location matters -...

Location Matters:

Phil Bresnahan, Rusty Holleman, Zephyr Sylvester, Emily Novick, Maureen Downing-Kunz, David Senn

Oxygen Variability Across Space and Time

Outline

Why does dissolved oxygen matter?

What are the principle drivers?

How can we untangle them?

Why should we care?

Drivers of variability in DOHumans

Nutrients

Plankton

Drivers of variability in DOHumans

Nutrients

Plankton

Detritus

Oxygen

Fish

Why should we care?

CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O

Why should we care?

CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O← Photosynthesis

dominates

Why should we care?

CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O

Respiration →dominates

Why should we care?The SF Bay food web depends on DO

We can directly influence DOWe need to know how much is natural vs…?

Wray Gabel, SF Bay Bird Observatory

Wray Gabel, SF Bay Bird Observatory

Constraining variability allows us to estimate rates,slough-to-basin scale budgets, and habitat quality

and the effects of nutrient loads

The Drivers Of Change

Drivers of variability in DO

Interfaces: air–water

sediment–water

Production vs. Respiration:Phytoplankton/zooplankton/nekton/detritus/bacteria

Connections:ponds

marshesbay

oceanland

Drivers of variability in DO

Lower DO

Higher DO

Drivers of variability in DOAir–sea exchange

Water column production/respiration

Sediment oxygen demand

Lower DO

Higher DO

Drivers of variability in DO

Lower DO

Higher DO

Air–sea exchange

Water column production/respiration

Sediment oxygen demand

Drivers of variability in DO

Lower DO

Higher DO

Air–sea exchange

Water column production/respiration

Sediment oxygen demand

Studying the DIMENSIONS

of variability will provide critical insight

into the DRIVERS of

variability

Disentangling Variability

Disentangling Variability

VerticalCross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

?????

?

?

?

?

The LSB Network

?

?

?

?

The LSB Network

Deep Subtidal Biweekly-Monthly sampling

USGS

?

?

?

?

The LSB Network

Deep Subtidal Biweekly-Monthly sampling

USGS USGS

High-frequency measurements – Dumbarton

Deep Subtidal Biweekly-Monthly sampling High-frequency measurements – Dumbarton

USGS USGS

The LSB NetworkVertical

Cross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

????

The LSB Network: DO (mg/L)

The LSB Network: DO (mg/L)

The LSB Network: DO (mg/L)

The LSB Network: DO (mg/L)

VerticalCross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

???

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

What do aquatic organisms experience in LSB habitats?

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

What do aquatic organisms experience in LSB habitats?

BETTER

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

What do aquatic organisms experience in LSB habitats?

BETTER WORSE

WORSE

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

What do aquatic organisms experience in LSB habitats?

BETTER

EVEN WORSE

WORSE

WORSE

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

What do aquatic organisms experience in LSB habitats?

BETTER

EVEN WORSE

WORSE

WORSE

Species dependent!

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

Newark Slough

08 06

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

Alviso Slough

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

Guadalupe Slough

Species dependentresponses!

Measurements in all dimensions

VerticalCross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

???

ooring location:ransect location:

Velocity

Dissolved oxygen

Multi-probe: T, sal, DO, chlturb, depth

Velocity

Dissolved oxygen

Multi-probe: T, sal, DO, chlturb, depth

Temporal Vertical Variability

Temporal Vertical Variability

Putting it all together2016-08-27 01:00:00

75

60

45

30

DO

conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Duration (hours)0.5 1 3 6 12 24 >24

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

Alviso Slough, 50 cmab

Alviso Slough

Surface

50 cmab

5 cmab

Preliminary ConclusionsVertical

Cross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

Preliminary Conclusions

To determine LSB biogeochemical variability, we need inter-site, vertically resolved time-series

The variability we’ve constrained allows us to estimate rates and slough-to-basin scale budgets and 4-D habitat quality

VerticalCross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

Thanks!USGS Sacramento:Kurt WeidichDarin EinhellMaureen Downing-KunzDave SchoellhamerDaniel Livsey

NMS FundingSFEI TeammatesJen Hunt, Phil Trowbridge, Ila Shimabuku, SFEI Environmental Informatics

San José-Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility:

Eric DunlaveyBryan Frueh

Integral Consulting and Leviathan Consulting:

Frank SpadaKara ScheuCraig Jones

Steve LaMothe

Alviso Slough

Velocity

Dissolved oxygen

Multi-probe: T, sal, DO, chlturb, depth

Along-Slough: Alviso

Start (Mouth) Pond A8 End (Alviso)

00 • • • -

• • • • • • 05 •

• • • • • • •

- 10 • • E • • - • &. -Q. Cl • 0 15

•

• 20 •

4000 .3000 2000 1000 0 Distance downlilrtam (mJ

Vertical/Along-Slough Variability

.s a. Ql 0 1.5

2.0

2 .5 7000

0.0

0.5

1.0 § .<:! .... a. Ql 0 1.5

2.0

2.5

6000

6000

90

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Distance downstream (mJ

Mid Flood OS

8C .•

,.,

/U

li~ . . .. 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Dista nee downstream (mJ

Vertical/Along-Slough Variability

VerticalCross-channelAlong-channel

Inter-siteTemporal

?

What causes inter-site and temporal variability?

What causes inter-site and temporal variability?

Newark

Open Bay is well mixed, well aeratedMarshes and sediments (mud) are

net heterotrophic

What causes inter-site and temporal variability?

Newark

And then there’s Alviso…

And then there’s Alviso…Newark Alviso

Drivers of variability in DOInterfaces:

air–watersediment–water

Production vs. Respiration:

Phytoplankton/zooplankton/ nekton/detritus/bacteria

Connections:ponds

marshesbay

oceanland

Dimensions

VerticalLateral (cross-channel)

Longitudinal (along channel)

TemporalInter-site

VerticalLateral (cross-channel)

Longitudinal (along channel)

TemporalInter-site

Interfaces: air–water

sediment–water

Production vs. Respiration:

Phytoplankton/zooplankton/ nekton/detritus/bacteria

Connections:ponds

marshesbay

oceanland

IT’S COMPLICATED

Drivers of variability in DODimensions

We then passed this data through some existing suggested criteria from other regions (knowing that the indicator species may not be most appropriate for SFB):

--EPA (2000): for Virginia Province

--Sutula (2012): all of CA, except SFB

--Bailey (2014): Suisun Marsh, in SFB

Guadalupe

Would violate EPA (2000) criteria for short-term exposures (>24 hrs)

Would violate Sutula(2012) and Bailey (2014) juvenile/adult survivialcriteria

< 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

Duration (h )

Would violate growth criteria fromEPA (2000), Sutula (2012) and Bailey and Sutula (2014)

Windows <XTotalWindows

Frequency

• > 0 0

• • ·-

08 06 OA

02 00

San Mateo Dumbarton

Newark Mowry

Coyote Alviso

- Relevant species for Lower South Bay?

- DO chronic data for those species?

Guadalupe