malaria icddrb. 26.2.06
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Malaria
Poverty
Malaria
The Malaria Burden
Infected Mosquito
Infected Human
Acute Febrile Illness
Chronic effect
Pregnancy
Severe Illness
Anaemia
Neurologic/Cognitive
Developmental
Fetus
Maternal
HypoglycaemiaAnaemiaRespiratory distressCerebral Malaria
Impaired growth & development
Low birth weight
Acute Illness
Anaemia
Death
Malnutrition
Infant mortality
Impaired productivity
Malaria Epidemic Prone AreasMalaria Endemic Areas
Malaria Endemic - Roll BackMalaria Pilot Areas
• Proportion of P. falciparum has increased
significantly in Bangladesh
• Failure rate for CQ and S-P high
“Ear” of The HIPPO
Types of Severe Manifestations (n=829)
15 (2)01 (7)14Hyperpyrexia
82948 (6)40 (4.8)741 (89)Total n (row%)
10307 Others
67 (8)16051Severe Anamia
178 (22)60172Hyper-parasitaemia
197 (24)40193Severe Prostation
35 (4)1 1 (3)33Convulsion
195 (24)82 (1)185Impaired Conscious
132 (16)1036 (27)86Unrousable Coma
362 (44)1939 (31)304CNS Manifestations
Total
N (cum%)
Others 2Death
N (Row%, CFR)
Full Recovery
Type SCM (Major)
Predominant Presentations of Severe Malaria
by Categories of Hospital (n = 909) Presentations Primary
(Number, %) Secondary
(Number, %)Tertiary
(Number, %)
Total cases 339 382 188
Severe Prostration
248 (73.2) 101 (26.4) 30 (16.0)
Hypoglycemia 9 (2.7) 123 (32.2) 3 (1.6)
Unrousable coma 7 (2.1) 17 (4.5) 91 (48.4)
Convulsion 23 (6.8) 54 (14.1) 22 (11.7)
Severe anaemia 10 (2.9) 27 (7.1) 16 (8.5)
Impaired consciousness
20 (5.9) 16 (4.2) 8 (4.3)
Hyper pyrexia 15 (4.4) 18 (4.7) 6 (3.2)
Jaundice 0 2 (0.5) 6 (3.2)
Out come of Severe Malaria (n = 909)
Out come THC (n, %0)
DH (n, %)
MC (n, %)
Full recovery 286 (84.4) 321 (84.0) 140 (74.5)
Recovery with sequelae
9 (2.7) 2 (0.5) 2 (1.1)
Death (CFR) 5 (1.5) 19 (5.0) 34 (18.1)
Malaria case Definitions:
• According to Revised Treatment Regimen:
Uncomplicated Malaria Confirmed (UMC)
Uncomplicated Malaria Presumptive (UMP)
Severe Malaria (SM)
• Previous definitions:
- Uncomplicated Malaria (UM)
- Treatment Failure Malaria (TFM)
- Severe Malaria (SM)
• Revised Malaria treatment Regimen 2004.
– Uncomplicated malaria confirmed (UMC)
For p.falciparum-Coartem, Q7, Q7+T7, Q7+D7.
For P.vivax-CQ3+PQ14.
- Uncomplicated malaria presumptive(UMP)-CQ3
– Severe malaria(SM)-IVQ/IMQ, AM/Artesunate,
IMQ/Rectal Artesunate.
Artesunate Versus Quinine for Treatment of Severe Falciparum Malaria: a
Randomised Trial
South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (SEAQUAMAT) group*
Lancet 2005; 366: 717–25
Malaria Control Program Objectives
• To enhance awareness about prevention and
control in 80% of the target areas by 2010 and
promote malaria supportive environment.
– BCC – Community, outreach centers and mass
media.
– Coordination and partnership for malaria
supportive environment.
Malaria Control Program Objectives
• To strengthen “epidemiological
surveillance” and “rapid response capacity
to outbreaks and epidemics” in 13 districts
by 2010.– Prediction and containment of epidemic.– Strengthen surveillance– Operations research
Infected Mosquito
Infected Human
Acute Febrile Illness
Chronic effect
Pregnancy
Severe Illness
Anaemia
Neurologic/Cognitive
Developmental
Fetus
Maternal
HypoglycaemiaAnaemiaRespiratory distressCerebral Malaria
Impaired growth & development
Low birth weight
Acute Illness
Anaemia
Death
Malnutrition
Infant mortality
Impaired productivity
Critical points in natural history of disease, CP = Critical point
Drugs (treatment, prevention)
Personal Protection (insecticide
impregnated materials
Insecticides ( house spraying,
larvicides)
Genetic modification of vectors
Vacciness preerythrocytic, blood stage,
transmission-blocking
Environmental and
Behavioral Modification
Future Inverventions
Antimalarial Drugs as Control Measure
• Rapid diagnosis and Prompt treatment
Rapid Diagnosis and Prompt treatment (UM)
MalariaPl
falciparumPl vivax
32% 19% 14%
After inclusion of physicians’ impression
37% 23% 14%
Faiz et al; AJTMH: 2002
RMM RDT PM RRM PPL
Diagnostic
Capability (SM)64% 65% 69% 27%
JITMM 2002
RDT: Addition of 5%
Newer Diagnostic Tools
• Antigen based rapid diagnostic tests
Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Bangladesh (In Vitro)
Bangladesh Thailand
Chloroquine 84% 95%
Quinine 30% 18%
Mefloquin 61% 82%
Artesunate -- --
AJTMH, 2003
Diagnostic Facilities
• 1995- clinical diagnosis
• 2004-shift to laboratory confirmation
– RDT or microscopy
Need for development of facilities of diagnosis at
periphery by RDT and fixed centers by
microscopy
QA Process for Diagnosis
• Malaria RDTs have potential for significant
improvement of quality of malaria Rx
• RDT complementary to microscopy
providing accurate diagnosis in areas
where it was unavailable previously
• QA integral part of RDT
• QA system for quality microscopy
Newer Antimalarials
• For Uncomplicated Malaria –
Artemisinin based Combination
Antimalarials
Artemether-Lumefantrine
Newer Anti Malarials
• For Severe Malaria –
Artemisinin based Per rectal and
Parenteral treatment
Combination Treatment
• Artemisininn based treatment
– Either Artemether+Lumefantrine (Bangladesh)
– Artesunate + mefloquine
Introduction of Newer Antimosquito Measures
• No new insecticide over last 2 decades
• Pyrethroids: Newer insecticide
• Use of OPC and Carbamet
• ITMN or LLN
• Ensure adequate number of mosquito nets
Insecticide-treated Mosquito Nets
Insecticide-treated Mosquito nets
• Limited information from Bangladesh
• Risk reduction 50% - 80%
(Cox’sbazar1997, Khagrachori 2003).
How to Improve Coverage of ITN
• Involvement of NGOs
• Public participation
• Cost sharing?
• Operational Research – KAP study
Conclusion
• Morbidity & mortality from malaria in BD remained
significant & unchanged over last 5 years.
• Planning and implementation at micro level
• The “umbrella” to be provided by the national
Government
• NMCP, BD needs to be strengthened – attitude,
capacity building, logistics & country specific
evidence.
• New updated policy & regimen needs to be
implemented.
Malaria Control is Achievable in Bangladesh
Thank You
REVISED MALARIA TREATMENT REGIMEN 2004
Introduction:
National malaria control program in Bangladesh adopted the treatment regimen in 1994 which is currently practised.
Evidence suggests Chloroquine resistance for P. falciparum malaria is 40 – 70% in high endemic areas in Bangladesh.
To ensure radical cure Govt. of Bangladesh in collaboration with WHO adopted and approved arevised malaria treatment regimen in Oct. 2004.
Case Definitions:
Uncomplicated Malaria Confirmed (UMC):
• Diagnosis is confirmed by Blood slide examination or
Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)
♦ Fever or History of Fever over last 48 hours.
♦ Absence of convincing feature of any other febrile
illness.
♦ High index of suspicion: Endemic zone; susceptible
population; Transmission season.
Case Definitions:
Uncomplicated Malaria Presumptive (UMP):
• When microscopy or Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)
is not available
♦ Fever or History of Fever over last 48 hours.
♦ Absence of convincing feature of any other
febrile illness.
♦ High index of suspicion :Endemic zone;
susceptible population; Transmission season.
Case Definitions: Severe Malaria (SM):
• Presence of asexual form of P. falciparum in blood
slide examination (or + ve RDT)
♦ Fever or History of Fever over last 48 hours.
♦ With one or more of the following features of
severity:
Unconsciousness
Convulsion
Unable to stand or walk
Vomiting or severe Diarrhoea
Severe anaemia
Confused or abnormal behavior
Jaundice etc.
Management of Severe Malaria
Treatment objectives:
• Primary: Save life.
• Secondary: Prevention of recrudescence,
transmission or emergence of resistance.
• Pregnancy: saving the mother’s life
Management of Severe Malaria (SM)
Four main areas:
Assessment of the patient
Specific antimalarial treatment
Adjunctive therapy
Supportive care
After rapid clinical assessment and
confirmation of the diagnosis of severe
malaria, full doses of antimalarial treatment
should be started without delay.
Specific Antimalarial Treatment
Severe Malaria (SM) :
The drugs should be:
IVQ/IMQ followed by oral quinine for upto 7 days.
AM/Artesunate will be used in selected cases.
IMQ/Rectal Artesunate may be used as
prehospital treatment in the community.
Immediate referral should be made to the
nearest health facility where treatment is
available.
Evidence for Severe Malaria
Treatment Recommendations
• There is insufficient evidence to
recommend one antimalarial over another
for severe malaria.
Treatment Recommendations (WHO)
• Quinine: 20mg salt/kg on admission (i.v.
infusion over 4 hours, or i.m.) then
10mg/kg 8 hourly.
• Artemether: 3.2mg/kg i.m. given on
admission then 1.6mg/kg daily.
• Artesunate: 2.4mg/kg i.v. or i.m given on 0
hr at 12 and 24 hours, then once daily.
SEVERE MALARIA
IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS?
YES NO
TREATMENT ALGORITHM FOR SEVERE MALARIA:WHO
PARENTERAL ARTEMETHER*, ARTESUNATE*
OR QUININE & OTHER
SUPPORTIVE CARE
IS ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF DRUG FEASIBLE?
NO YES
GIVE ACT AND TREAT MAIN
COMPLICATIONS
Follow-up treatment of severe malaria
Oral medication: when recovered
sufficiently.
More likely to recrudesce than milder
infections.
Important source of resistance.
Important that a full course of curative
treatment is completed.
Pre-referral treatment options:
Most deaths from SM are at or near home.
Prompt and effective oral treatment will reduce the probability of developing SM.
Until controlled there will still be many patients who are too ill take oral medicine.
If a patient with suspected malaria cannot
take oral treatment and is far from a health
post where parenteral treatment can be given
then rectal artesunate, artemisinin or IM
quinine (10mg/kg for all drugs) should be
administered, and the patient transferred to
hospital. A full course of treatment must be
completed.
Uncomplicated Malaria
Uncomplicated malaria is
defined as symptomatic
malaria without signs of vital without signs of vital
organ dysfunctionorgan dysfunction
Uncomplicated Malaria :Treatment Objectives-
To cure the infection rapidly and reliably.
Achieving a prompt clinical response, and
then preventing recrudescence.
Preventing the progression to severe disease
and the additional morbidity associated with
treatment failure.
Reduction of transmission and prevention of
resistance
Specific Antimalarial Treatment Uncomplicated Malaria Confirmed
(UMC)
• The drug should be depending on the species which
are as follows:
• For P.falciparum infection:
Arthemethur+Lumefantrin combination(Coartem)-24
tablets in 6 divided dosages for adults(in 3 days).
Q7 (an alternative in specific & special situation).
Q7+T7 or Q7+D7 may be second alternative(s).
Uncomplicated Malaria Confirmed: (UMC)
• For P. vivax infection:
CQ3+PQ14 (Tab.Chroloquine for 3days
and Tab Primaquine for 14 days.)
Artemisinin-based combinations are the recommended treatments Artemisinin-based combinations are the recommended treatments
for uncomplicated falciparum malaria:for uncomplicated falciparum malaria:
• Likely to be effective everywhere
– artemether-lumefantrine; 1.5 / 12 mg/kg twice daily for 3
days– artesunate + mefloquine; 4 / 8 mg /kg daily for 3 days
• Only likely to be effective in certain areas (depending on the
efficacy of the partner drug)
– artesunate + amodiaquine; 4 / 10 mg /kg daily for 3 days– artesunate + SP; 4mg/kg daily for 3 days/ single dose
1.25/25mg/kg on day 1.
Co-artem vs Q3+SP
• Randomized, 28-day in-vivo test, 8-day hospitalization
• Failure rate- 4% (Co-artem) & 12% (Q3+SP)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Day-0 Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-14 Day-21 Day-28
Q3SP
Coartem
Specific Antimalarial Treatment
Uncomplicated malaria Presumptive
(UMP)
The drug should be CQ3(Chroloquine)
but effort should be adopted for
confirming the diagnosis as soon as
possible by blood slide examination.
Summary• Revised Malaria Rx
• Case definition
– Uncomplicated malaria
presumptive (UMP)-
Blood slide/RDT-ve
– Uncomplicated malaria
confirmed (UMC)-
Slide/RDT+ve
– Severe malaria(SM)-
Slide/RDT +ve
• Previous regimen
– Uncomplicated
malaria (UM)
– Treatment failure
malaria (TFM)
– Severe malaria (SM)
Thank you.
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