“lower” core tricolpates: the caryophyllales and saxifragales spring 2010
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“Lower” Core Tricolpates: The Caryophyllales and Saxifragales
Spring 2010
“Lower”Core tricolpates
Figure 9.3 from the text
Basal and “lower” core eudicotsOrder RanunculalesRanunculaceae – ButtercupsBerberidaceae - BarberriesPapaveraceae - Poppies
Order ProtealesPlatanaceae - Sycamore
Order CaryophyllalesCaryophyllaceae - CarnationsAmaranthaceae - Amaranths“Portulacaceae” - PurslanesCactaceae - Cacti
Polygonaceae - Knotweeds
Order SaxifragalesCrassulaceae - StonecropsSaxifragaceae - SaxifragesHamamelidaceae - Witch hazels
Basaltricolpates
“Lower”coretricolpates
“Lower” Core Eudicots:The Caryophyllales
• Vessel elements with simple perforation plates
• Anther wall development• Molecular data• Two main clades: suborder
Caryophyllineae and suborder Polygonineae (these sometimes treated as the orders Caryophyllales and Polygonales)
• 10,650 species in 30 families
Core of Suborder Caryophyllineae
Repeatedly demonstrated to be monophyletic based on a range of derived characters:
• Betalain pigments – Nitrogen-containing (alkaloidal) red and yellow pigments that replace the anthocyanin (phenolic) pigments found in most other land plants
• Presence of perisperm in seeds – specialized diploid tissue derived from the megasporangium
• Ovules with ‘beaked’ integuments – Bitegmic ovules; inner set of integuments extend beyond outer set at micropyle
• Placentation free-central to basal• Coiled or folded embryos in seeds• Uniseriate perianth – single whorl of tepals• Stamens maturing centrifugally – Innermost anthers mature first,
progressively moving to outside of whorl• Special form of sieve-element plastids (P-type)
Suborder Caryophyllineae
Betalainpigments
Anthocyaninpigments
Figure 4.51 from the text
Suborder CaryophyllineaeOvule and Seed Characters
curved embryo
“Beaked” integument of ovule
perisperm
Caryophyllales - Caryophyllineae:Caryophyllaceae
(The Carnation Family)
• Widespread, usually in temperate/warm temperate regions of N. hemisphere
• Herbs; leaves opposite, entire, sometimes hairy• Diversity: Approx. 2,200 species in 70 genera• Flowers: Tepals 4-5; carpels 2-5, superior ovary;
stamens 4-10; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule• Significant features: Presence of anthocyanin
pigments; swollen nodes; notched petals• Special uses: Many ornamentals• Required taxa: Dianthus (carnations, pinks)
Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus
-tepals 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more overlapping bracts-stamens 10-styles 2-embryo scarcely curved
Caryophyllales - Caryophyllineae:Amaranthaceae
(The Pigweed or Amaranth Family)
• Cosmopolitan, in disturbed, arid or saline habitats• Primarily herbs, or small shrubs, occasionally succulent• Diversity: Approx. 2,360 species in 169 genera• Flowers: small, tepals usually 3-5; carpels 2-3, usually in
superior ovary; inflorescences compact; fruit an achene, utricle, or circumcissile capsule (pyxis) usually associated with persistent perianth parts
• Significant features: Includes “Chenopodiaceae”; many halophytes; polyporate pollen; stipules lacking; many with C4 photosynthesis
• Special uses: beets (Beta), spinach (Spinacia), amaranth (Amaranthus), and goosefoot (Chenopodium) are eaten as vegetables or pseudograins; ornamantals, agricultural weeds
• Required taxa: Amaranthus, Chenopodium
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus(amaranths)
-mainly annuals-leaves alternate, entire, petioles distinct-flowers small, unisexual, green or purplish-tepals 0 or 3-5, distinct, not withering when dry, chaffy
Amaranthaceae: Chenopodium(lamb’s quarters, quinoa)
-annual or perennial-plants usually whitish (from hairs or glands)-leaves alternate, petiolate or sessile-flowers bisexual-tepals (3-) 5, usually basally connate, + soft
Caryophyllales - Caryophyllineae:“Portulacaceae”
(The Purslane Family)
• Widely distributed in tropical and semi-tropical regions; diverse in W North America and Andes
• Succulent herbs• Diversity: Approx. 450 species in 20 genera• Flowers: Tepals 4-6, petal-like; stamens 4-6; carpels 2-3, in a
superior or inferior ovary; 4 bracteoles associated with each flower, the inner 2 often calyx-like; fruit a loculicidal or circumcissile capsule (pyxis)
• Significant features: sometimes with CAM metabolism• Special uses: Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is eaten as a
vegetable; many grown as ornamentals (Lewisia, Portulaca, Talinum)
• Required taxa: *family only
Caryophyllales - Caryophyllineae:Cactacaceae(The Cactus Family)
• North and South America; usually in arid zones or seasonally dry regions; tropics to temperate regions
• Spiny stem succulents; trees, shrubs, globular forms, vines, epiphytes, geophytes
• Diversity: 1,400 species in 97 genera• Flowers: Tepals numerous, often highly colored, spirally
arranged; stamens numerous; carpels 3 to many, usually in an inferior ovary; fruit a berry
• Significant features: Lateral shoots reduced to areoles, associated with a spine or spine cluster; reduced in subfamily Opuntioideae to glochids; CAM metabolism
• Special uses: Fruits (tunas) and stems (nopales) of Opuntia and some other genera are eaten; many grown as ornamentals.
• Required taxa: Opuntia
Cactaceae
Opuntia - Prickly pearareole; glochids!
Areole – axillary bud area
Cactaceae – Primitive genus Pereskia
Cactaceae: Opuntia
-stem segments flattened - “pads”-glochids present
Cactaceae - Subfamily Cactoideae
Caryophyllales - Polygonineae:Polygonaceae
(The Buckwheat or Knotweed Family)
• Widely distributed, usually in temperate regions• Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines• Diversity: Approx. 1,100 species in 43 genera• Flowers: Perianth usually of 6 petaloid tepals; stamens 5-9;
carpels 2-3 in superior ovary; fruit an achene or nutlet, often angled, often associated with remaining perianth parts
• Significant features: Presence of a sheathing stipule, the ocrea, at stem nodes (lost in Eriogonum); nodes often swollen; leaves usually alternate, simple and spirally arranged
• Special uses: buckwheat (Fagopyrum) fruits used as food; rhubarb (Rheum) petioles and sorrel (Rumex) leaves used as vegetable; many weeds
• Required taxa: Polygonum
Polygonaceae - ocrea
Polygonaceae: Polygonum (knotweeds)
-herbs-ocrea often membranous-flowers bisexual-tepals 5
Basal and “lower” core eudicotsOrder RanunculalesRanunculaceae – ButtercupsBerberidaceae - BarberriesPapaveraceae - Poppies
Order ProtealesPlatanaceae - Sycamore
Order CaryophyllalesCaryophyllaceae - CarnationsAmaranthaceae - Amaranths“Portulacaceae” - PurslanesCactaceae - Cacti
Polygonaceae - Knotweeds
Order SaxifragalesCrassulaceae - StonecropsSaxifragaceae - SaxifragesHamamelidaceae - Witch hazels
Basaltricolpates
“Lower”coretricolpates
Saxifragales
• Floral apex concave early in its development
• Carpels free (at least apically)• Many also have a hypanthium• Have retained 5-merous flowers with
distinct parts• Nearly 2,500 species in 14 families
“Lower Rosids”Saxifragales: Saxifragaceae
(The Saxifrage family)
• Widely distributed in temperate and arctic regions, especially in N. Hemisphere
• Herbs• Diversity: 550 species in 30 genera• Flowers: with a variously developed hypanthium;
sepals & petals usually 4 or 5, petals often clawed; carpels 2 (-5), + connate, ovary superior to inferior; fruit a septicidal capsule or follicle
• Significant features: stipules lacking; carpels usually fewer than the petals
• Required taxa: *family only*change from lab manual
“Lower” Rosids:Saxifragales: Crassulaceae
(The Stonecrop Family)
• Widespread, from tropical to boreal regions; many from arid habitats
• Succulent herbs to shrubs, CAM metabolism• Diversity: 1,500 species in 35 genera• Flowers: Sepals & petals 4-5; carpels 4-5, free to slightly
fused; a scale-like nectar gland subtends each carpel; fruit an aggregate of follicles
• Significant features: wide range of floral diversity; succulent leaves; lack a hypanthium; tiny seeds
• Special uses: ornamentals (Sedum, Sempervivum)• Required taxa: Kalanchoe
Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe
-mostly succulent herbs-flower parts in 4s or multiples (8 stamens)-petals connate, forming a tube-Old World; a few species commonly cultivated here
“Lower” Rosids:Saxifragales: Hamamelidaceae
(The Witch Hazel Family)
• Scattered distribution in tropical and temperate regions
• Shrubs or trees with stellate hairs• Diversity: 80 species in 25 genera• Flowers: Sepals & petals usually 4-5; carpels 2, at
least slightly connate, stigmas 2; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal woody capsule with woody exocarp & bony endocarp
• Significant features: anthers usually opening by 2 flaps
• Special uses: ornamental shrubs, witch hazel from extracts of bark of Hamamelis
• Required taxa: Hamamelis
Hamamelidaceae: Hamamelis
-deciduous shrubs (rarely trees)-leaves alternate, oval, pinnately-veined-petals 4, long and narrow-stamens 4, alternating with 4 staminodia-capsules with explosive dehiscence, 1 seed per locule
Next time: On to the rosids!
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