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Monitoring ‘biocomplexity’: The complexity of
processes as drivers of the diversity of biological
patterns
Luciano M. VerdadeAssociate Professor at the USP / CENA / Isotopic Ecology Lab
Steering Comittee member of the Biota Program / FAPESP
lmverdade@usp.br
FAPESP Week California, Davis
November 21, 2014
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Area of interest
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- Adaptive processes of wildlife to anthropogenic
environments (in special agricultural landscapes)
Rationale
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- Agriculture: intrinsic conflict between the
production of domesticated species and the
conservation of wild species
- Impacts of agriculture on the wildlife:
- Direct land and use change (dLUC): Habitat loss
- Agriculture intensification: Context-specific
(dependent on agricultural management
techniques)
Wildlife in agricultural landscapes in
São Paulo, SE Brazil
- Medium to large mammals: 27 spp. (~ 70%)
- Small mammals: 17 spp. (~ 50%)
- Birds: 202 spp. (~ 60%)
- Reptiles: 18 spp.
- Amphibians: 31 spp.
- Fish: 55 spp.
Dotta, G. & L.M. Verdade. 2011. Mammalia 75:345-352.
Gheler-Costa, C., M.C. Lyra-Jorge & L.M. Verdade [Eds.]. Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil. Versita, Warsaw, Poland.
Current tendencies of LUC in SE
Brazil
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Eucalyptus: ↑ (5 → 16 Mha by 2020)
Sugarcane: ↑ (9 →14 Mha by 2016)
Pastures: ↓
Verdade, L.M., C. Gheler-Costa, M. Penteado &, G. Dotta. 2012. Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2:138-144.
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From pastures to Eucalyptus
- Original biome: Cerrado
- ↓ Birds; ↑ Rodents; ↑ Amphibians; ↑ Reptiles
- ↑ Rodents → ↑ Mesopredators;
- ↑ Rodents → ↑ Diseases (e.g., Hantavirus,
Leptospirosis, Spotted fever etc);
- ↑ Rodents → ↑ Agrochemicals;
- ↑ Agrochemicals → ↓↓ Birds;
8Millan, C.H., P.F. Develey & L.M. Verdade . 2015. Forest Ecology and Management 336:174-182.
From pastures to sugarcane
- Original biome: Atlantic Forest
- ↓ Birds; ↑ Rodents;
- ↑ Agrochemicals → ↓↓ Birds;
- ↑ Rodents → ↑ Mesopredators;
- ↑ Rodents → ↑ Diseases (e.g., Hantavirus,
Leptospirosis, Spotted fever etc);
- ↑ Rodents → ↑ Agrochemicals.
9Gheler-Costa, C., G. Sabino-Santos, Jr., L.S. Amorim, L.M. Rosalino, L.T M. Figueiredo & L.M. Verdade. 2013. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 171:85-89.
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Spatial heterogeneity
Gheler-Costa, C., M.C. Lyra-Jorge & L.M. Verdade [Eds.]. Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil. Versita, Warsaw, Poland.
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Temporal heterogeneity
Small mammals Amphibians
Martin, P.S, C. Gheler-Costa, P.C. Lopes, L.M. Rosalino & L.M. Verdade. 2012. Forest Ecology and Management 282:185-195.
Wildlife mangement (at the population
level): What it is about...
• ↑ depleted populations: Biological conservation
• ↓ excessive populations: Control
• MSY: Sustainable use
• N.B.K.E.O.I: Monitoring
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Graeme Caughley (1937-1994)
Wildlife mangement: what really
matters...
• Biological conservation: Endangered spp. (a few thousands)
• Sustainable use: Economic spp. (a few hundreds)
• Control: Damaging spp. (a few tens)
• Monitoring: All the others (a few millions...)
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Monitoring: What really matters...
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Diversity of patterns Complexity of processes
←
Gheler-Costa, C., L.M. Verdade & A.F. Almeida. 2002. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19(2):203-214.
Monitoring: What really matters...
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Diversity of patterns
- Momentary structure of a ‘community’
- Express the effects of ecological and
evolutionary processes
- No biological relationships
- Temporal variation does not mean much
for the decision making process
Complexity of processes
Monitoring: What really matters...
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Diversity of patterns
- Momentary structure of a ‘community’
- Express the effects of ecological and
evolutionary processes
- No biological relationships
- Temporal variation does not mean much
for the decision making process
Complexity of processes
- Momentary trophic process
- Biological and evolutionary
relationships
- Temporal variation causes
variation in patterns of abundance
and distribution
Monitoring: What really matters...
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BIODIVERSITY BIOCOMPLEXITY
- Other examples:
- Spatial ecology
- Rapid evolution
- Diseases
- Ecotoxicology
Governance & Public policy:
Multifunctional agricultural landscapes
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Management
Agriculture Widlife
Biocomplexity BiodiversitySustainabilityAgriculturalvalues(e.g., socio-economic, cultural,Historic etc)
Monitoring
Aknowledgements
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