lucy jane miller, ph.d., otr associate professor of rehabilitation medicine and pediatrics
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Sensory Integration Dysfunction in Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities
for theColeman Institute Workshop
Aspen, COOctober 2001
Lucy Jane Miller, Ph.D., OTRAssociate Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterDirector of STAR Center at The Children’s Hospital, Denver, COlucymiller@frii.com
Acknowledgements It Takes a Village!!
• Roiann Ahn• Grace Baranek• Judy Benzel-
Martin• Teresa May
Benson• Erna Blanche• Julie Bonnell• Pam Buckley• Anita Bundy• Janice Burke• Sharon Cermak• Kelly Church• Ellen Cohn
• Jan Ingebritson• Jane Koomar• Shelly Lane• Mark Laudenslager• Zoe Mailloux• Shanley Mangeot• Kathy McBride• Kent McBride• Jude McGrath-Clarke• Danny McIntosh• Laura Meyer• Debbie Moulton• Andrea Nyhoff• Todd Ognibene
• Wendy Coster• Patti Davies• Winnie Dunn• Pat Fodor• Kate Glover • Linda Greco-Sanders• Kathy Green• Becky Greer • Ed Goldson• Marshall Haith • Randi Hagerman• Barb Hanft• Brian Hinaman
It Takes a BIG Village!!• Diane Parham• Bruce Pennington• Nicki Pine• Chip Reichardt• Marty Reite• Gilana Rivkin• Don Rojas• Sally Rogers• Roseann Schaaf• Mary Schneider• Robin Seger• Janelle Sheeder• Jodie Simon• Susanne Smith
Roley
• Catherine Spence• Clare Summers• Vivian Shyu• Tracy Stackhouse• Peter Teale• Julie Tourigny• Sharen Trunnell• Jeff Walker • Lisa Waterford• Julie Wilbarger
www.SInetwork.org
• What is Sensory Integration Dysfunction (DSI)?
• Is the treatment of DSI effective?
• Is DSI a valid syndrome?
• What are the underlying mechanisms of DSI?
Introduction:
Definitions and Terminology
Importance of distinguishingterms for:
Neuro-physiologic Processes
Sensory Integration Functions
Sensory Integration Dysfunction (DSI)
Neuro-physiologicProcesses vs. Behavioral
Manifestations
processes: are not observed because they occur at the cellular or nervous system level and
behavioral manifestations of these processes, can be observed in sensory integration functional and dysfunctional patterns
The minimum intensity of stimulus at periphery necessary to produce excitation or inhibition.
Peripheral Sensory Threshold
Leads to transmission of the electrical or chemical signal.
Central Sensory Threshold
Exists at periphery at receptor level, at the level of the action potential, and at each central synapse.
Sensory Threshold
Central process in which sensory input from a single sensory system converges on a cluster(s) of neurons, together affecting the activity of the neuron on which they synapse.
Intra-Sensory Integration
Central process in which cluster(s) of neurons receive input from more than one sensory system.
Inter-Sensory Integration
Sensory In tegration
S ensory D iscrim ination
Sen sory M odu lation
Sensory D etection
A Model to Explain Sensory Integration Terminology
Sensory Processing
Sensory Detection
Awareness of sensation is the conscious realization or unconscious awareness of sensation
Sensation ModulationFunction
The capacity to regulate and organize the degree, intensity, and nature of responses to sensory input in a graded and adaptive manner.
McIntosh, Miller, Shyu, & Hagerman, 1999
Discrimination of Sensation
The ability to discern the qualities, similarities, and differences among sensory stimuli, including differentiation of the temporal or spatial qualities of sensory input.
Miller and Lane, 2000
What does the term
“Sensory Integration
Dysfunction” mean?
Atypical processing of sensory stimuli that is severe enough to produce significant difficulties in functional aspects of daily routines and activities.
Sensory Integration Dysfunction
Atypical behavioral responses can occur in several sensory
domains including:
Touch Movement Auditory Visual
Taste Smell Proprioceptive (position
and movement of joints)
Decreased Social Skills & Participation in Play
Poor Self-confidence & Self EsteemDifficulties with Daily Life Skills at
Home & SchoolAnxiety, Poor Attention, Poor
Regulation of Reactions to OthersPoor Gross, Fine or Sensory Motor
Skill Development
*Parham and Mailloux, 1996
Hypothesized Relation among DSI Patterns
DyspraxiaDyspraxia Sensory ModulationSensory ModulationDysfunctionDysfunction
Other DSI Other DSI PatternsPatterns
DysDys
SMDSMD OtherOther
Difficulty in planning and performing a novel (non-habitual) motor act or series of motor actions that is severe enough to create difficulties in daily routines and activities.
Dyspraxia
Problem in capacity to regulate and organize responses to sensory input in a graded and adaptive manner that is severe enough to create difficulties in daily routines and activities.
Sensory Modulation Dysfunction (SMD)
Is sensory modulation
disorder a unitary
construct?
Types of SMD Over-sensitivity - responses to sensation are greater
than those typically demonstrated by others under same circumstances
Under-sensitivity - responses to sensation are less than those typically demonstrated by others under same circumstances
Passive vs. active responses
Differences between sensory systems
Over-Sensitive Under-Sensitive
Active Defensive Responses Seeks Sensation
Passive Anxious/Withdrawn Lethargic/Depressed
Is InterventionEffective?
Need for randomized clinical trial to compare treatment models
Randomized Clinical Trial
GroupMembership
First10 weeks
Second10 weeks
Third10 weeks
Group A OT ActivityProtocol
--
Group B Activity Protocol
OT --
Group C Wait-List OT ActivityProtocol
Is SMD a
valid
syndrome?
What is a syndrome?
“A syndrome is a cluster of symptoms that reliably co-occur and identify subtypes of patients who are homogeneous.”
Pennington, 1991, p. 24
“If a syndrome is valid, it will
satisfy tests of both convergent
and discriminant validity
across levels of analysis.”
Pennington, 1991, p. 24
Validating A SyndromeConverged and Divergent
Evidence Etiologies Brain Development Processing Abilities and Symptoms Developmental Trajectory Effects of Treatment
ADHD
Anxiety
Autism
Schizophrenia
DepressionDyspraxia
OCD
Childhood Developmental Disorders:Syndrome Validation
SMD
FXS
Randy Ross, M.D.
What are the
underlying
mechanisms in
DSI?
Can we develop a reliable
laboratory paradigm to
measure sensory
reactivity?
EDR
A psychophysiological measure
that assesses the extent of
response to stimuli by measuring
changes in the electrical
properties of the skin.
Skin becomes more electrically
conductive as a result of
eccrine sweat gland activity
which increases EDR.
Eccrine sweat glands are
innervated by cholinergic fibers
of the SNS, thus measuring
EDR provides an index of SNS
activity.
Andreassi, 1989; Dawson, 1995; Fowles, 1986
Startling
Threatening
Aggressive
Defensive Feelings
Emotional Events
?Sensory Events?
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Ten contiguous trials in each of five sensory systems
olfactory (wintergreen oil) auditory (siren) visual (strobe light) tactile (feather on face) vestibular (chair tilted backwards)
EDR recorded after each sensation
EDR Variables
Number of Responses Amplitude of Responses Number of trials to which an
individual responds
Habituation: a decrease in response with repetitive stimulation
Mean Magnitude in Log10(micromhos)for FXS and TYP
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Trials
Log
Mag
nitu
de o
f Pea
k (m
icro
mho
s)
Fragile X
Typical
Group
Miller et al., 1999
Proportion Responding overProportion Responding overTrials for FXS and TYPTrials for FXS and TYP
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Trials
Prop
ortio
n w
ith R
espo
nse
Fragile XTypical
Group
Miller et al., 1999
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Trials
Log
Ampl
ititu
de o
f Mai
n Pe
ak (m
icro
mho
s)
Typical
FXS
Autism
Mean Amplitude of Mean Peak Across Modalities for Children with FX and Autism Compared to Typical Children
Miller et al., 2001
Mean Amplitude of Mean Peak for Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism in Study 2
TRIAL
87654321
Est
imat
ed M
argi
nal M
eans
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
COND
FXS=1.00
AUT=5.00
Subtests of SSP
• Tactile Sensitivity• Taste/Smell Sensitivity• Seeks Sensation• Auditory Filtering• Visual/Auditory Sensation• Low Energy / Weak• Movement Sensitivity
Subtests of SSP
• Tactile Sensitivity• Taste/Smell Sensitivity• Und-resp / Seeks Sens• Auditory Filtering• Visual/Auditory Sensation• Low Energy / Weak• Movement Sensitivity
Short Sensory Profile Ratings for Children with FXS and Autism Compared to Typical Children
(Aut=8; FXS=25; TYP=25) - 1999
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Taste ** ^ Movement Visual Tactile * Auditory Low Energy * Under-Responsive ^̂
Short Sensory Profile Subscales
Z Sc
ore Typical
FXSAutism
““It may be those who do most, It may be those who do most,
dream most.”dream most.”
Stephen Leacock (1869-1944)Stephen Leacock (1869-1944)
““To be conscious that you are To be conscious that you are
ignorant of the facts is a great ignorant of the facts is a great
step to knowledge.”step to knowledge.”
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
““The end of science is not to The end of science is not to
prove a theory, but to prove a theory, but to
improve mankind.”improve mankind.”
Manly P. Hall (born 1901)Manly P. Hall (born 1901)
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