matter and energy chapter 1 cem131. matter and its classification
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Matter and Energy
Chapter 1CEM131
Matter and Its Classification
MatterCan be subdivided into…
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Solutions
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Compounds
Elements
Ionic Compounds
Molecular Compounds
Compounds
Elements
Elements can be dividedinto three Groups
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Chemical Formulas
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen = 1
Carbon = 2
Hydrogen = 6
Oxygen = O
Carbon = C
Hydrogen = H
Oxygen = 1 OCarbon = 2 CHydrogen = 6 H
Oxygen = OCarbon = C2
Hydrogen = H6
Oxygen = OCarbon = C2
Hydrogen = H6Bonds are the holes in this model… little hard to see
So we start with C2
Then we add the rest
C2H5OH
Wait… why not C2H6O or C2OH6?
CH3OH
Physical and Chemical Properties
What is a Physical Property?
Observations can be either
Qualitative or Quantitative
Qualitative is Subjective
Observations can be either
Qualitative or Quantitative
Quantitative is Objective
What types of Quantitative measures can we do?
Mass
Volume
Density
Dimensional Analysis
Ooo, pretty fractions
Try this one.𝑋=( 12 )
2
×12+ 14
Answer = 3/8
1. Square 1/2 = 1/4 2. Multiple that by 1/2 = 1/83. Add that to 1/4, with the least common
denominator as 8 = 3/8
How about this one?
Solve the following for R.
Answer:
1. divide nT from both side of the equation.
Now a little more… try to figure out these conversions.
Hint, check your books for the conversion factors.
Complete the following conversions
A. 1.54 kg = __________gB. 3.46 cm = __________ µmC. 12.4 ml = __________ lD. 2.3 × 103 in = ___________ m
15403460000.0124
58.42
Try these, they are density equations.
A liquid that has a mass of 125 g per 120 ml, what is the density in g/ml?
1.04 g/ml
Now to ramp it up a bit…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.
A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.B. 3.79 × 10-4 kg/l
A. 751.65 g/mlB. 3.79 × 10-4 g/ml
How to use Dimensional Analysis
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
What are you trying to determine?
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
How many grams/ml?
Right, but let’s rewrite that…
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=¿
Now put in what we know already…
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .
Now we need to go from one set of units to the other, do them one at a time. Let’s start with the pounds…
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .
×𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟔𝒈𝟏.𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 .
Notice how pounds are above and below the fraction line. These cancel out each other. If we solve it here, we would be in g/fl. oz.
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .
×𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟔𝒈𝟏.𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 .
Now do the same with the fluid ounces to milliliters.
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .
×𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟔𝒈𝟏.𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 .
×𝟏 𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .𝟐𝟗 .𝟓𝟕𝒎𝒍
See how each step is another step towards what we were looking for, now the fl. oz. cancel.
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .
×𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟔𝒈𝟏.𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 .
×𝟏 𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .𝟐𝟗 .𝟓𝟕𝒎𝒍
Now when we plug and chug the only units left are g/ml… time to hit the calculator.
Let us look at this one again…Calculate the density of the following materials in g/ml.A. 49 lbs./fl. oz.
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .
×𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟔𝒈𝟏.𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 .
×𝟏 𝒇𝒍 .𝒐𝒛 .𝟐𝟗 .𝟓𝟕𝒎𝒍
?𝒈𝒎𝒍
=𝟒𝟗×𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟔×𝟏𝟏×𝟏×𝟐𝟗 .𝟓𝟕
=𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟔 .𝟒𝟐𝟗 .𝟓𝟕
=𝟕𝟓𝟏 .𝟔𝟓𝒈𝒎𝒍
Significant Figures
You can only be as precise as your least precise measurement.
Not Accurate or Precise.
Preciseand Accurate
0
1
2
3
4
We account for precise through significant figures.
The question of zeros
Zeros that denote magnitude are not significant.
Zeros that are part of the measurement are significant
Examples
2305.0 = 5 significant digits
0.00456 = 3 significant digits
52,000,000 = 2-8 significant digits, these cases must be determined by context of the measurement.
Problems
1. 345.00 = ______ sig figs 2. 0.0030045 = ______ sig figs 3. 4500.001 = ______ sig figs 4. 4.6 × 106 = ______ sig figs
5
5
7
2
In math, do not consider exact numbers (such as conversion factors)
The answer must have the same number of significant figures as the least precise measured value in the equation.
Examples
2.5 X 3.25 = 8.1 (2 sig figs)
3 X 3.567 = 10 (1 sig fig)
45.3 / 67.9 = 0.667 (3 sig figs)
Problems
1. 3.45 × 3.45 = ____________ 2. 4.9/2 = ______________ 3. 3.45×104 × 9.5674 = _______________
11.9
2
3.30×105
Rounding Off AnswersThis is where a lot of students have problems, but the rules are simple.
If the first digit to be dropped is less than 5, leave the last digit kept unchanged.
If the first digit dropped is greater than 5 or is 5 followed by a digit other than zero, raise the last digit kept by one.
If the first digit dropped is 5 followed by only zeros or no other digits, then leave the kept digit unchanged if even and raise by one if odd.
Problems
Given a solution of density 3.87 lbs./gal. how many kilograms of the solution would you have with 1.5 liters of the solution?
0.70 kg
Problems
Nitroglycerin expands at a rate of 1200 times its original volume during detonation, in terms of metric unit volume, how much volume would be generated by a 1.000 pound mass that has a density of 6.870 lbs./ft3?
4947 liters
Problems
Given a solution of density 3.87 lbs./gal. how many kilograms of the solution would you have with 1.5 liters of the solution?
0.70 kg
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