major linguistic concepts
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MAJOR
Concepts
LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is the systematic and scientific study of human language
STAGES OF LINGUISTIC ENQUIRY
There are three stages of Linguistic enquiry distinguished by the linguist Noam Chomsky
1. Linguist begin by observing the way in which people use language.
2. Then they provide a description of language use.
3. Finally when all the data has been analyzed, an explanation.
Linguistics always trying to answer the really basic questions about language:
What is language? How does language work? What do all languages have in
common? Why do languages change? How do we learn to speak?
TOWARDS MODREN LINGUISTICS
In late 18th century…………Linguistics first developed as a subject in its own right.
Before this……….Language had been the interest of philosophers and grammarians in western world.
SIR WILLIAM JONES (1746-1794)
Sir William Jones in 1786………Delivered a paper demonstrating structural similarities of ancient Indian language Sanskrit and Greek, Celtic, Latin and Germanic.
Comparative linguistics became the dominant branch.
MODREN LINGUISTIC FIGURES
It is the combined influence of Saussure and Chomsky that the study of language has become increasingly important.
SAUSSURE (1857-1913)
Swiss linguist. Studied Indo-
European languages His most famous
book, Course in General Linguistics, was actually put together after his death by former students based on lecture notes from his courses.
NOAM CHOMSKY (1928- )
American Linguist Credited with being the
‘father of modern linguistics’.
Dominates contemporary linguistics.
His first important volume, Syntactic Structures, published in 1957.
Constantly challenged the linguistic enquiry and even own work.
SOME MAJOR CONCEPTS IN LINGUISTICS
1. Sign, Signifier, Signified (Semiotics)2. Substance and form3. Langue and parole4. Synchronic and diachronic linguistics5. Competence and performance6. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic
relations
SIGN, SIGNIFIER, SIGNIFIED (SEMIOTICS) Sign
The way in which meaning is communicated, symbolically. Language is made up of signs and every sign has two sides (like a coin or a sheet of paper, both sides of which are inseparable)
The signifierSignifier is the image. The "shape" of a word, its phonic component, i.e. the sequence of graphemes (letters), e.g., <"c">-<"a">-<"t">, or phonemes (speech sounds), e.g. /kæt/.
The signified Signified is the concept behind the image. The ideational component, the concept or object that appears in our minds when we hear or read the signifier e.g. a small domesticated feline (a mental concept).
EXAMPLE:
SUBSTANCE AND FORM
SubstanceAll distinct sounds and scripts produced to
communicate.
FormThe organization of language
Substance carry form.
ROCK- PAPER- SCISSORSExample:
LANGUE VS. PAROLE
LangueThe ‘system’ of a language exists in a speech community, in the collectivity; it is shared by all the speakers of that speech community
Parole An individual’s use of the system of ‘langue’
EXAMPLE:
LANGUE PAROLE
1. It is stable and institutionalised.
2. It is passive.3. It is general for the
community.4. It is an abstraction. 5. It is a collective
instrument.6. It is a set of
conventions and habits handed down to next generation readymade.
7. It is language as a speaker is expected to use.
8. It is fixed. 9. It is a potential form of
language.
1. It is mobile and personal.
2. It is active.3. It is individual.4. It is concrete
manifestation.5. It is not a collective
instrument.6. It is diverse and
multicoloured.7. It is language in actual
use.8. It is free.9. It is an actualised form
of language.
SYNCHRONY VS. DIACHRONY
SynchronyStudying a language as a complete system at a particular point of time
Diachrony Studying a language at two different points of time; relating two different stages of a language
EXAMPLE:
COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE
CompetencePerson’s intuitive knowledge of the rules and structure of his language as a native speaker
PerformanceActual use of these rules and structure
COMPETANCE PERFORMANCE
Knowledge possessed by native users of a language which enables them to speak and understand their language fluently
This knowledge is internalized within speaker
Something they are not necessarily aware of possessing
The practical execution of those abilities in terms of actual speaking and writing
EXAMPLE:
SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS
Syntagmatic relations The sequential characteristics of language. Syntagmatic relations are relations on an horizontal axis between elements, in a sentence.
Paradigmatic relations The substitutional relationship which a linguistic unit has with other units. Paradigmatic relations are relations on an vertical level and look at all the possible elements that could come at the place of a certain element.
EXAMPLE:
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