lobes of the brain pieces of the cerebral cortex major lobes of the brain 8 lobes total (4 on each...
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Brain Structure
http://www.g2conline.org/2022
Lobes of the BrainPieces of the Cerebral Cortex
Major Lobes of the Brain8 lobes total (4 on each side)
Frontal and Parietal LobesFrontal Lobes:
Behind foreheadInvolved in making plans, judgment, emotional control, abstract thought.
Parietal Lobes:
Crown of your head
Includes your sensory cortex
Used for general processingespecially mathematical & spatial reasoning
Temporal LobesBehind ears, auditory functions
Processes the meaning of written & spoken language Sound doesn’t need to be real, auditory hallucinations
activate the temporal lobe
Right side enables us to recognize facesProsopagnosia: ability to identify features of a face, but
unable to recognize the person (3:30)
Occipital LobesBack of brain, above cerebellum
Visual functions• Impulses from our eyes are sent to the visual
cortex to be interpreted
• If damaged, may lose ability to recognize objects visually
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Both located in left hemisphere
Both involved with language
Located in temporal lobe
Affects our ability to understand both written and/or spoken language (what others say)
Located back of frontal lobe
Controls muscles involved in producing speech
If damaged, may be unable to talk (but you can still SING!) Common in stroke patients Foreign Accent Syndrome
(4:00)
Motor CortexBack of the frontal lobeContralateral controlMore intricate body movements get
a larger section of the motor cortex
If damaged Lack of coordinationParalysis
Sensory Cortex (somatosensory cortex)
Parietal lobe, directly behind motor cortex
Receives incoming touch, pressure, temp, pain sensations from the rest of our bodyIf damaged, lose touch sensitivity
The more sensitive a body part, the more space it has on the sensory cortex
One reason why we kiss with our lips and not our toes!
Phantom sensations:If a body part is amputated, sensory fibers terminateand the adjacent areas invades that space in the cortex.
For example, if your hand is amputated, and your faceis stimulated, you will continue to feel a sensation in your amputated hand.
Top of cortex controls bottom of body
Bottom of cortex (near your ears), controls the top of the body
Limbic SystemWraps around the thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Amygdala Hippocampus
Hippocampus & AmygdalaWhere new
memories are processed (not permanently stored!)
Damage will cause no use of short-term memory
Clive Wearing (3:00)
Processes emotions
Hypothalamus(next to the thalamus)
• Uses pituitary gland to help control the endocrine system
• When it detects an imbalance, it triggers directions for a response
• Body Temp…sweat• Thirst…drink water• Hunger…eat (or stop eating)• Fight-or-Flight…RUN!!• Sexual arousal…
Cerebral CortexWrinkled surface of brain
Ultimate control of processing
Learning causes neuron connections within the cerebral cortex to grow stronger
Where long-term memories are stored
Thalamus
Sits on top of brainstem
Receives information from all senses, EXCEPT SMELL!
Routes information to specific regions of brain (seeing, hearing, tasting, touching)
Thalamus
Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum“Little Brain,” sits at
the back of the brain, size of a baseball
Automatically coordinates complex movements (balance, walking, dancing, or drinking from a cup)
Processes memories for skills
The BrainstemEven the most simple creatures have this
It is an extension of your spinal cord
Controls involuntary functions sleep, swallowing, bladder controlheart beat & breathing
Filters incoming messagesIt’s why you don’t act out your dreams!
Brain PlasticityThe idea that the brain, when damaged, will
attempt to find news ways to reroute messages.
Children’s brains are more plastic than adults.
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