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NES: Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation Biology

Presented by: Alissa Keil

May 23, 2012

Ultra Violet Radiation and Ultra Violet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation BiologyYeast: Radiation Biology

Ultra Violet Radiation and Ultra Violet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation BiologyYeast: Radiation Biology

Alissa KeilAlissa Keil

NES Education SpecialistNES Education Specialist

Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University

NASA Johnson Space CenterNASA Johnson Space Center

A.A. PhysicsPhysicsB.B. ChemistryChemistryC.C. BiologyBiologyD.D. Earth ScienceEarth ScienceE.E. General ScienceGeneral Science

Teachers, what subject do Teachers, what subject do you teach?you teach?

Have you heard of Have you heard of NASA Explorer Schools?NASA Explorer Schools?

✔✔ YesYes✖✖ NoNo

NASA Explorer Schools NASA Explorer Schools Virtual CampusVirtual Campus

http://explorerschools.nasa.govhttp://explorerschools.nasa.gov

What are you hoping to get out of tonight’s web seminar?

Overview of SessionOverview of Session1. What this lesson teaches, where to find lesson1. What this lesson teaches, where to find lesson2. Introduction/prep to the Radiation Biology lesson2. Introduction/prep to the Radiation Biology lesson3. Suggestions for teaching concepts and presenting lessons:3. Suggestions for teaching concepts and presenting lessons:

- How to introduce the lesson- How to introduce the lesson- Performing the experiment- Performing the experiment- Analyzing results, discussion- Analyzing results, discussion

4. Extensions and resources for implementing4. Extensions and resources for implementing

Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation Biology OverviewRadiation Biology Overview

• Radiation Biology Educator Guide Radiation Biology Educator Guide http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/RB_Modulhttp://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/RB_Module_2_11.pdfe_2_11.pdf

• Space radiation’s importance to NASASpace radiation’s importance to NASA• Most effective method for preventing Most effective method for preventing

UV damage in yeastUV damage in yeast• Discussion questions for labDiscussion questions for lab• Extensions for classroomExtensions for classroom

Subject AreasSubject Areas

Grade Level:Grade Level:9-129-12

Subject Area:Subject Area:BiologyBiology

National StandardsNational Standards• Life Science

– Matter, energy an organization in living systemsScience in personal and social perspectivesNatural and induced hazards

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesStudents will be able to:Students will be able to:• Discuss the counter measures for UV radiation.Discuss the counter measures for UV radiation.• Describe phenotypic changes in yeast as a Describe phenotypic changes in yeast as a

result of radiation damage.result of radiation damage.

ISS Tissue Equivalent Proportional CounterISS Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter

• Understand that DNA contains the instructions for proper cell Understand that DNA contains the instructions for proper cell function.function.

• DNA can be changed.DNA can be changed.• Skin cancer and other adverse health effects can be caused Skin cancer and other adverse health effects can be caused

by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.• Sun protection factor (SPF) Sun protection factor (SPF)

ratings on sunscreensratings on sunscreens

What do students need to know?What do students need to know?

Check for understanding…Check for understanding…1. What does this lesson teach/objectives?1. What does this lesson teach/objectives?2. Where can you download the educator 2. Where can you download the educator

guide/lesson? guide/lesson?

✔ = = Yes, I can answer these questions!Yes, I can answer these questions!

✖ = = No, I need further clarification.No, I need further clarification.

Questions?Questions?

IntroductionIntroduction

What is radiation?What is radiation?• Form of energy that is transmitted in the form Form of energy that is transmitted in the form

of rays, electromagnetic waves, and/or of rays, electromagnetic waves, and/or particlesparticles

• Daily lifeDaily life – – cell phones, microwaves , X-rays, cell phones, microwaves , X-rays, light bulbs, heaterslight bulbs, heaters

• Natural – Sun, radioactive elements in the Natural – Sun, radioactive elements in the Earth’s CrustEarth’s Crust

Radiation TypesRadiation TypesNon-ionizing Non-ionizing IonizingIonizing

How is radiation measured?How is radiation measured?

Risks and SymptomsRisks and Symptoms• The biological effects of exposure vary with The biological effects of exposure vary with

the dose.the dose.

What are the risks and symptoms What are the risks and symptoms of radiation exposure?of radiation exposure?

Radioactive radon gas produced from the breakdown of Radioactive radon gas produced from the breakdown of uranium in the in the Earth’s crust accounts for over half of the uranium in the in the Earth’s crust accounts for over half of the radiation exposure to the general public.radiation exposure to the general public.

How does radiation affect us?How does radiation affect us?

Quick Quiz QuestionQuick Quiz QuestionWhich of these things affect the amount of Which of these things affect the amount of

radiation hitting the surface of the Earth?radiation hitting the surface of the Earth?A.A.CloudinessCloudinessB.B.AltitudeAltitudeC.C.HumidityHumidityD.D.They all do.They all do.

Questions?Questions?

NASA NASA ConnectionConnection

Radiation BiologyRadiation Biology

Why Radiation Biology?Why Radiation Biology?Why does NASA study Radiation Biology?Why does NASA study Radiation Biology?

Share your thoughts.Share your thoughts.

Radiation Biology? Radiation Biology?

Why is NASA studying biological Why is NASA studying biological effects of radiation?effects of radiation?

• Keep astronauts safeKeep astronauts safe• Identify health risksIdentify health risks• Work to understand Work to understand

damagedamage• Develop Develop

countermeasurescountermeasures

How do scientists study biological How do scientists study biological change during spaceflight?change during spaceflight?

• Scientists develop space Scientists develop space biology experiments biology experiments – in flight experimentin flight experiment– ground controlground control

• Analyze both to understand Analyze both to understand biological changesbiological changes

Using non-human organisms to Using non-human organisms to understand radiation damageunderstand radiation damage

• Study model Study model organismsorganisms

• Small in size, large Small in size, large numbers studied numbers studied in smaller volumein smaller volume

• Fruit flies – many Fruit flies – many things in common things in common with humanswith humans

Why does NASA Why does NASA study yeast in space?study yeast in space?

• NASA uses yeast as a model system to NASA uses yeast as a model system to explore the effects of radiation on cells. Just explore the effects of radiation on cells. Just like human cells, most yeast cells effectively like human cells, most yeast cells effectively repair DNA damage caused by radiation. repair DNA damage caused by radiation.

What is DNA?What is DNA?

What is DNA’s role in protein What is DNA’s role in protein production?production?

DNA is the storage unit for the information used to DNA is the storage unit for the information used to make proteins.make proteins.

What kind of damage occurs due What kind of damage occurs due to radiation?to radiation?

• Single strand break, or SSBSingle strand break, or SSB• Double strand break, or DSBDouble strand break, or DSB

Kinds of damage, continuedKinds of damage, continued

• Not immediately Not immediately observableobservable

• Some damage may not Some damage may not show up until much latershow up until much later

What kinds of damage can high What kinds of damage can high energy ions cause?energy ions cause?

• Not immediately observableNot immediately observable• Some damage may not show up until Some damage may not show up until

much latermuch later

Harm to DNAHarm to DNA

Earth’s ProtectionEarth’s Protection

• Magnetic fieldsMagnetic fields• AtmosphereAtmosphere

Protection from RadiationProtection from Radiation• Radiation Countermeasures:Radiation Countermeasures:

– Radiation DosimetryRadiation Dosimetry

– Operational Operational

• DietaryDietary• EngineeringEngineering

Protection from Radiation, cont.Protection from Radiation, cont.

Solar energy is strongerSolar energy is strongerA.A.At the top of the atmosphereAt the top of the atmosphereB.B.On the surface of the EarthOn the surface of the Earth

Quick Quiz QuestionQuick Quiz Question

Long Term Space TravelLong Term Space Travel• Monitoring and Monitoring and

collecting radiation collecting radiation doses received by doses received by Astronauts for yearsAstronauts for years

• Effects poorly Effects poorly understoodunderstood

NASA ResearchNASA Research

Materials on International Space Station Experiment-8

Intra-Vehicular Charged Particle

Directional Spectrometer

Radiation Area Monitor

Extra-Vehicular Charged Particle Directional Spectrometer

Radiation FactorsRadiation Factors

• AltitudeAltitude• Solar CycleSolar Cycle• Astronaut’s Astronaut’s

susceptibility susceptibility

NASA Radiation LabNASA Radiation Lab

Courtesy of Brookhaven National LaboratoryCourtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory

http://www.bnl.gov/medical/nasa/LTSF.asphttp://www.bnl.gov/medical/nasa/LTSF.asp

Which of these is NOT a type of Which of these is NOT a type of radiation?radiation?

A.A.X-raysX-raysB.B.Gamma RaysGamma RaysC.C.UV LightUV LightD.D.UraniumUranium

Quick Quiz QuestionQuick Quiz Question

Questions?Questions?

Lesson in DetailLesson in DetailRadiation BiologyRadiation Biology

Materials for LessonMaterials for Lesson1. Yeast-Extract Dextrose media plates (from kit, can also 1. Yeast-Extract Dextrose media plates (from kit, can also be made)be made)

2. UV-sensitive yeast suspension in liquid media and wild 2. UV-sensitive yeast suspension in liquid media and wild type yeast suspension in liquid media type yeast suspension in liquid media

3. A source of UV radiation such as direct sunlight 3. A source of UV radiation such as direct sunlight

4. Several kinds of sunscreen (each with different SPF), 4. Several kinds of sunscreen (each with different SPF), black paper, cloth, metal foil, or other types of materials black paper, cloth, metal foil, or other types of materials that can be used to experiment with UV shieldingthat can be used to experiment with UV shielding

5. Sterile water, sterile pipettes, and sterile toothpicks5. Sterile water, sterile pipettes, and sterile toothpicks

6. Plastic wrap (to cover plates)6. Plastic wrap (to cover plates)

ProceduresProcedures 1.1. Ensure that your hands and Ensure that your hands and

the work area are clean.the work area are clean.

2.2. Plate the yeast suspension.Plate the yeast suspension.

3.3. Label the dish by drawing lines Label the dish by drawing lines on the top and bottom to on the top and bottom to divide it into 4 parts. divide it into 4 parts.

4.4. Spread sunscreen on the lid of Spread sunscreen on the lid of the Petri dish (or on the plastic the Petri dish (or on the plastic wrap) in the places you wrap) in the places you marked; use an equal amount marked; use an equal amount in each section and spread the in each section and spread the sunscreen evenly. You can also sunscreen evenly. You can also use plastic, foil, etc. instead of use plastic, foil, etc. instead of sunscreen. sunscreen.

Procedures, continuedProcedures, continued5. Expose Petri dish to sun or to UV light. 5. Expose Petri dish to sun or to UV light.

6. After the exposure, wipe the sunscreen off 6. After the exposure, wipe the sunscreen off the lid of the Petri dish. Place the Petri dish the lid of the Petri dish. Place the Petri dish upside down in an incubator or in a dark upside down in an incubator or in a dark place and let it grow for 1-2 days in an place and let it grow for 1-2 days in an incubator at 30°C or 3-4 days at room incubator at 30°C or 3-4 days at room temperature.temperature.

7. If desired, repeat these steps with a wild 7. If desired, repeat these steps with a wild type strain as a control for comparison.type strain as a control for comparison.

8. Compare the amount of yeast that has 8. Compare the amount of yeast that has grown in different areas of the Petri dishgrown in different areas of the Petri dishand draw conclusions.and draw conclusions.

How will you quantify results?How will you quantify results?

• Count the coloniesCount the colonies• Determine if there Determine if there

was difference in SPFwas difference in SPF• Calculate survival Calculate survival

levels for SPFlevels for SPF• Look for mutations Look for mutations

in yeastin yeast

Any other ideas?Any other ideas?

EngagementEngagement• Introduce video to studentsIntroduce video to students

• Generate discussionGenerate discussion

• Why radiation biology?Why radiation biology?

• UV Radiation: How it affects life on EarthUV Radiation: How it affects life on Earth

• Stimulate interest with the NASA connectionStimulate interest with the NASA connection

• Careers with NASA connectionCareers with NASA connection

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions• What are the effects of different types of sunscreen What are the effects of different types of sunscreen

on yeast?on yeast?

• How can health be affected by exposure to How can health be affected by exposure to ultraviolet radiation?ultraviolet radiation?

• Why use yeast to study the effects of UV radiation?Why use yeast to study the effects of UV radiation?

• Does yeast grow less in some areas? More in Does yeast grow less in some areas? More in others? Why?others? Why?

• Did some sunscreens protect the yeast better than Did some sunscreens protect the yeast better than others?others?

• Does the UV pass through plastic wrap or petri dish Does the UV pass through plastic wrap or petri dish covers?covers?

• What can you conclude from the results of your What can you conclude from the results of your experiment?experiment?

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

Extensions and Extensions and ResourcesResourcesRadiation BiologyRadiation Biology

ExtensionsExtensions• Make several plates with diluted yeast cultures and Make several plates with diluted yeast cultures and

expose the yeast to sunlight at various times of day expose the yeast to sunlight at various times of day - every 2 hours. You can use the same period of - every 2 hours. You can use the same period of exposure.exposure.

• Expose the yeast for different durations at the Expose the yeast for different durations at the same time of day, for example 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 same time of day, for example 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 minutes at a certain time.minutes at a certain time.

ExtensionsExtensions• Compare the different types of yeast strains for Compare the different types of yeast strains for

UV sensitivity. Obtain wild-type UV sensitivity. Obtain wild-type S. cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae and and culture this strain then plate out dilutions. culture this strain then plate out dilutions. Compare the sensitivity of the two to ultraviolet Compare the sensitivity of the two to ultraviolet light from the sun.light from the sun.

Other topics you can cover…Other topics you can cover…

• What are the consequences of DNA damage?What are the consequences of DNA damage?• What is the DNA repair system?What is the DNA repair system?• How does UV radiation affect us?How does UV radiation affect us?• What is degenerative tissue damage?What is degenerative tissue damage?

More Advanced ExperimentMore Advanced Experiment

• Using Yeast to Measure the Intensity of Solar Ultraviolet RadiationUsing Yeast to Measure the Intensity of Solar Ultraviolet Radiationhttp://www.phys .ksu.edu/gene/d3.htmlhttp://www.phys .ksu.edu/gene/d3.html

• Space Faring: The Radiation ChallengeSpace Faring: The Radiation Challengehttp://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/materials/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/materials/listbytype/Space_Faring_Radiation.htmllistbytype/Space_Faring_Radiation.html

The main function of what layer of the The main function of what layer of the atmosphere is to absorb UV light?atmosphere is to absorb UV light?

A.A.AltizoneAltizoneB.B.OzoneOzoneC.C.TropozoneTropozone

Quick Quiz QuestionQuick Quiz Question

Questions?Questions?

NASA Explorer SchoolsNASA Explorer Schools

http://explorerschools.nasa.gov/http://explorerschools.nasa.gov/

http://explorerschools.nasa.gov/http://explorerschools.nasa.gov/

ResourcesResources

NASA ResourcesNASA ResourcesISS SightingsISS Sightings http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/index.htmlhttp://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/index.html

Space Station Research for TeachersSpace Station Research for Teachershttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/research_teacher.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/research_teacher.html

Saturday Morning ScienceSaturday Morning Sciencehttp://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp6/spacechronicles_videos.htmlhttp://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp6/spacechronicles_videos.html

Grade 6-12Grade 6-12• Space Faring: The Radiation Challenge UnitSpace Faring: The Radiation Challenge Unit

NASA Now VideosNASA Now Videos• NASA Now: NASA Now:

Solar Radiation and EarthSolar Radiation and Earth• NASA Now: NASA Now:

Solar StormsSolar Storms• NASA Now: NASA Now:

Inflatable StructuresInflatable Structures

Support & CollaborationSupport & Collaboration

Tell us what you think! NASAExplorerSchools

Take the Product Development

Survey!Become eligible for NASA recognition

opportunities!

Take the Product Development

Survey!Become eligible for NASA recognition

opportunities!

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