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Manipulating Attention in Computer Games
Matthias Bernhard, Le Zhang,
Michael Wimmer
Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms
Vienna University of Technology
Attention without a Task
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Attention
Stimulus
But during Game Play...
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Attention
Stimulus
Attention only to Task
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Attention
Stimulus
task-relevant
Inattentional Blindness
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Attention
Stimulus
not attended
Manipulating Attention
Why ? Control difficulty of a game
Decrease or increaseAvoid Inattentional Blindness
Notify user about unexpected, but important information
Visibility of advertisements How ?
Influence preattentive vision Increase saliency
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Increasing Saliency
Bottom-up / Stimulus driven :Contrast, warm colors, high
luminance,... Changes: motion, flicker, ... Previous work !
Top-down biased:During visual search tasks This work !
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This Work
Simple but effective guiding principle Manipulate attention during a task Preliminary evaluation with a user study
Action computer gameDirect attention towards an advertisement
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Increasing Bottom-Up Saliency
Intelligent lighting [El-Nasr 2005]Techniques used in theatres and movies
h
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El-Nasr, M.S., Intelligent Lighting for Game Environments, Journal of Game Design, 2, 1 (2005)
Increasing Bottom-Up Saliency
Subtle Gaze Direction [Bailey et al. 2008]Subtle modulation in
peripheral FOVStop modulation
before fixationEye-tracker required
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Bailey,R,McNamara,A.,Sudarsanam,N.,Grimm,C., Subtle Gaze Direction, ACM Transactions on Graphics,, 28, 4 (2008)
Modulation
Problem: Inattentional Blindness
Bottom-up saliency not necessarily sufficient Strong focus on task, particularly in games
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Increasing Top-Down Biased Saliency
Guided Search [Wolfe 1994]Top-down influence during visual searchBias towards features of a search targetMany search tasks in games
Our proposal:Generate distractors of g. search itentionally Adjust design of search targets
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Advertisements Unattended
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Attention
health item
Change a Search Target
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Attention
Advertisement Becomes Distractor
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same featuresAttention
Advertisement Becomes Distractor
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similar color
same featuresAttention
User Study with Computer Game
2D action game with 3D background
6 advertisements in background1 distractor adv. + 5 other adv.BichromaticReal brands Realistic lighting
(raytraced scene)
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Game elements
Background scene
Procedure
Play game (3 minutes) Distraction (6 minutes) Memory Test
Recognition test3 alternatives/forced choice1 in-game advertisement
+ 2 not in game adv.Select with mouseclick36 trials: 6 per advert.
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Game
Memory test application
Test Group (12 Participants)
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expectedattention
distractor
target
Control Group 1 (N=12)
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expectedattention
target
Control Group 2 (N=12)
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expectedattention
target
replaced
Results: Distractor Advertisement
Around chance level in control groups
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Test
Control 1
Control 2
pro
po
rtio
n
corr
ect
an
swe
rs
Results: Distractor Advertisement
Around chance level in control groups Difference betw. test and controls: p<0.001 (Wilcox)
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Test
Control 1
Control 2
pro
po
rtio
n
corr
ect
an
swe
rs
***
Results: Other Advertisements
Also higher scores in test group
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Test
Control 1
Control 2
pro
po
rtio
n
corr
ect
an
swe
rs
Results: Other Advertisements
Also higher scores in test group One possible reason: similarity of color
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Test
Control 1
Control 2
pro
po
rtio
n
corr
ect
an
swe
rs
similar color
Results: Other Advertisements
Interesting: difference betw. Test & Control 2 Generally increased attention to background ?
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Test
Control 1
Control 2
pro
po
rtio
n
corr
ect
an
swe
rs
p=.12
p=.14
Conclusion Control group:
Advertisements not remembered well (also salient ones!!!)
Inattentional Blindness did occur Bottom-up saliency necessary, but not sufficient
Test group:We „broke through“ Inattentional BlindnessProbably increased attention to other
background elements too
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Future work
More studiesMultivariate analysisSubtle feature combinationsDynamic viewpointEye-tracking
Visualization tool for game designers Encode current task in visual search tasksComputational simulation of Guided Search Related work: Navalpakkam and Itti, „Modelling the
Influence of Task on Visual Attention“, Vis.Research, 2005
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Thanks for your attention !
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Variation across Participants
Distribution visualized with box plots
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pro
po
rtio
n
corr
ect
an
swe
rs
Increasing Bottom-Up Saliency
Use pop-out features Shrill colors, brightness, etc
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© Ghostbusters: The Video Game
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