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Navigation solutions powered by Europe
Engineering and Organization of GNSS Services
Dr. ing. Marco LISIEuropean Space Agency
Special Advisor of the European Commission
Master in Navigation and Related Applications Torino, 5th April 2013
Table of Contents
Introduction Introduction to Service Systems Galileo Early Services Engineering GNSS Services Conclusions
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, OPERATIONS ENGINEERING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT:
the multifaceted challenge of large, strategic and complex systems
Dr. ing. Marco Lisi(Marco.Lisi@esa.int)
European Space AgencySpecial Advisor of the European Commission
Master in Navigation and Related Applications Torino, 5th April 2013
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Summary The increasing need for large and complex space systems
focused on the provision of services (e.g. Galileo, GMES) derives from the paradigm shift taking place in the world, i.e. the advent of a service-based economy
New approaches are required in systems engineering and project management:• Concurrency (“Concurrent Engineering”);• Integration (hardware, software, human factor, procedures);• Collaboration (“Collaborative Engineering”);• “Through-life” perspective (“TLCM”, “TCO”);• Service specification (Service Level Agreements, KPI’s);• Capabilities acquisition and management.
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The Dawn of a Service EconomyOver the past three decades, services have become the
largest part of most industrialized nations’ economies
“As goods become more information-intensive and interactive and are continually upgraded, they change character. They lose their status as products and metamorphose into evolving services.”
Jeremy Rifkin, “The Age of Access”
Many products are being transformed into services and, in general, products integrate a higher and higher service component into them.
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What is a service?A “service” (or “service activity”) has been defined as:
“an activity or series of activities provided as solution to customer problems” (Gronroos, 1990);
“a provider-customer interaction that co-creates value”;
“the application of competences (knowledge, skills and resources) for the benefit of another entity in a mutually agreed and mutually beneficial manner” (Lusch & Vargo, 2006).
Services have a rather unique characteristic: the customer of a service is typically a participant in the service process. The customer co-produces the value (or benefit) along with the service provider via ongoing interactions.
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What is a service system?
• Service (or service-oriented) systems are systems meant to provide value-added services through the use of technology (mainly communications and computer technologies);
• A “service system” has been defined as a dynamic configuration of people, technology, organizational networks and shared information (such as languages, processes, metrics, prices, policies, and laws) designed to deliver services that satisfy the needs, wants, or aspirations of customers.
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Characteristics of Service Systems• Large and complex systems• Software intensive (several million lines of code) • Capabilities-based rather than platform-based • Organization and governance (human factor)• Technical performance is a prerequisite for production
and delivery of services, not a final objective• Requirements related to operations, in addition to
technical ones, assume a very high relevance:
Quality of Service (QoS) Flexibility Reliability, Availability, Continuity Expandability Maintainability Interoperability Safety Resilience Security
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Products vs. ServicesCars
Highways
Trains
Railways
Stations
Parking areas
Aircrafts
Airports
Ships
Etc.
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Large and Complex Systems (1/2)A large and complex system is a system composed of a
large number of interconnected elements, often developed and deployed worldwide, which interact dynamically, giving rise to emergent properties
Examples of complex systems for civil applications include: global satellite navigation systems air traffic control systems railway control systems space systems such as the International Space Station or space
transportation and exploration vehicles surveillance, Earth observation and Homeland security systems electric power distribution systems telecommunication systems complex computer networks, including Internet.
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Large and Complex Systems (2/2)A complex system often integrates existing systems (or
parts of them) in an overall large-scale architecture containing a large number of interfaces and implementing multiple modes of operation, in a highly dynamic environment
Large and complex systems require extensive logistics and maintenance support capabilities
Large and complex space-based systems (e.g. Galileo) are conceived to be in service for a long time; in this case the evolution of the system (up-gradings and modifications) has to be taken into account from the beginning.
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Specifying a Service System• Functional and technical performance: • - System Requirements Document (SRD)• Operational requirements and scenarios:• - Concept of Operations (CONOPS) document• Expected service behavior and non-functional
performance:• - Service Level Agreement (SLA)• A typical SLA defines Key Performance Indicators
(KPI’s) and Key Quality Indicators (KQI’s), with target values and target ranges to be achieved over a certain time period.
Operational KPI’s Dashboard
1st level maintenance
2nd level maintenance
Downtime of Control Centers
Spare parts availability
Preventive maintenance
Respect of procedures
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The “Traditional” Procurement Approach Current systems engineering, project management
and acquisition practices still rely on their historical hardware engineering and acquisition legacy
Product-oriented, fixed-price, build-to-specification contracts give the illusion of a delivery within the allocated budget, but usually result in cost and schedule overruns
Many projects have difficulties integrating hardware, software and human factor aspects
Many projects fail to capture (and optimize) in their acquisition processes the multifaceted aspects of the systems they try to realize.
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Through-Life Capability ManagementThrough-Life Capability Management (TLCM) is an
approach to the acquisition and in-service management of a capability over its entire life-cycle, from cradle to grave
TLCM means evaluating a capability not just in the terms of a single piece of equipment, but as a complete system or “system of systems”
TLCM recognizes the value of concurrent engineering, being aware that the initial purchase cost (and risk) of a system is only a small fraction of the total cost of procurement
The adoption of a TLCM approach implies the evaluation of all the costs involved in the utilization of a capability over its entire life-cycle, a.k.a. Total Cost of Ownership.
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Total Cost of OwnershipOperators, including government establishments and
commercial entities, are emphasizing reduced total cost of ownership of large and complex space systems
The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) approach asks for cost trade-off’s throughout the total life cycle
An optimum balance must be found between non-recurring (CAPEX) development and integration costs and operating (OPEX) costs
Scalable architectures, design for reliability/ maintainability/supportability, interface standardization (physical and protocol levels) and SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) technologies are promising “best practices” to achieve the total cost of ownership reduction goal.
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Non-Recurring (CAPEX) Cost Factors Factors affecting the non-recurring costs of large and
complex systems (mainly the integration effort) are:
Number of stakeholder organizations involved Number of domains involved (business functions and solution
technology) Number and variegation of classified domains Number of geographical sites Number of users Number of unique architectural components Number of physical components Level of security certification (if any) required.
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Operating (OPEX) Cost Factors Factors affecting the operating costs of systems of
systems are:
Cost of training Costs associated with failure or outage (planned or unplanned) Costs of security breaches Costs of safety Cost of disaster preparedness and recovery Real estate occupation Energy Maintenance (including spare parts inventory) Upgrading due to obsolescence of h/w and s/w Communications fees (e.g. lease line expenses) Quality assurance Decommissioning.
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Conclusion Space systems are becoming more and more service-
centered rather than technology-centered, “network-centric” rather than “satellite-centric”
This paradigm shift implies systems engineering and project management approaches based on four pillars: concurrency integration collaboration “through life” perspective
Space-based service systems, such as Galileo, need a very collaborative integration of systems engineering, operations engineering and project management, with special attention to operational, governance and Integrated Logistic Support aspects.
“Systems Engineering and Project Management are two sides of the same coin ”
Prof. K. Hambleton
Navigation solutions powered by Europe
Galileo: a Large and Complex GNSS Oriented to Services
Dr. ing. Marco LISIEuropean Space Agency
Special Advisor of the European Commission
Master in Navigation and Related Applications Torino, 5th April 2013
Summary EGNOS and Galileo are the key elements of the European navigation “system of systems”, a strategic and critical infrastructure of EU;The Galileo global navigation satellite system, joint initiative by the European Union and the European Space Agency, is one of the most ambitious and technologically advanced service systems being developed in Europe, by European industries and with European resources;While the system procurement and deployment proceed on schedule, all steps are being taken for the delivery of early services;An integrated system/service engineering approach is required.
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GALILEO Program essentials
Galileo is Europe's initiative for a state-of-the-art global navigation satellite system, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning service under civilian control While providing autonomous navigation and positioning services, Galileo will at the same time be interoperable with GPS and GLONASS, the two other global satellite navigation systems The fully deployed Galileo system will consist of 30 satellites and the associated ground infrastructure.
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GALILEO: a Large and Complex ICT System
toexternalService
Providersand otherentities
~ 40 GSS
Constellation - 30 MEO Satellites
ERIS - External Regional Integrity Systems
GCS - Galileo Control System
GMS - Galileo Mission System
GSS - Galileo Sensor Stations
MDDN - Mission Data Dissemination Network
NRS - Navigation Related Service
PRS - Public Regulated Service
SAR - Search And Rescue
SDDN - Satallite Data Dissemination Network
TT&C - Telemetry, Tracking and Telecommand
ULS - Up-Link Station
Galileo Control Centre 2 (GCC2)(geographical redundant)
Galileo Control Centre 1 (GCC1)
ERIS13 m antenna
TT&C S-band Up-linkMission C-band Up-link
(Nav/Integ/SAR/NRS/PRS)5 combined Galileo Up-links Sites
(global coverage)
Total: 5 S-band heads Total: at least 31 C-band heads
Mission C-band Up-link(Nav/Integ/SAR/NRS/PRS)
+ 4 dedicated Mission Up-linksSites
... Direct C-band Up-linksfor Integrity
SDDN MDDN/ ULS Network
MDDN/ GSS Network
Elements of GCS and GMS
Elements of GMS
Elements of GCS
Ground Control and Mission Segments Facilities
Early Services impose significant constraints on all key Galileo actors, in order to:
Prerequisites for Providing Early Services
Ensure early and continuous operation of Galileo system
Ensure early and continuous operation of the GSMC for handling security events
Ensure early provision of user interfaces, e.g. to service centres
Ensure proper definition and implementation of service validation activities
Ensure proper and timely definition of liability regimes
Characteristics
Free of charge positioning, navigation and timing informationGalileo Open Service is fully interoperable with GPS
Users
Mass-market applications (i.e. smartphones, in-car navigation)Additional applications such as timing, surveying, farming, fleet management, passenger information systems …
Next steps
Provide early Galileo Open Service from 2014Autonomous and continuous service available when the full constellation is deployed
Galileo Open Service (OS)
Open Service (OS) Freely accessible service forpositioning and timing
Because of the reduced constellation deployed by 2014, the OS early service will not provide a standalone serviceSignals will be available for users and will provide benefits when combined with GPS or other constellations, by providing good ranging accuracy online monitoring of OS SIS and timely isolation/flagging
of any OS SIS which are not reaching minimum performance levels
EC/ESA/GSA currently defining the performance commitment for early servicesNumber of signals available and positioning accuracy will increase with the deployment of additional satellitesFull autonomous PVT performance will be declared at FOC
Galileo OS – Early Service in 2014
Phased approach tied to infrastructure deploymentThe early service milestone in 2014 will be linked to a minimum deployed infrastructure configuration to be defined as part of the service requirements derivation and gap analysis.
The autonomous service milestone in 2016 is planned with a more complete constellation and with fully deployed ground infrastructure. This will allow declaration of an autonomous early service, with performance parameters that will improve with further satellite deployments, up to FOC.
Galileo OS – Phased introduction
Galileo user helpdesk facility will be available already in October 2012. operated under the supervision of the GSA
Galileo Service Centre (GSC) is being set up in Madrid provides interfaces to all users of Galileo OS (as well as CS) support to receiver manufacturers support to service providers
Main system operations (GMS / GCC) are ensured until 2016 preparations for operations after 2016 are proceeding
Galileo Reference Centre (GRC) - Independent performance monitoring centre is being established
Ground infrastructure for early OS
OS Service Provider – GSA
GRC
GRSP Operator
Galileo System Operator
GCCControl Centres
Ground Segments
OS SIS ICDOS SDD
OSSignal in Space
GSCOS Service Centre
Space SegmentSatellite
Constellation
TSP OperatorTSPTime Reference Services
Independent OS Performance Monitoring
Time and geodesy system
services
OS - User Segment
End user
Application providers
Receiver Manufacturers
App
GRSPGeodesy Reference
Services
User helpdeskAdditional
Galileo data
Galileo OS Operational ConceptSchematic view of key OS operational components
Main functions of the GSC:By means of a web portal, provide general information, official User Documentation and applicable standards static information tools and facilities to support applications and user equipment
development up-to-date status, planned outages
Provide Signal in Space (SIS) tracking assistance information up-to-date position and SIS information for each Galileo satellite tools for planning test sessions (during early stages)
Service Status Information – Service Bulletins
SIS and Service Performance Information
User Support Helpdesk Services
Galileo Service Centre (GSC)
Main functions of the GRC:Independent monitoring of Galileo system and service performance
Independent evaluation of Galileo Signal in Space (SIS) qualityIndependent evaluation of Galileo service performance, based on the Service Definition DocumentsMonitoring of service performance related Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)Support to other service centres on performance assessment and products GSC (open service, commercial service) GSMC (public regulated service) SAR (search and rescue) service provider
Monitoring of other GNSS systemsEstablish operational links with other independent evaluation networks such as IGS
Galileo Reference Centre (GRC)
Navigation solutions powered by Europe
Galileo Integrated Approach to Services Provision
Dr. ing. Marco LISIEuropean Space Agency
Special Advisor of the European Commission
Master in Navigation and Related Applications Torino, 5th April 2013
Galileo Integrated ApproachThe provision of Galileo services will be a process well distinct from the Galileo system development & acquisition process;A Service Management specific process, including methodology, best practices and organization, is required;However, system (acquisition) and service (provision) have to proceed together, in a coordinated and well harmonized manner;An integrated approach is required, with a systems engineering perspective covering both system and service related aspects.
Galileo Development & Acquisition Process
GalileoSystem
Assets(Satellite Constellation, GCC’s,
GCS, GMS, GDDN, etc.)
Galileo System Requirements
Galileo System Performance &
Operations
People(ESA Project Team,
Subco’s, EC, GSA, etc.)
Processes(Engineering Board, VCB,
CCB, CM, Ops Procedures, etc.)
Galileo Service Provision Process
GalileoServices
Assets(Galileo System, GSC, GPEC, etc.)
Galileo Services
Requirements
Galileo Services Provision
People(EC, GSA, ESA Support, Member States, Services
Providers, Operators, etc.)
Processes(Services Validation, KPIs
Monitoring, Security Monitoring, Helpdesk, etc.)
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What is a service?
A “service” (or “service activity”) has been defined as: “an activity or series of activities provided as solution to
customer problems” (Gronroos, 1990); “a provider-customer interaction that co-creates value”; “the application of competences (knowledge, skills and
resources) for the benefit of another entity in a mutually agreed and mutually beneficial manner” (Lusch & Vargo, 2006).
Services have a rather unique characteristic: the customer (user) of a service is typically a participant in the service process. The customer (user) co-produces the value (or benefit) along with the service provider via ongoing interactions.
57
What do we mean by "service"?
By the term “service” we mean the guaranteed and committed delivery of a capability to a community of potential customers/users;In the delivery of a service, the focus is more on the “commitment” (continued over time) than on the “technical performance” (provided that the service delivered is useful and responds to a minimum set of guaranteed technical requirements).
58
What is a service system?
Service (or service-oriented) systems are systems meant to provide value-added services through the use of technology (mainly communications and computer technologies);A “service system” has been defined as a dynamic configuration of people, technology, organizational networks and shared information (such as languages, processes, metrics, prices, policies, and laws) designed to deliver services that satisfy the needs, wants, or aspirations of customers.
59
Characteristics of Service Systems
Large and complex systemsSoftware intensive (several million lines of code) Capabilities-based rather than platform-based Organization and governance (human factor)Technical performance is a prerequisite for production and delivery of services, not a final objectiveRequirements related to operations, in addition to technical ones, assume a very high relevance:
Quality of Service (QoS) FlexibilityReliability, Availability, Continuity ExpandabilityMaintainability InteroperabilitySafety ResilienceSecurity
60
Specifying a Service SystemFunctional and technical performance: - System Requirements Document (SRD)Operational requirements and scenarios:- Concept of Operations (CONOPS) documentExpected service behavior and non-functional performance:- Service Level Agreement (SLA)A typical SLA defines Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) and Key Quality Indicators (KQI’s), with target values and target ranges to be achieved over a certain time period.
Application Provider Galileo Service Center
Galileo Ground Segment (GMS)
ULS
Galileo In Orbit Constellation
Users
E6 SiS
Commercial Services High Level Scenario
Service ManagementService Management is a set of specialized organizational capabilities for providing value to users/customers in the form of services;These organizational capabilities include all the processes, methods, functions, roles and activities that Service Providers uses to enable them to deliver services to their customers;The inputs to Service Management are the resources and capabilities that represent the assets of the Service Provider. The outputs are the services that provide value to users;The focus of Service Management is on the service delivery process which is different from a system development and acquisition process (focussed on technology and technical performance);From the Service Management viewpoint technologies and technical performance are means, not final objectives.
What is ITIL?ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) is a public framework (and a “de facto” standard) that describes Best Practices in IT Service Management;Although originally conceived and developed for IT-based services, the ITIL methodology and practices are applicable to the management of a generic service provision process;The Galileo service provision organization will have as its main and essential asset what can be seen as a large and complex ICT system (network based, computational intensive, software intensive);ITIL could therefore be a good reference for the Galileo Service Management definition.
Service StrategyThe Service Strategy phase should define: What services should be offered Who the services should be offered to How service performance will be measured The service provisioning model The organization design and development
Inputs to the Service Strategy phase are: The strategic objectives defined at EC political level Market research and analyses
The main output of the Service Phase should be the Service Value definition, in terms of: Service Utility: what the customer gets in terms of satisfaction of his
needs Service Warranty: how the service is delivered and its fitness for use,
in terms of availability, capacity, continuity and security
Service DesignThe Service Design phase should define service architectures, processes, policies and documentation, including: Technology architectures Service management systems and tools Documentation and Configuration management Planning and Schedule management Security management Contractual management (in terms of Service Level Agreements, SLA,
and Operational Level Agreements, OLA) Risks identification and management Measurements methods and metrics (e.g. KPIs)
Service TransitionThe role of the Service Transition phase is to deliver the required services into operational use
Service ValidationThe objective of Service Validation is to ensure that the newly deployed service meets customer expectations and to verify that Operations are able to support itAs part of the Service Validation process, the Service Acceptance and Testing process verifies if all conditions are met for the new service to be activated and if the new service fulfils the Service Level Requirements.
Service OperationThe purpose of Service Operation is to deliver agreed levels of service to users and customers and to manage the applications, technology and infrastructure that support delivery of the servicesThe Service operation phase includes a number of key processes and activities, such as: Event Management Process Incident Management Process Problem Management Process Service Desk Function Technical Management Function
Continual Service ImprovementContinual Service Improvement (CSI) is concerned with maintaining value for the customers/users through the continual evaluation and improvement of the quality of the services providedCSI defines three key processes: Improvement Process Service Measurement Service Reporting
Galileo System/Service Integration
System Requirements
System Development
System Int. & Verif.
System Operations
External Facilities
Requirements
External Facilities
Development
External Facilities
Int. & Verif.
External Facilities
Operations
ServiceStrategy
ServiceDesign
ServiceValidation
ServiceDelivery
ConclusionsThe future delivery of Galileo service will require a specific Service Management approach, including methodology, best practices and organization;ITIL provides a “de facto” Service Management standard, adopted in a variety of service delivery cases (not necessarily and purely IT-based);The adoption of the ITIL framework as a reference for the definition of a Galileo Service Management approach might offer many advantages, including the possibility of a future certification (e.g. ISO 20000);In particular, ITIL can immediately suggest an approach to the definition of a Service Validation Plan and of the Service KPI’s.
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