocochlear bundle

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Touch / Pain

• Three different sensations are reported to the brain by receptors localized within skin

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Temperature

• Is detected by warmth and cold receptors• Receptor activation is relative to the

baseline temperature• The receptors lie at different levels of

the skin (cold are close to the surface of the skin)

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Touch and Pain

• Touch involves perception of pressure and vibration of an object on the skin• Pacinian corpuscles detect deformation

of the skin

• Pain is associated with skin tissue damage • Nociceptors detect pain

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMorphology of Skin

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Dermis

Epidermis

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• The dorsal columns carry precise information related to touch

• The spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature signals (poorly localized)

• 5-10 cortical maps of the body surface

Somatosensory Pathways

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Other systems

• Taste• Vestibular

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Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyPsyc 372 – Physiological Psychology

Conclusions

• Lots of systems• Each has a specific purpose• When damage occurs, usually multiple

systems are impacted.• Creates specific symptomatology• Can be used to identify locations of brain

or system damage

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