living organisms 5 kingdoms protista single cell animals proctoctista fungiplants heterotrophic rna...
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Living Organisms 5 KINGDOMS
PROTISTA
Single cell
ANIMALS
Proctoctista
FUNGI PLANTS
heterotrophic
RNA or DNA + protein
coat
PROKARYOTANO
NUCLEUS
No organellesDNA
MONERA
VirusesNo cell
no cytoplasm
no organelles
Obligate parasites
Alive ?
Eukaryote Have a
NUCLEUS
Multicellular
Unicellular
Algae
autotrophic
Amoeba
hypha
mycelium
Wall--chitin
Yeast mushrooms
,moulds
heterotroph
photosynthesis
Wall--cellulose
Gametophyte & sporophyte
autotroph
non-vascular vascular
mosses ferns
differentiation
organs
gymnosperms
angiosperms
Conifers Flowering plants
Nervous system
heterotroph
No cell wall
Simple organisatio
n
producers
consumers
A
B
1 2
3 45
Microorganisms
saprophyte
Beneficial
Nutrition
heterotrophic
parasite
Harmful
Economic Importance
Food preservation
disease
pathogen
Decay, recycling C,N,P
Food spoilage
antibiotics
cheese, alcohol
enzymes
Canning drying salting
pickling smoking chilling
freezing cooking pasteurising irradiating Growth
Genetic engineering
factorspH
food supply
heat
toxins
*Food processin
g
batch flow
continuous flow
*Growth curve
autotrophic
photosyntheticchemosyntheti
c
Agar
Preparation
Sterilisation
Pouring plates
Inoculation
Incubation
Precautions
symbiosis
lag
logstationar
ydeath
Bioprocessing
Empty /
refill
Remove products
antibiotics
producer
consumer
Bacteria in pea roots
Bacteria in
intestines
Fungal mycorrhiza
dead
alive
survival
yoghurts
BACTERIA
Mucopolysaccharide wall
saprophyte
rod
Single cell
No nucleus
No organelles
Circular DNA
plasmid
Beneficial
round
spiral
*prokaryote
Nutrition
consumerproducer
photosyntheticchemosyntheti
c
parasite
Harmful
Economic Importance
shapes
disease
pathogen
Decay, recycling C,N,P
Food spoilage
antibiotics
cheese, yoghurt
recycling
N-fixing
symbiosis
Vitamin K
Reproduction
Binary fission
asexual
sexual Genetic engineering
conjugation
symbiosis
host
harm
Mutual benefit
nodules in pea roots
in intestine
s
endospore
Resistant phase
mutation
Antibiotic resistance
clones
vaccines
FUNGI
saprophyte
hypha
rhizoid
sporangium
spores
Nutrition
heterotrophic
parasite
Harmful
reproduction
disease
Food spoilage
Economic Importance
Beneficial
mycelium
asexual
sexual
moulds
crops
Potato blight
athlete’s foot
food
mushrooms
Yeast
bread
alcohol
antibiotics
Rhizopus
wind
Extracellular enzymes
Food spoilage
dry rot
Decay, recycling C,N,P
recycling C,N,P
reproduction
structure
budding Single cell
vacuole
wall
eukaryotic*
mitosis
chain of cells
GrowthNutrient agar
autoclave
sterilisation
petri dish
colonies
culture
inoculation
incubation
zygospore
controlLeaf Yeast
symbiosis
mychorrhiza
lichen
roots
chitin
ACTIVITY
nucleus
Agar plates
Ash tree
Pink colonies
Pollution indicator
gametangia
VIRUSES
Nutrition
Obligate parasite
diseases
Replication
Plant virus
New virus particles
Crop damag
e
Vectors [carriers]
No cell parts
Alive ?
structure
DNA Protein
bacteriophage
Animal virus
.020-.3um
Body fluids
animals
Air droplets
Takes over
In host cell
polio
HIV
measles
herpes
chickenpox
warts
+RNA
antibodies
vaccination
Economic importance
death
Quality of life
Medical costs
Mosaic diseases
Foot and mouth
prions
BSE [mad cow disease]
vCJD
Altered proteins
Animal infection
bacteria
insects
Dead virusMild strain
White cells
AMOEBA
excretion
No shape
Single cell
animal
movement
feeding
pseudopodia
Food vacuol
e
enzymes respiration
reproduction responsiveness
mitosisBinary fission
diffusion
Mud in ponds
CO2 out
O2 in
lightchemicals
osmoregulation
food
Water in by osmosis
Contractile vacuole
LIFE CYCLES
herbaceous
perennial crocus, daffodil
woody
annual
biennial
1 year—seed, flower, seed
2 year—food store / flower, seed
many years—seeds / perennating organ
deciduous
evergreen
Lose leaves
carrot, cabbage
corn, pea
holly, spruce
oak, ash
perennial
FLOWERING PLANTS
monocotyledonous
1 cotyledon
Most trees and shrubs [apart from conifers] sycamore, oak,
rose, cactus, pea, bean, lettuce,
dicotyledonous
grasses [e.g. wheat, corn, barley], sugarcane, Palm trees,
lilies, orchids, bamboo,
endosperm
Fibrous roots
Flower parts in 3s
Parallel leaf veinsVascular
bundles scattered in
stem
2 cotyledons
No endosperm
Tap rootsFlower parts in 4s or
5sNetwork of leaf
veinsVascular
bundles in rings in stem
Pollen grain—1 furrow
Pollen grain—3 furrows
PLANT STRUCTURE
TISSUES
LEAF
cuticle
ROOT
STEM
Vegetative Reproduction
Upper epidermis
Ground tissuephotosynthe
sis
Lower epidermis
stomata
dermal
ground
vascular
transpiration
epidermis
Ground tissue
Vascular bundle
bark
protection
storage
support
phloem
xylem
food
support
water
epidermis
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
storage
support
phloem
xylem
food
support
water
absorption
Stem,root,leaf,bud
storage
protection
transport
xylem
phloem
parenchyma
root hairsepidermis
lenticelsGas
exchange
T.S.
BUD
growthmeristem
T.S.
anchor
Root tip
FLOWERSexual
Reproduction
Root hair
TRANSPIRATION STREAM
rootGround tissue
xylem
minerals
water
osmosis
Active transport
stem
*cohesion
*adhesion
Water to water
Water to xylem
leaf
xylem
Ground tissue
stomata
photosynthesis
CO2
water
Root pressure [push]
Transpiration [pull]
SOIL
AIR
sugar
phloem
storage
CO2 level drops
K+ enter guard cells
osmosis
Water enters
Stoma
opens
Guard cell
photosynthesis
*
Trans locat ion
PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES
TROPISM
Combined effect
inhibitor
energy
Active transportgrowth
New cells elongation
promoter
*AUXIN
PHOTO GEO HYDRO CHEMO THIGMO
light gravity water minerals touch
*mechanism
light redirects
“dark” side grows faster
bends to light
production
sites
functions
effects
ACTIVITY
The effect of IAA growth
regulator on plant tissue
meristem
apicalbud
Cambium
Phloem and xylem
Unidirectional stimulus
Pollen tube --micropyle
Vines, tendrils
Stems/roots
Radish seeds
Different concs of IAA
Measure
GIBBERELLIN
CYTOKININ
ABSCISIC ACID
ETHENE
AUXIN
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
embryo
meristem enlargement
Apical dominance
phototropism
geotropism
IAA Fruit
development
Rooting powder
leaves
Stem elongation
germination
New growth in spring
meristem
fruit
Root tips
mitosis
Leaf growth
Breaks dormancy
Delays ageingpromotes
dormancy
Mature leaves
Fruit and seeds
Abscission of leaves,
flowers and fruits
Fruit ripening
Synthetic
Herbicide
PLANT
REPRODUCTION
FLOWER
Asexual
Embryo
Stamensepal
fertilisation
zygote
carpel
Sperm nucleus
spiky pollen
Germination
fruit
egg
food store
seed
Insect pollinated
Wind pollinated
Sticky stigma
nectar
Light pollen,many grains
Feathery stigma
Anthers outside
ovary
ovule
dispersal
wind
animal
water
self
oxygen
water
heat
Dormancy
Activity
Activity
enzymes
variety
dispersal
dormancy
Many stages to go
through
Resistant stage
food store
Pollen grain
Bright petalsNo bright colours
pollinationstigma
Protect as bud
Vegetative Reproduction
Sexual
Pyrogallic acid
amylase
Starch agar + iodine
Clear patches
PERENNATION
corm
bulb
rhizome
tuber
runner
stemroot
tap
Exact copy
Quick growth VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
Quick growth in spring
cuttings
budding
Survive winter
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
reliable
artificial
advantages disadvantages
grafting
Underground food store
Limited dispersal
Diseases affect all
No variety
Types of Immunity
physical barrier [skin], tears [eye], hairs and wax [ears], hairs and mucus [nose]
Natural
Sense organs
cilia and mucus [lungs]Respiratory system
acid [stomach]Digestive System
clotting [platelets], phagocytosis [white cells]
Circulatory system
Active
Naturally
Acquired
Virus or bacterium attacks body
PassiveAntibodies from mother through placenta or milk
Active
Artificially
Vaccine [dead or mild dose of the disease]
Passive Injected with antibody [e.g.anti-tetanus]
Blood 5L
RED WHITE PLATELETS
Liquid [Plasma]
Solid [Cells]
Oxygen Defence
Transport
Clotting
Circulatory System
Heart
Lungs
VesselsBlood
Double pump
Pulse
Pacemaker
Coronary artery
Cardiac
muscle
Heart attack
Body cells
Ventricle---OUT
Atrium---IN
valves
Arteries Veins
Capillaries
CellsLiquid
Exercise
Lymphatic system
Plasma
White
Red Platelets
Lymph nodes
Lacteal in villus
Lymphocytes
ImmunityDrainage
Antibodies
Acquired
Skin, stomach acid, White cells, Platelets mucus, wax
Natural
Pulmonary circulation
Systemmic circulation
From mother--womb, milk
Disease, Vaccine
active passive
O2 Blood
Groups
clot
Defence
Transport
Stops backflow
away O2 pulse
Valves
skin thin
exchange
Activity
Dissect
fatsmoking
Activity
T* B*
Bone marrow
Thymus
cytotoxic
Attack infected
cells
Bone
Plasmahelper
Antibodies bind to
free antigenMemor
y cellsimmunit
yvaccines
Digestion
Egestion
Absorption
Assimilation
fat
Balanced Diet
Ingestion
NUTRITION
Autotroph
Producer
Make own food
Heterotroph
Consumer
consume others
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
Green plants
CHEMOSYNTHETIC
some Bacteria
HOLOZOIC
Digestive system
SAPROPHYTIC
Dead matter
PARASITIC
living host--harm
HERBIVORE
Plants only
rabbit, sheep
CARNIVORE
Animals only
cat, hedgehog
OMNIVORE
Everything
badger, human
Human
protein
water
fibre
minerals
vitamins
carbohydrate
Digestive system
LIVER
MANUFACTURES
BREAKS DOWN
ASSIMILATES
STORES
Prothrombin
Bile
heat
toxins hormones
drugs
Excess amino acids
urea
glucose
Amino acids
lipids
glycogenMinerals[iron]
Plasma proteins
fibrinogen
Vit K
Vitamins [A,D,K]
Bile salts
Red cells
Bile pigments Food
additives
muscle liver
respiration
energy
cell membranestore
skin
proteinNew cells
Emulsify fats
clotting
transport From metabolis
m
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LARGE INTESTINE
MOUTHsaliva
SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM
OESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
ILEUM
mucus
tastespeech
amylase
teeth
bolusperistalsis
Gastric juice
chyme
churn
storeHCl
pepsin
Peptic ulcer
LIVERBile salts
Emulsify fats
PANCREAS
Pancreatic juice
amylase,trypsin,lipase
maltase,peptidase
sugars, amino acids
fatty acids + glycerol
Absorption
VILLUS
Lacteal [lymph]capillaries
rectum
faeces
bacteria
Water reabsorbed
appendix
physical
SALIVARY GLANDS
mucus
caecum
colon lipase
Erepsinegestion
HOMEOSTASIS in Humans
Toxins
liver
lungs
Carbon dioxide
Temperature
pH
kidney
Nutrients
skin
Water
Oxygen
intestines
hormones
Invaders
bloodDistribution
around the body
Nervous system
medullahypothalamus
lymph
ADH
blood
insulinglucagon
Toxins
Temperature
Nutrients
Water
Invaders
Distribution around the body
HOMEOSTASIS in plants
Leaf fall
Cell sap
heartwood
leaf
root
Oxygen
photosynthesis
transpiration
Xylem phloem
cuticle
bark
Carbon dioxide
Leaf fall
As plant
Dormancy
As seed
Bud protected
underground
Perennating organ
Adaptation
leaf Thick cuticle
Thin, narrow
Sunken stomata
Stomata,
lenticels
e.g. cactus
LUNGS
*medulla
AirO2
inhaling
pollution
CO2
N2
smokingCars,
factories
Intercostal[ribs]
muscles
diaphragm
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveolus
cilia
mucus
wetcapillarie
sexchang
e
disorders
cancer
asthma
bronchitis
contract
0.03%
21%
79%
*hypothalamus
inflammation
emphysema
Alveoli damage
Tubes narrow
EXCRETION
Kidney
Skin
Lungs
Liver
urea
salts
sweat
salts
Bile pigments
excess protein
toxins
CO2
heat
water
water
If ADH present
Selectively reabsorb
excrete
urea
urea
intestines
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
tubules
Collecting duct
bladder
filter
*NEPHRON
water
osmoregulation
Kidney failure
dialysis
transplant
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Negative feedback
Homeostasis
Chemical messenger
pituitary
Nervous system
faster
Shorter duration
electricity
Cells carry
message
Brain
blood
ductless
target
balance
Hormones
Pancreas Thyroid Adrenal Ovary
Posterior Anterior
TSH ACTH
ADHFSH
LH
Oxytocin
Insulin glucagon
Sugar levels
Thyroxine
Metabolism
steroids
growth
adrenaline
Fright or flight
Testis
oestrogen progesteron
e
cycle traits
testosterone
sperm traits
Birth milk
Retain water
[kidney]
hypothalamus
Hormone actions
Nerve detection or response
Co-ordination
SKELETON
SUPPORT
MOVEMENT
PROTECTION
BLOOD CELLS
skull
spine
ribs
muscles
JOINTS
fixed
Synovial fluid
pivot
ball & socket
hingegliding
cartilage
Antagonistic pair
tendon
ligaments
STORAGE
red marrow
Calcium, phosphorus salts
pectoral, pelvic girdles
BREATHING
immovable
Partly movable
synovial
friction
Ends of long bones
Flat bones
strength
protein
skull
neck wrist elbow
shoulder
Pull [contract]
vertebra
Spinal cord
Disordersosteoporosis
arthritis
rickets
voluntaryinvoluntary
cardiac
*osteocyte
meninges
Dorsal root
White matter
myelin
medulla BRAIN
Grey matter
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURON
5 Senses
CENTRAL N.S.
cerebellum
Motor area
Sensory area
cerebrum
hypothalamus
PERIPHERAL N.S.
ventral root
Reflex action
pituitary
hormones
Pulse, breathing
co-ordination
conscious
SPINAL CORD
Sensory nerves motor nerves
Receptors Effectors
muscles, glands
dendrite
dendron
cell body
ganglionaxon
synaptic knobs synapse
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
nodesmyelin sheath
schwann cell
Personality
stimulus response
impulse
NEURON
balance
protection
Sensitivity
Co-ordination
Excretion
SKIN
sweat
epidermis
Protection
Sensitivity
Temperature control
water
urea
salts
deadWound heals
oil
hair
nerves
adipose
capillaries
hair
sun
friction
waterproof
melaninUV
focus
EYE
SENSES
Hearing
lightprotectio
n
shape
EAR
humour
choroidskull
Protection
Balance
sclera
tears
conjunctiva
eyelids
pigment
No reflection
iris
pupil
amount
“coloured”
colours
retina
cones
rods b/w
cornea
lens
close
far
Ciliary muscle
melanin
skull
wax
hairs
Eustachian tube
Semi-circular canals
eardrum
3 bones
cochlea
Auditory nerve
SKIN
NOSE
TONGUE
accommodation
Suspensory ligaments
Ears ‘pop’
Funnel
pinna
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
fertilisation
sperm
MALE
FEMALE
insemination
Seminal fluid
prostate
Seminal vesicle
testissemen
ovary
testosterone
beard
Bone, muscle
epididymis
store
intercourse
Vas deferens
Uterus [womb]
vagina
oviduct
egg
oestrogen progesterone
Menstrual cycle
pregnancy
penis
implantation
Breasts, womb
embryo
foetus
Umbilical cord
Amniotic fluid
blastocyst
placenta
labour
birth
afterbirth
protectionNutrients,
waste
vasectomy
condom
IUD
Pill
Cut tubes
ovulation
zygote
Contraception methods
=
In oviduct
twins
*pituitary
*FSH *LH
Corpus luteum
follicle
egg
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