mainstreaming gender equality in irrigated rice production...
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Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Irrigated Rice Production
in Tanzania (Short Version)
MDB-Sponsored Regional Workshops to Mainstream Gender Equality
in Infrastructure Policies and Projects,
Africa Regional Workshop, Addis Ababa, 22-24 March 2011
Yumiko TANAKA
Senior Advisor on Gender and Development,
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
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Background for the Study:CARD Initiative
1. TICAD IV in Yokohama in 2008: a Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) Initiative was launched by JICA and AGRA. Now 10 participating partners in total.
2. 23 CARD member countries in Sub-Sahara Africa
3. Aims for doubling the rice production in coming ten years in Africa, from 14 to 28 million tons.
4. UNDP/JICA Joint Study Project was proposed for effective implementation of CARD Initiative through promotion of gender mainstreaming in Tanzania, and eventually in all CARD members.
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Agricultural development with a gender perspective
Production with a gender perspective on the farm level
Value chain with a gender perspective
Fairness
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4010
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Lower Moshi KILIMANJARO
Model sites
Mbuyuni
Nakahuga
Mwamapuli
Nduguti
Mombo
Mwega
KATC
JICA:Bilateral Loan and Technical Cooperation Project Kilimanjaro and KATC Project
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Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme (LMIS),
Kilimanjaro Region, 1984-1987, About US$80 million by Yen Loan
Mombo Irrigation Scheme,Tanaga Region, KATC Phase II
2001~2006
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Differences on the farm level
Modern Rice Paddy Irrigation(Lower Moshi, Kilimannjaro)
Modern irrigation system with on-farm development
Land leveling Regular farm plots Farm plot equipped with
separation of irrigation and drainage canals
Enabling famers to operate independently
Easy water control, less weeding, time-saving
Traditional Rice Paddy Irrigation (Mombo)
Plot to plot irrigation No land leveling Irregular farm plots No separation of irrigation and
drainage canals
Preventing farmers from individual operation
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Major Accomplishmentwith the same HYV (IR)
Lower Moshi
Unit plot yield:
from 2.0 tons/ha
Mombo
Unit plot yield:
from 2.0 tons/ha
(or 2.8t/ha)
6.5 tons/ha4.3 tons/ha
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Differences in Project Approaches
Lower Moshi Hard infrastructure
construction
Technical training to farmers on HYV (mostly to male farmers)
Machinery (for male)
Construction of large scale rice mill
Mombo Soft technical
cooperation
Famer to farmer
Gender mainstreaming:(Participation of women farmers in capacity development training, access to machinery, canal maintenance and irrigation associations)
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Accomplishment
Lower Moshi
Increase of income
Time and labour saving(Lining, Machinery for men)
Irrigation cooperative Large amount of milled rice Exporting rice as cash crop
Diversification of livelihood Employment opportunities for
agricultural laborers, both men and women
Mombo
Increase of income
Time and labour saving(Machinery, weeding equipment, etc)
Irrigation cooperative Private small rice mills Marketing rice as cash crop
Gender : Partial achievement Fair household management
(income distribution and consumption)
Women’s empowerment and willingness to work
Fair burden sharing at home
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Constraints/Problems
Lower MoshiLimitation of the local
governance:
Un-equal distribution of plots
Income gaps between large and small holders
Water rights disputes in and out of scheme over 20 years
Some plots cannot get water
Post-harvesting and marketing for small farmers.
Fairness ?
MomboLimitation of the hard system: Unit yield limitation due to
traditional system Difficult to control water and
fertilizer by plot Distance from the canal affects
unit yield → Unequal yield. Collective decision and operation
necessary due to the system Dependency on irrigation
cooperative’s arrangement → no innovation, quality improvement for marketing, etc.
Post-harvesting and marketing.
Fairness ?
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Constraints from a gender perspective
Lower Moshi Mechanization: only for male
part Land ownership Intra and inter-household
income distribution Time-consuming workload for
female small farmers, & FHHs Reproductive work Access to credit Membership in coops Capacity development
opportunities Access to post harvesting
processes and marketing for small holders
Constraints as female traders
Mombo Mechanization: mainly for male,
a little for women.
Income distribution Time-consuming workload Reproductive work Access to credit Membership in coops but not
making decisions Diversification: collective
decisions hamper individual initiative to expand and try new varieties and methods
Access to post-harvesting processes and marketing
Constraints as female traders
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MomboAgricultural Extension Model: KATC PhaseII
Key Farmers〔20〕
Interm.Farmers〔100〕
Ordinary Farmers〔200〕
・Village leaders・Extension Workers
・Provincialengineers
Extension
OJT by KATC
Farmer to Farmer
1. 20 Key Farmers trained in each pilot site
2. 20 Key Farmers teach 5 Intermediate Farmers (100 in total)
3. 100 Intermediate Farmers teach 2 ordinary farmers (200 in total)
(Women were selected as 50% of Key Farmers and Intermediate Farmers, as gender quota.)
(Source :Jiro Aikawa, JICA Expert)
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Mombo: Training on Household Management for both men and women(Use candies as income and make an annual expenditure plan together with wife and husband) “Happiness has come to our home”
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Mombo: Average rice yield per hector has increased
2.8t/ha(2002)
Improved the technology of rice transplanting and weeding which are the main responsibility for women. Men started weeding with machines !!!
4.3t/ha(2005)
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Gender challenges in value chain, especially in post-harvesting and marketing
Women friendly farming and post harvesting technology
Transportation
Rice mill operation and management
Storage
Marketing
Finance (Warehouse-Receipt System)
Decision Making
Capacity building of women traders
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Rice Value Chain with Gender Challenges
Rice Milling Household Consumption
Production Post-harvesting Final Market and Consumers
Marketing
Input Marketing by Farmers
Storage
・Develop womenfriendly ploughingmachines・Credit for women・Collectivepurchasing of input・Women'sparticipation inIrrigation Coop.
・Development of machines toreduce women's labour・Gender training for farmers(♀♂), concerned agencies andlocal government(women'sproductive and reproductiveworks, household management,etc.)・Provision of life supportingservices for the poor and FHHs.・Women's participation indecision making bodies ofIrrigation Associations and SACCOS, Village Committees.50:50 ratio.・Women's equal access toirrigation system, waterrights,etc.・Leadership training for women.・Improvement of payment andworking conditions of rice
・Improve quality of ricemilling machines・Scheduing time for womento collectively mill rice・Women operated rice mills・Train women to be ricemill operators.・Use of bran and husks.
・Promoting men'sparticipation in cookind andhouse works・Utilization of broken rice
・Develop direct marketingchannels by farmers・Improve the capacity of localwomen traders (access to financeand marketing know-how, etc.)・Improve transportation meansfor women local traders.・Improve transportationinfrastrucrue in rural areas・Train women and womenfarmers to be local traders todiversify thier livelihood.
・Village collective storagesystem・Improvement of storage design(air circulation, insect pestcontrol, etc.)・Improve the WarehouseReceipt System・Improve the getting in an outof rice from the storage(shelves, using smaler bags,
・Understand the domestic,regional and internationalmarket and comuser needs.・Provision for inexpensive,stable and tastefull rice・Compete with imported rice・Improve qulalityimprovement of rice forexport・Explore large scaleconsumers ( hotels,restaurants, schools, etc.)
・Women friendly machinedevelopmentand diffusion(harvesting, threshing,winnowing machines, etc.)・Development of inexpensivedrying sheets.・Gender Training (genderroles. time use, householdmanagement, etcl)・Development of smallerstandard rice bags for womento be able to carry.・Development of inexpensivewomen friendly bicycles, cartand trucks.・Improvement of payment andworking conditions of riceharvesting and transportinglabourers (♀、♂).
・Marketing training for farmers (♀、♂)(marketing information, negotiation withtraders, etc. )・Improvement of transportation meansfor marketing・Improve the rice quality and decreasethe ratio of broken rice so that rice cansell at higher prices.・Develop products with broken rice.
<Gender Challenges> Technical Challenge: Developing agricultural tools and machineries, transportation means and system, processing technology, storage technology Financial Challenge: Improving SACCOS, rural finace and credit organizations, FINCA、Women's funding organizations, etc. Managerial Challenge: Promoting production and marketing rice as cash crop Governance Challenge: Improving irrigation associations, agricultural cooperatives、SACCOS、local government budgeting 、collective purchase of agricultural inputs, production, storage and marketing. Gender Relations in Household: Transforming decision-making processes at the household level. Promoting understanding gender roles, inheritance and property rights、household management, etc. Gender Relations in Community: Transforming the community norms and practice about gender issues Policy Challenge: Promoting gender equality in law and institutions. Planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluating gender policies, programs and projects(central and local)、Gender Budgeting, Engendering value chaindevelopment.
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Future Challenges for Fair Development
Improvement of local governance and irrigation system with a gender perspective
Improve gender roles and functions in the Value Chain development :(Participatory analysis by all the stakeholders: male and female farmers, traders, consumers, local governments, etc.)
Diversification strategy of livelihood (for food security and poverty reduction)
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