massive hemoptysis / nahid sherbini
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HEMOPTYSIS
Dr Nahid Sherbini
Consultant IM & Pulmonary
KFH ,Medina ,SA
Definition of Hemoptysis
• The spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage.
Stedman TL. Stedman’s Medical dictionary. 27th ed. Philidelphia: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000
Severity Classification
GRADE AMOUNT /24 HRS
Mild < 50 ml
Moderate 50 - 200 ml
Severe**/Major* > 200 ml * 150 ml per 12 hrs or**>400 ml per 24 hrs
Massive > 600 ml
Life-threatening 200 ml/h or 50 ml/h with respiratory failure.
*Corey R, Hla KM.Am J Med Sci 1987; 294:301–309.**de Gracia J, de la Rosa D, Catal!an E, Alvarez A, Bravo C, Morell F. Respir Med 2003; 97: 790–795#Garzon AA, Cerruti MM, Golding ME: Exsanguinating hemoptysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 84: 829–833.
Massive hemoptysis
• Up to 1000 mL (1)
• Either ≥500 mL of expectorated blood over a 24 h or bleeding at a rate ≥100 mL/h, regardless of whether abnormal gas exchange or hemodynamic instability exists. (2)
(1)Major and massive hemoptysis: reassessment of conservative management.-Corey R, Hla Am J Med Sci. 1987;294(5):301.(2)Uptodate.inc
Bronchial arteries (90%)
Pulmonary arteries
Source of bleeding
*Remy J, Remy-Jardin M, Voisin C: Endovascular management of bronchial bleeding; in Butler J (ed): The Bronchial Circulation. New York, Dekker, 1992, pp 667–723.
Bronchial arteries • Systemic pressureBronchi, vagus nerve, posterior mediastinum, and esophagus.
6
2 Left bron.art
1 Rt.bron.art
T5 -T6
Figure 1. Diagrams illustrate the types of bronchial arterial supply: Type I, two bronchial arteries on the left and one on the right that manifests as an ICBT (40.6% of cases); Type II,
one on the left and one ICBT on the right (21.3%); Type III, two on t...
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
Pulmonary arterial system
• RV• Low pressure system• 8-25mmHg .
Causes
Infectious• Tuberculosis
• Fungal infections
• Necrotizing pneumonia and lung abscess
• Bacterial endocarditis with septic emboli
• Parasitic (paragonimiasis, hydatid cyst)
It is the most common cause of hemoptysis worldwide with 2 billion people infected worldwide with 5-10% developing disease (Public Health Reports. Vol. 3. New York: World Health Organization; 1996: p. 8–9.)
Neoplastic
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Endobronchial tumors e.g carcinoid
• Metastasis
•Bronchiectasis –CF
•Bullous emphysema
•Alveolar hemorrhage and underlying causes
Pulmonary
Vascular
• Pulmonary artery aneurysm (Rasmussen aneurysm, mycotic, arteritis)
• Bronchial artery aneurysm
• PE
• Pulm HTN
•Airway-vascular fistula
•AV Malformations
•MS
•LVF
Vasculitis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Behçet’s disease
• SLE
•Coagulopathy /Platelet disorders
•Uremia/ Platelet dysfunction
•Anticoagulant therapy
Haematological
RISK FACTORS FOR MORTALITY
1. Infiltrates involving 2 or more quadrants on an admission CXR
2. Bleeding from the pulmonary artery
3. Cancer
4. Aspergillosis
5. Alcoholism
6. Mechanical Ventilation
& Aspiration in to contralateral lung *
Early prediction of in-hospital mortality of patients with hemoptysis: an approach to defining severe hemoptysis.Fartoukh M, Khoshnood B, Parrot A, Khalil A, Carette MF, Stoclin A, Mayaud C, Cadranel J, Ancel PY -Respiration. 2012;83(2):106.
Predictors of Mortality
71% in patients who lost =>600 ml of blood in 4 h
22% in patients with =>600 ml within 4–16 h
5% in those with 600 ml of within 16–48 h
Life-threatening massive : 5 to 15%.
• *Crocco JA, Rooney JJ, Fankushen DS, et al:Massive hemoptysis. Arch Intern Med 1968;121: 495–498.
MANAGEMENT
Air way
Breathing
Circulation
Provide suction.
Provide O2
crystalloid solutions AND blood products
INITIAL STEPS
1. IDENTIFY WHICH SIDE IS BLEEDING2. POSITION THE PATIENT3. ESTABLISH A PATENT AIRWAY4. INSURE ADEQUATE GAS EXCHANGE5. INSURE ADEQUATE CVS FUNCTION6. CONTROL THE BLEEDING
DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
History• Does the patient have known pulmonary, cardiac, or renal
disease?- smoke?• Prior hemoptysis, other pulmonary symptoms, or
infectious symptoms?• FH of hemoptysis, brain aneurysms, epistaxis, or GI ? a
skin rash?• Exposed to asbestos?• Bleeding disorder? DVT risk?• DRUGS?• Has the patient had (TB) or been exposed to TB?
Physical Examination
• Telangiectasias • A skin rash,Splinter hemorrhages ,Needle tracks IE• An audible chest bruit or murmur that increases with
inspiration a large pulmonary AV malformation.• P2, TR or PR, or RV lift • Heart murmurs MS , CHD• DVT signs
Laboratory tests
• Type and cross-matching • CBC ,COAG• Electrolytes, BUN• ABG• Liver function tests • Urinalysis• Special tests
CXR
• Site of bleeding in 33–82% *of cases.
• Underlying cause in 35%**.
• Rarely normal
*Khalil A, Soussan M, Mangiapan G, Fartoukh M, Parrot A, Carette MF: Utility of high-resolution chest CT scan in the emergency management of hemoptysis in the intensive care unit: severity, localization and aetiology. BJR 2007; 80: 21–25.
**Hirshberg B, Biran I, Glazer M, Kramer MR:Hemoptysis: etiology, evaluation, and outcome in a tertiary referral hospital. Chest 1997; 112: 440–444.
Bronchoscopy
• Flexible bronchoscopy is the initial diagnostic procedure of choice :
performed at the bedside, it is readily available, and it is highly successful at localizing the bleeding site if it is performed while the patient is bleeding.• Intubation should be considered .
Massive hemoptysis. Assessment and management. Cahill BC, Ingbar DHClin Chest Med. 1994;15(1):147.
CT SCAN
• Superior to CXR
• Correct localization in 70–88.5% of cases*
Multidetector CT - bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries .
• Better than bronchoscopy for determining the cause of bleeding.
*Haponik EF, Britt EJ, Smith PL, Bleecker ER:Computed chest tomography in the evaluation of hemoptysis: impact on diagnosis and treatment. Chest 1987; 91: 80–85.
Figure 9. Bronchial artery.
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
Figure 8. Bronchial artery.
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
Arteriography
• Persistent bleeding following bronchoscopy.• The preceding bronchoscopy may be helpful in
identifying the area of bleeding assisting the radiologist in locating the precise bleeding site.
• Therapeutic embolization is possible during the diagnostic arteriography procedure.
Figure 10c. Value of preliminary thoracic aortography.
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
Clues to bronchial artery as the source of bleeding:
Parenchymal hypervascularityVascular hypertrophy
aneurysm
The identification of extravasated dye --INFREQUENT Bronchopulmonary shunting
Neovasculirization
BRONCHOSCOPIC AND AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
• IDENTIFY WHICH SIDE IS BLEEDING
•POSITION THE PATIENT• ESTABLISH A PATENT AIRWAY• INSURE ADEQUATE GAS EXCHANGE• INSURE ADEQUATE CVS FUNCTION
• CONTROL THE BLEEDING
Protection of nonbleeding lung
If bleeding side is known
Keep patient at:
-Rest
-Lateral decubitus
-Bleeding side down
Rt.Main bronchus
Left main brochus flooded with blood
• IDENTIFY WHICH SIDE IS BLEEDING• POSITION THE PATIENT
•ESTABLISH A PATENT AIRWAY
• INSURE ADEQUATE GAS EXCHANGE• INSURE ADEQUATE CVS FUNCTION
•CONTROL THE BLEEDING
CONTROL THE BLEEDING
• Non-surgical
Blood products
Bronchoscopic measures
BAE
• Surgery
Bronchoscopic Measures
Endobronchial
>Unilateral lung vent
>Double-lumen ETT
>Balloon tamponade
Bronchial irrigation
Vasoconstrictive agents
Lasers
Thermal Therapy
Selective Intubation
SINGLE LUMEN ETT
Selectively intubate
the non bleeding lung.
Selective intubation of L Main bronchus in R sided massive hemoptysis
Selective Intubation
DOUBLE LUMEN ETT
Specially designed for selective intubation of the right or left main bronchi
Last option in an asphyxiating pt.
FOB - diagnostic
• Identifies the site of bleeding in 73–93%*
Early versus delayed. (<24 hrs)
*Hsiao EI, Kirsch CM, Kagawa FT, Wehner JH, Jensen WA, Baxter RB: Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial
artery embolization for massive hemoptysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177: 861–867.
RIGID BRONCHOSCOPE
RIGIDADVANTAGES
•Larger lumen- packing/clearing clots
• Improved suctioning
• Better clearance
• Improved visualization
• Continuous OPENING FOR airway
FLEXIBLEADVANTAGES
•Performed at bedside
•Access:UL/distal orifices
•CAN DO Lavage
•Topical anaesthesia
DISADVANTAGES
• Poor visibility of peripheral lesions and UL
• GA
• DISADVANTAGES
• Poor suction
• Air way patency is not good
RIGID FLEXIBLE
Cold-Saline Lavage
• Lavage: Normal saline at 4 ° C , 50 mL aliquots
• It Stopped the bleeding with massive hemoptysis obviating the need for emergency thoracotomy.*
Rigid scope is better over FOB
*Conlan AA, Hurwitz SS, Krige L, Nicolaou N, Pool R: Massive hemoptysis: review of 123 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85: 120–124.
Topical Vasoconstrictive Agents
• Topical epinephrine
(1: 20,000)
Effective :
mild to moderate.
Not really useful:
massive bleeding*
Side effects
-Tachyarrythmias
- HTN
• Newer agents: ADH derivative
- ornipressin
* Cahill BC, Ingbar DH: Massive hemoptysis. Assessment and management. Clin Chest Med 1994; 15: 147–167.
Other
Tranexamic Acid
• Antifibrinolytic drug
• Route : PO ,IV & Topical (recently)
• Endobronchial :*
DOSE: 500–1,000 mg
• Response time: seconds
* Solomonov A, Fruchter O, Zuckerman T,Brenner B, Yigla M: Pulmonary hemorrhage: a novel mode of therapy. Respir Med 2009; 103: 1196–1200.
Fibrinogen/Thrombin
• Local application
• Immediate arrest of bleeding.
• Initial strategy before BAE.*
• Alternative treatment when endovascular procedures cannot be performed.
*Wong LT, Lillquist YP, Culham G, DeJong BP, Davidson AG: Treatment of recurrent hemoptysis in a child with cystic fibrosis by repeated bronchial artery embolizations and long-term tranexamic acid. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996; 22: 275–279
Balloon Tamponade
• Life threatening hemoptysis.
• 4 Fr 100 cm Fogarthy balloon catheter by FOB.
• Inflated for 24-48 hrs
* Hiebert C: Balloon catheter control of lifethreatening hemoptysis. Chest 1974; 66: 308– 309.
Advantages:• Air way protection
• Allows gas exchange
• Supports patient before embolization or surgery
Disadvantages:• Ischemic mucosal injury
• Post obstructive pneumonia.
Endobronchial Airway Blockade(Silicone Spigot)
Temporary management.
• Silicone spigot is placed endobronchially .
Stabilizes patient before BEA
• *Dutau H , Palot A, Haas A, Decamps I, Durieux O: Endobronchial embolization with a silicone spigot as a temporary treatment for massive hemoptysis. Respiration 2006; 73: 830–832.
A rigid bronchoscope initially allowed aspiration of blood and removal of clots followed by cold saline and topical vaso active agents ,clearing the vision to place spigot
posterior segment of the right upper lobe
Silicon spigots of various sizes
Distal end of flexibe biopsy forceps with Spigot in place
6-mm silicone spigot
posterior segment of the right upper lobe
A rigid bronchoscope initially allowed aspiration of blood and removal of clots followed by cold saline and topical vaso active agents ,clearing the vision to place spigot
Following this procedure, the patient underwent BAE, and the spigotwas removed 2 h later.
6-mm silicone spigot in place
posterior segment of the right upper lobe
Bronchoscopy-Guided Topical Hemostatic Tamponade(THT)
• Oxidized regenerated cellulose mesh
Saturates with blood-->brownish or black gelatinous mass -->clot.
• Successful in life threatening hemoptysis.
• Immediate arrest of bleed: 98%(56 of 57)
*Valipour A, Kreuzer A, Koller H, Koessler W, Burghuber OC: Bronchoscopy-guided topical hemostatic tamponade therapy for the Management of life-threatening hemoptysis. Chest 2005; 127: 2113–2118.
Bronchoscopy-Guided Topical Hemostatic Tamponade(THT)
56
Bronchoscopy-Guided Topical Hemostatic Tamponade(THT)
Endobronchial view of a bleeding subsegmental bronchus before THT
During bronchoscopy guided THT
Bronchoscopy-Guided Topical Hemostatic Tamponade(THT)
Disavantages:
• Not suitable for proximal sites, trachea.
Patients who cannot tolerate occlusion.
Recurrence of hemoptysis
Endobronchial Sealing with Biocompatible Glue
• Material: n-butyl cyanoacrylate(adhesive)
• Injected into the bleeding airway through a catheter via a flexible FOB.
• Used in mild hemoptysis.
• * *Parthasarathi Bhattacharyya et al Bronchoscopy Centre, Calcutta, India(CHEST 2002; 121:2066–2069)
Endobronchial Sealing with Biocompatible Glue
60
Laser Photocoagulation
• Nd-YAG laser
• Effective in: Bronchoscopically visible source.
MECHANISM:• Photocoagulation of the bleeding mucosa with resulting
hemostasis.
Achieves photoresection and vaporization
*Dumon JF, Reboud E, Garbe L, Aucomte F, Meric B: Treatment of tracheobronchial lesions by laser photoresection. Chest 1982; 81: 278–284.
Argon Plasma Coagulation(APC)
• TYPE : Thermal tissue destruction
• Non contact electrocoagulation tool*.
• Used:
In bronchoscopically visible areas of sources of bleed
62
*Keller CA, Hinerman R, Singh A, Alvarez F: The use of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation In airway complications after solid organ transplantation. Chest 2001; 119: 1968–1975.
APC machine
63
Flooding of the bron.intermed.
Suctioning airway clearance visualization
Coagulation and devascularizationof tissues
Carbonization of the bleeding site
• Once desired desiccation (dry) is done ,deeper penetration
and damage to further tissue SHOULD stopped.*
• Used for superficial and spreading lesions.
Advantages of APC over YAG laser.:
• It provides easy access to lesions.
• Allows homogeneous tissue desiccation.
Endobronchial Electrocautery
• TYPE: Thermal tissue destruction
• Coagulation mode: contact
• Readily available• .
Contact probes Electro cautery machine
Probe through working channel
• Indications :
- Bleeding, endobronchial growth & benign tumours.
• Less expensive alternative to laser.
• Control of haemoptysis using endobronchial electro cautery was achieved in 75%* of the cases
Homasson JP: Endobronchial electrocautery. Semin Respir Crit Care 1997; 18: 535– 543
Bronchial Artery Embolization
• Temporary or definitive
• Immediate control: 57–100% of patients**
Embolization : bronchial and nonbronchial
Long-term control: 70%-88%
*Remy J, Voisin C, Dupuis C, et al: Traitement des hémoptysies par embolisation de la circulation systémique. Ann Radiol (Paris) 1974; 17: 5–16. **Remy J, Arnaud A, Fardou H, et al: Treatment of hemoptysis by embolization of bronchial arteries. Radiology 1977; 122: 33–37.
BAE
In a study conducted in China
mortality has come down from 15 % (1995-1999)* to 0 % (2000-2005) with BAE.
*Shigemura N, Wan IY, Yu SCH: Multidisciplinary management of life-threatening massive hemoptysis: a 10-year experience Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 849–853.
INDICATIONS
To Stabilize patients before surgical resection or medical treatment
As a definitive therapeutic approach in patients:
Who refuse surgery
Who are not candidates for surgery Where surgery is contraindicated
PROCEDURE
Identification of the bleeding vessel by selective bronchial artery cannulation.
Injection of particles in to the feeding vessel.
MATERIALS USED
Catheters
Embolizing materials or particles
Figure 2. Right intercostobronchial artery.
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
Figure 3. Common bronchial trunk.
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
Catheters: Reverse-curved
catheters (Mikaelson, Simmons I, SOS Omni)
Forward-looking
catheters (Cobra, HIH,RC)
Sizes: 4, 5, or 5.5 Fr
are routinely used.
Mikaelson catheter
Cobra type: curved catheter
• Most commonly used
• Microcatheter
• Superselective
catherization
• Less complications
Cobra type catheter
Embolizing materials:
Absorbable gelatin sponge
• Gelfoam
• Pledgets (1 to 2 mm)
• Thrombin
• Glue
• Recently approved
-Embospheres,
-Spherical Poly vinyl alcohol(PVA) particles
Right
Left
Abnormal circulation
Pre-embolisation bronchial angiogram
No abnormal circulation
Post embolisation
Bronchial artery aneurysm
Hypervascular lesion with aneurysm
Pre embolisation Post embolisationPVA particles
No hypervascular lesion & aneurysm
Super selective Embolization of intercostal artery
Hypervascular areas and a small amount of pulmonary arterial shunting
Decreased vasularity
POST EMBOLIZATIONPRE EMBOLIZATION
Radicular arteries
INTERCOSTAL ARTERY
Micro catheter passed beyond radicular artery
Left upper lobe bronchial artery
After embolization
Decreased vascularity & hypertrophyTortous and hypertrophied vessel
Before embolization
More About Materials
PVA particles (350-500 mic)
Most common & Safe
• Liquid embolic agents
-ischemic necrosis
Stainless steel platinum coils
-occlude more proximal vessels.
Particles > 200 to 250 micr.m should be used
IF LESS (Tissue infarction)
AVM • Metallic coils (steel, titanium, or platinum) or detachable
balloons, coils should be 2 mm wider than the feeding artery .
• If steel coils are used, MRI of the brain DELAYED. 6W
• Other : polyvinyl alcohol, wool coils, and Amplatzer vascular plugs. Amplatzer plugs are relatively new. In one study, Amplatzer plugs were used to successfully occlude 120 out of 161 PAVM (75 %) in 69 patients .
Figure 17b. Coil embolization.
Yoon W et al. Radiographics 2002;22:1395-1409
©2002 by Radiological Society of North America
BEA
• Success rates : 64% to 100%.
• Recurrent non-massive bleeding :16–46%
• Technical failure: 13%
83
Complications of BAE
• Transversemyelitis
• Neurological (Para paresis)
• Intimal tears
• Chest pain
• Pyrexia
• Haemoptysis
• Systemic embolisation
• Vessel perforation
84
Acute Complications of BAE
1. Pleuritic chest pain 5 - 13 %
2. Transient air embolization 5%
3. Radiographic pulmonary infarction 3%
4. TIA 1%
5. Distal migration of the detachable balloon 1%
6. DVT 2ry to the angiography catheter 1.5 %
7. Stroke <0.5 %
8. Reflux of the embolization coil
9. Arterial wall damage with potential perforation .
Long-term outcomes
• Stroke and/or cerebral abscess 2%.
• The onset of pulmonary hypertension or the worsening of prior pulmonary hypertension.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Localized lesions
• Mortality : 1% to 50%
• Mortality :upto 40% (emergency procedure)
Indications of surgery
Procedure of choice in:
• Bronchial adenoma
• Aspergilloma
• Hydatid cyst
• Iatrogenic pulmonary rupture
• Chest trauma
• AV malformations
Contra indications for Surgery
• Unresectable carcinoma
• Inability to lateralize the bleeding site
• Diffuse disease
• Multiple AVM
• Cystic fibrosis
• Marginal pulm. Reserve
• Non-localizing bronchiectasis
90
Life Threatening hemoptysis
Pulmonary isolation & identification of bleeding source
(Radiological/Bronchoscopic means:CT Chest,Balloon bronchial blockers)
Rigid Bronchoscopy
Surgery BAE
(Delayed TREATMENT)
Follow up at OPD
SUCCESS
FAILURE
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