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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-1

Chapter 15: Design Examples

Department of Electronic Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

Prof. Ming-Bo Lin

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-2

Syllabus

Objectives

BusData transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

A simple CPU design

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-3

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Describe basic structures of µ P systemsUnderstand the basic operations of bus structuresUnderstand the essential operations of data transfer Understand the design principles of GPIOsUnderstand the design principles of timers

Understand the design principles of UARTsDescribe the design principles of CPUs

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-4

Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

A µ p system architectureBus structuresBus arbitration

Data transfer General-purpose input and output

TimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-5

A Basic µ P System

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-6

Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

A µ p system architectureBus structuresBus arbitration

Data transfer General-purpose input and output

TimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-7

Bus Structures

Tristate bususing tristate buffersoften called bus for short

Multiplexer-based bus

using multiplexers

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-8

A Tristate Bus

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-9

A Tristate Bus Example

// a tristate bus examplemodule tristate_bus (data, enable, qout);

parameter N = 2; // define bus widthinput enable;input [N-1:0] data;output [N-1:0] qout;wire [N-1:0] qout;

// the body of tristate busassign qout = enable ? data : {N{1'bz}};

endmodule

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-10

A Bidirectional Bus Example

// a bidirectional bus examplemodule bidirectional_bus (data_to_bus, send, receive, data_from_bus, qout);

parameter N = 2; // define bus width

input send, receive;input [N-1:0] data_to_bus;output [N-1:0] data_from_bus;inout [N-1:0] qout; // bidirectional bus

wire [N-1:0] qout, data_from_bus;// the body of tristate busassign data_from_bus = receive ? qout : {N{1'bz}};assign qout = send ? data_to_bus : {N{1'bz}};endmodule

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-11

A Multiplexer-Based Bus

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-12

Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

A µ p system architectureBus structuresBus arbitration

Data transfer General-purpose input and output

TimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-13

Daisy-Chain Arbitration

Types of bus arbitration schemesdaisy-chain arbitrationradial arbitration

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-14

Syllabus

Objectives

BusData transfer Synchronous transfer mode

Asynchronous transfer modeGeneral-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-15

Data Transfer Modes

Data transfer modessynchronous modeasynchronous mode

The actual data can be transferred in

parallel : a bundle of signals in parallelserial : a stream of bits

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-16

Synchronously Parallel Data Transfers

Each data transfer is synchronous with clock signalBus master Bus slave

Two types

Single-clock bus cycleMultiple-clock bus cycle

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-17

Synchronously Parallel Data Transfers

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-18

Synchronously Serial Data Transfers

Explicitly clocking schemeImplicitly clocking scheme

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-19

Synchronously Serial Data Transfers

Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-20

Syllabus

ObjectivesBusData transfer

Synchronous transfer mode

Asynchronous transfer modeGeneral-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-21

Asynchronous Data Transfers

Each data transfer occurs at randomControl approaches

strobe schemehandshaking scheme

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-22

Strobe

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-23

Handshaking

Four events are proceeded in a cycle order ready (request)data validdata acceptanceacknowledge

h l

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-24

Handshaking

Two typessource-initiated transfer destination-initiated transfer

Ch 15 D i E l

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Asynchronously Serial Data Transfers

Transmitter Receiver

Ch t 15 D i E l

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-26

Asynchronously Serial Data Transfers

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-27

Syllabus

ObjectivesBusData transfer General-purpose input and output

TimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-28

General-Purpose Input and Output Devices

The general-purpose input and output (GPIO)inputoutput

bidirectional

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-29

General-Purpose Input and Output Devices

An example of 8-bit GPIO

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-30

Design Issues of GPIO Devices

Readback capability of PORT register Group or individual bit controlSelection the value of DDR Handshaking control

Readback capability of DDR Input latch

Input/Output pull-upDrive capability

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-31

General-Purpose Input and Output Devices

The ith-bit of two GPIO examples

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-32

Syllabus

ObjectivesBusData transfer General-purpose input and output

TimersInterfaceBasic operation modes

Advanced operation modesUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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p g p

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-33

Timers

Important applicationstime-delay creationevent countingtime measurement

period measurement pulse-width measurementtime-of-day tracking

waveform generation periodic interrupt generation

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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p g p

Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-34

Timers

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-35

Syllabus

ObjectivesBusData transfer General-purpose input and output

TimersInterfaceBasic operation modes

Universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-36

Basic Timer Operations

TimersWhat is a timer?What is a counter?What is a programmable counter?What is a programmable timer?

Basic operation modesterminal count (binary/BCD event counter)

rate generation(digital) monostable (or called one-shot)square-wave generation

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-37

Terminal Count

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Rate Generation

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Retriggerable Monostable (One-Shot) Operation

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-40

Square-Wave Generation

(b) Block diagram of square-wave mode

(a) A waveform example of square-wave mode

clk

out

3 2 1 0(4)0(4)3 2 14

Latch register = 4

Latch

timer

Data buswr

rd

out

gateclk

timer_loadgenerator

timer_enable

timer_load DCK

Q

timer is 1

Shift plus LSB

out logic

latch_load

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-41

Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

Data transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

InterfaceBasic transmitter structure

Basic receiver structureBaud-rate generators

A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-42

UARTs

Hardware modelthe CPU interfacethe I/O interface

Software modelreceiver data register (RDR)transmitter data register (TDR)status register (SR)

control register (CR)

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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UARTs

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

Data transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

InterfaceBasic transmitter structure

Basic receiver structureBaud-rate generators

A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-45

Design Issues of UARTs

Baud rateSampling clock frequencyStop bitsParity check

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-46

A Transmitter of UARTs

The transmittera transmitter shift data register (TSDR)

a TDR empty flag (TE)a transmitter control circuita TDR

parity generator

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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A Transmitter of UARTs

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-48

Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

Data transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

InterfaceBasic transmitter structure

Basic receiver structureBaud-rate generators

A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-49

A Receiver of UARTs

The receiver a RDR

a receiver shift data register (RSDR)a status register a receiver control circuit

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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A Receiver of UARTs

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

Data transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

InterfaceBasic transmitter structure

Basic receiver structureBaud-rate generators

A simple CPU design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

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Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008-2010, John Wiley 15-52

Baud-Rate Generators

The baud-rate generator provides TxC and RxC

Design approachesMultiplexer-based approachTimer-based approachOthers

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

S ll b

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Syllabus

ObjectivesBusData transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

Programming modelDatapath designControl unit design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

CPU B i O ti

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CPU Basic Operations

Chapter 15: Design Examples

Th S ft M d l f CPU

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The Software Model of CPU

The programming modelInstruction formatsAddressing modesInstruction set

Chapter 15: Design Examples

The Programming Mode

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The Programming Mode

Chapter 15: Design Examples

Instruction Formats

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Instruction Formats

Two major partsOpcode

Operand

Chapter 15: Design Examples

Addressing Modes

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Addressing Modes

The ways that operands are fetchedregister

indexedregister indirectimmediate

Chapter 15: Design Examples

The Instruction Set

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The Instruction Set

Double-operand instruction set

Chapter 15: Design Examples

The Instruction Set

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The Instruction Set

Single-operand instruction set

Chapter 15: Design Examples

The Instruction Set

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The Instruction Set

Jump instruction set

Chapter 15: Design Examples

Syllabus

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Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

Data transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

Programming modelDatapath designControl unit design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

A Datapath Design

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A Datapath Design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

ALU Functions

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ALU Functions

Chapter 15: Design Examples

Syllabus

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Syllabus

ObjectivesBus

Data transfer General-purpose input and outputTimersUniversal asynchronous receiver and transmitter A simple CPU design

Programming modelDatapath designControl unit design

Chapter 15: Design Examples

A Control Unit

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The decoder-based approach

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Chapter 15: Design Examples

A Control Unit

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The operations of T3 and T4 are determined separately byeach instruction

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