materials science – role & its importance dr. a. r. koppalkar, associate professor, department...

Materials Science – Role & Its Importance

Dr. A. R. Koppalkar,Associate Professor,

Department of Physics,S. S. Margol College, Shahabad

International Year of Chemistry – V. G. Womens College Gulbarga – 09.09.2011

What are Materials?What are Materials?

• That’s easy! Look around.

• Our clothes are made of materials, our homes are made of materials - mostly manufactured. Glass windows, vinyl siding, metal silverware, ceramic dishes…

• Most things are made from many different kinds of materials.

Materials ScienceMaterials Science

• Defined as the study of the properties of materials and to have a proper application of the same materials.

• These properties are determined by a material’s composition and structure.

Materials ScienceMaterials Science

• Example - the dramatic role of iron throughout the ages is not really the result of it being "strong". In reality, iron has been important because we can change its properties by heating and cooling it.

• The ability to change the properties and/or behavior of a material is what makes most materials useful and this is at the heart of materials science!

Materials ScienceMaterials Science

• An interdisciplinary study that combines metallurgy, physics, chemistry, and engineering to solve real-world problems with real-world materials in an acceptable societal and economical manner.

Kinds of MaterialsKinds of Materials

• Metals: are materials that are normally combinations of "metallic elements". Metals usually are good conductors of heat and electricity. Also, they are quite strong but malleable and tend to have a lustrous look when polished.

• Ceramics: are generally compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements. Typically they are insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments.

Kinds of MaterialsKinds of Materials

• Plastics: (or polymers) are generally organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen. They are very large molecular structures. Usually they are low density and are not stable at high temperatures.

• Semiconductors: have electrical properties intermediate between metallic conductors and ceramic insulators. Also, the electrical properties are strongly dependent upon small amounts of impurities.

Kinds of MaterialsKinds of Materials

• Composites: consist of more than one material type. Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, is an example. Concrete and plywood are other familiar composites. Many new combinations include ceramic fibers in metal or polymer matrix.

Newer Branches of Materials Newer Branches of Materials ScienceScience

• Nanotechnology: a relatively new area grown out of techniques used to manufacture semiconductor circuits. Machines can be produced on a microscopic level. Example - miniature robots to do surgery inside the body or miniature chemical laboratories and instruments that will continuously analyze blood and dispense medications inside the body.

Materials ScienceMaterials Science

• The following elements and their interaction define Materials Science– Performance– Properties– Structure and composition– Synthesis and processing

History of MaterialsHistory of Materials

• Even our history has been defined by the materials we use…

• The stone age• The copper age• The bronze age• The iron age• What would be a good material name for today?

History of MaterialsHistory of Materials

• Man has been studying materials since before leaving the cave.

• Due to lack of communication, early man spent hundreds of millennia experimenting with stone tools.

• The first metal tools appeared perhaps only six thousand years ago.

Ferroelectric Ceramics Materials

In these materials the crystal structure is such that the centers of positive and negative charges do not coincide even in the absence of external electric field.

They have considerably high values of dielectric constant and exhibit hysteresis behaviour with the application of electric field.

Properties used in applicationsProperties used in applications

Dielectric , Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric, Electro-optic

Applications

Capacitors , Cigratte and Gas lightersNon volatile memories, MicropositionersTransducers, Piezoelectric TransformersImpact Printer Head, etc.,

Polymer CompositesPolymer Composites

Conductive polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity.

The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is their processability.

Conductive polymers are also plastics and therefore can combine the

mechanical properties of plastics with high electrical conductivities

The advanced Polymer The advanced Polymer composites arecomposites are

Polyethylene composites (PEO)

Polyaniline composites (PANI)

Polypyrrole composites(PPY)

Polyvinyl acetate composites(PVA)

PEO based compositesPEO based composites

PEO based batteries

PEO+LiAsf6Chemical structure of PEO

Polyaniline composites (PANI)Polyaniline composites (PANI)

Structure of polyaniline

PANI-LED

Different preparation techniques Different preparation techniques leads to different surface arealeads to different surface area

Bulk -HCl Nano fiber -SDBSA H3PO4

HNO3 Succanic acid H2SO4

Prepare

d in our la

b

Prepare

d in our la

b

PANI / CdO; PANI/n-TiOPANI / CdO; PANI/n-TiO22 & &

PANI / n-ZnO CompositesPANI / n-ZnO Composites

Prepare

d in our la

b

Prepare

d in our la

b

ApplicationApplication

GAS SENSORGAS SENSOR

GAS SENSORGAS SENSOR

A gas sensor is a chemical sensor that is operated in the gas phase. It converts chemical information, which is determined by different concentrations of gaseous chemical species, into an electrical signal [6]. Thus, a chemical sensor gives a signal that in some way is related to the chemical environment it is exposed to.

GAS SENSORGAS SENSOR

Polypyrrole composites(PPY)Polypyrrole composites(PPY)

Structure of polypyrrole

PPY-DisplayPPY-Display

Polyvinyl acetate composites(PVA)Polyvinyl acetate composites(PVA)

Structure of polyvinyl acetate

PVA Display

PVA ScreenPVA Screen

Ferro Magnetic MaterialsFerro Magnetic Materials• Iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the

rare earths (gadolinium, dysprosium)

exhibit a unique magnetic behavior

which is called ferromagnetism

• In ferromagnetic material, all the

magnetic moments of the individual

atoms or ions are aligned parallel to

some particular direction• Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a

long-range ordering phenomenon at the atomic level which causes the unpaired electron spins to line up parallel with each other in a region called a domain

Ferro Magnetic HysteresisFerro Magnetic Hysteresis

• Ferromagnets will tend to stay magnetized to some extent after being subjected to an external magnetic field.

• This tendency to "remember their magnetic history" is called hysteresis

APPLICATIONMS OF APPLICATIONMS OF FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALSFERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

Iron Core Solenoid An iron core has the effect

of multiplying greatly the magnetic field of a solenoid compared to the air core solenoid on the left.

Shape Memory AlloyShape Memory Alloy• A shape memory alloy (SMA)is an

alloy that "remembers" its shape, and can be returned to that shape after being deformed, by applying heat to the alloy.

• When the shape memory effect is correctly harnessed, this material becomes a lightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems.

• Shape memory alloys have numerous applications in the medical and aerospace industries.

Super Conducting MaterialsSuper Conducting Materials

• DISCOVERY– KAMERLINGH ONNES

DISCOVERED SUPER CONDUCTIVITY IN 1911 WHILE STUDYING THE RESISTIVITY OF MERCURY

• CLASSIFICATION

– TYPE-I AND TYPE-I

superconductors– LOW Tc & HIGH Tc

superconductors

COOPER PAIRS COOPER PAIRS

A model of Cooper pair attraction

A passing electron attracts the lattice, causing a slight ripple toward its path.

Another electron passing in the opposite direction is attracted to that displacement.

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

• STORAGE OF ENERGY

TRANSMISSION OF ENERGYTRANSMISSION OF ENERGY

Super Conducting Cables

MAGNETIC LEVITATION MAGNETIC LEVITATION

Magnetic levitation

Maglev Train