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The end of the Age of Dinosaurs in AntarcticaMatthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Pangaea: ancient supercontinent
220 Ma (Late Triassic)
Blakey 2003
Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea
150 Ma (Late Jurassic)
Blakey 2003
Laurasia: northern supercontinent
Blakey 2003
Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea
Gondwana: southern supercontinent
Blakey 2003
Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea
Geography influences evolution
Laurasian Cretaceous dinosaursJosh F
ranzos
Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaurs
Gondwanan dinos much less knownR
on B
lakey
Exploring the Gondwanan CretaceousR
on B
lakey
South America
Ron B
lakey
Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous
Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous
Africa & Arabia
Ron B
lakey
Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous
Australia
Ron B
lakey
Ron B
lakey
Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous
Madagascar htt
p:/
/ww
w.a
nkiz
y.o
rg
Ron B
lakey
Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous
India & Pakistan Jeff
Wils
on
Jeff
Wils
on
Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaursR
on B
lakey
Abelisauroid theropods
Carnotaurus sastrei
Bonaparte 1985; Bonaparte et al. 1990
Jose B
onapart
e
Ron B
lakey
Abelisauroid theropods
Majungasaurus crenatissimus
Lavocat 1955; Sampson et al. 1998; Sampson & Krause 2007
Dave K
rause
Carnotaurus sastrei
Jose B
onapart
e
Ron B
lakey
Abelisauroid theropods
Rajasaurus narmadensis
Wilson et al. 2003
Pro
ject E
xplo
ratio
n
Majungasaurus crenatissimus
Dave K
rause
Carnotaurus sastrei
Jose B
onapart
e
Ron B
lakey
Spinosaurid theropods
David
e B
onadonna/N
atio
nal
Geogra
phic
Carcharodontosaurid theropodsU
niv
ers
ity o
f C
hic
ago
Rebbachisaurid sauropods
To
dd M
ars
hall
Titanosaurian
sauropods
Mark
Halle
tt
Titanosaurian
sauropods
Paralititan stromeri
To
dd M
ars
hall
Antarctica
Antarctica?
zim
bio
.com
Antarctica: the missing piece
Antarctica: the missing piece
~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous)
Antarctica: the missing piece
~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous)
South
America
Australia
Antarctica
Antarctica: the missing piece
~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous)
South
America
Australia
Antarctica
Antarctic Peninsula
Antarctic Peninsula
Robert
Nic
holls
Antarctic Peninsula
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
Antarctic Peninsula
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
66
146
200
251Ma
Albian
Aptian
Barremian
Hauterivian
Valanginian
Berriasian
100
112
125
130
134
140
146
Ma
Maastrichtian
Campanian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
66
71
84
86
89
94
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
66
146
200
251Ma
Albian
Aptian
Barremian
Hauterivian
Valanginian
Berriasian
100
112
125
130
134
140
146
Ma
Maastrichtian
Campanian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
66
71
84
86
89
94
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
~90-70 Ma
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Sharks
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Bony fishes
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Plesiosaurs
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Mosasaurs
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Non-avian dinosaurs
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaursDinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Olivero et al. 1991; Salgado & Gasparini 2006
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Coria et al. 2013
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
PelvisLeft lateral (side) view
Bones preserved
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014
Robert
Nic
holls
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014
Robert
Nic
holls
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Right dentary (lower jaw)Lateral (side) view
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Case et al. 2000
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Labial (side) view
Tooth
Mesial (front) view
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaursDinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Mic
hael S
kre
pnic
k
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaursDinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Mic
hael S
kre
pnic
k
Hadrosaur paleobiogeography
Originate North America/Eurasia ~100 Ma
Ron B
lakey
Hadrosaur paleobiogeography
Ron B
lakey
Disperse to South America ~80 Ma
Hadrosaur paleobiogeography
Ron B
lakey
Disperse to Antarctica ~80-70 Ma
Hadrosaur paleobiogeography
Ron B
lakey
South America-Antarctica land connection operative in latest Cretaceous
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Cerda et al. 2012
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Anterior (front)
view
Right lateral (side)
view
Posterior (rear)
view
Caudal (tail) vertebra
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Molnar et al. 1996
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Posterior (rear) view
Tibia (ankle end only)
Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs
Case et al. 2007
DinosauriaOrnithischiaThyreophoraAnkylosauriaAntarctopelta oliveroi
OrnithopodaMorrosaurus antarcticus
Trinisaura santamartaensis
Unidentified ornithopod(s)
Hadrosauridae indet.
SaurischiaSauropodaTitanosauria indet.
TheropodaTetanurae indet.
?Dromaeosauridae?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Tarsus & pes
(ankle & foot)
Anterior (front) view
Nature of Antarctic dinosaur fauna
Nature of Antarctic dinosaur fauna
“The majority of the dinosaur assemblage
from the Antarctic Peninsula… are
remnants of a cosmopolitan dinosaur
fauna more typical of other areas at
earlier times (e.g. mid-Cretaceous of
North America and Australia…).”
Case et al. 2007
Antarctica ~70 Ma
Antarctic dinosaurs ~70 Ma
Dromaeosaurids
Titanosaurs
Basal ornithopods
Ankylosaurs
Hadrosaurids
Gondwanan dinosaurs ~70 Ma
Dromaeosaurids
Titanosaurs
Basal ornithopods
Ankylosaurs
Hadrosaurids
South American dinosaurs ~70 Ma
Dromaeosaurids
Titanosaurs
Basal ornithopods
Ankylosaurs
Hadrosaurids
Antarctic dinosaurs ~70 Ma
= No evidence for
‘relictualism’
in Antarctic latest
Cretaceous
dinosaur fauna
?Dromaeosaurids
Titanosaurs
Basal ornithopods
Ankylosaurs
Hadrosaurids
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebratesR
obert
Nic
holls
Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates
Birds
Robert
Nic
holls
When did modern birds evolve?
Modified from Dyke & van Tuinen 2004
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
HongshanornisGansus
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
HongshanornisGansus
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
HongshanornisGansus
Cretaceous
neornithines?
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Vegavis iaai
Clarke et al. 2005
Vegavis iaai
Clarke et al. 2005
Mic
hael S
kre
pnic
k
Vegavis iaai
Clarke et al. 2005
Mic
hael S
kre
pnic
k
Relationships of Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005
Vegavis: a Cretaceous ‘duck’
Clarke et al. 2005
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Polarornis gregorii
Chatterjee 2002
Polarornis: a Cretaceous loon?
Chatterjee 2002
Ara
vin
dK
rishnasw
am
y
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
HongshanornisGansus
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
HongshanornisGansus
Antarctic Cretaceous
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds!
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Antarctica: cradle of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
HongshanornisGansus
Antarctic Cretaceous
neornithines
Unanswered questions
Unanswered questions
• How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents?
Unanswered questions
• How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents?
• Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America – but when, more specifically, was this land route available?
Unanswered questions
• How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents?
• Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America – but when, more specifically, was this land route available?
• Only definitive neornithine (i.e., modern) birds from Age of Dinosaurs come from Antarctica –did the group originate and/or diversify there?
Unanswered questions
• How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents?
• Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America – but when, more specifically, was this land route available?
• Only definitive neornithine (i.e., modern) birds from Age of Dinosaurs come from Antarctica –did the group originate and/or diversify there?
• Where are the mammals? (And crocodilians, and lizards, and snakes, and amphibians…)
Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project (AP3)
Project objectives
• Recover additional Late Cretaceous
vertebrate fossils from Antarctica
Project objectives
• Recover additional Late Cretaceous
vertebrate fossils from Antarctica
• Situate these fossils within accurate
evolutionary, temporal, paleoenvironmental &
paleoecological contexts
2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
Target: Vega Island
2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
Cape Lachman, James Ross Island
Cape Lachman, James Ross Island
Hidden Lake Formation
Wow! A new fossil crab!
Schweitzer, Feldmann, & Lamanna 2012Hadrocarcinus tectilacus
2011 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
The Naze, James Ross Island
The Naze, James Ross Island
Snow Hill Island Formation
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island
Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island
López de Bertodano Formation
Conditions less than ideal
2011 expedition discoveriesR
obert
Nic
holls
Plants
Robert
Nic
holls2011 expedition discoveries
cf. SapindaceaeWinged seed
1 cm
2011 expedition discoveriesR
obert
Nic
holls
Sharks
1 cm
Robert
Nic
holls
Bony fishes
2011 expedition discoveries
Articulated vertebral column
2 cm
Robert
Nic
holls
Plesiosaurs
2011 expedition discoveries
5 cm
Articulated partial skeleton
Robert
Nic
holls
Non-avian dinosaurs
2011 expedition discoveries
Pedal phalanx (toe bone)Lateral (side) view
Tooth
1 cm
1 cm
Birds
Robert
Nic
holls2011 expedition discoveries
Thoracic (back) vertebra
Tarsometatarsus (foot bone) Coracoid
(shoulder bone)
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm
2011 expedition discoveries
Roberts et al. 2014
2011 expedition discoveries
Roberts et al. 2014
A K–Pg boundary section on Vega?
Roberts et al. 2014
2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions
Satellite images of James Ross Basin
January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014
Sea ice extremely extensive
January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014
2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
Sea ice extremely extensive
January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014
= terrible for us
2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions
2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions
So now what?
2016 Antarctic expedition
Ron K
aufm
ann
A bigger boat! And better yet…
Ron K
aufm
ann
Helicopters!
Helicopters!
Plus small boat support
Small boat support
James Ross Island
Vega Island
Robertson Island
Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island
The Naze, James Ross Island
Theropod dinosaur fossils!
?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.
Ankle & foot
(front view)
Case et al. 2007
More to come…
Research collaboration & scientific discussion
Julia Clarke, Ross MacPhee, Pat O’Connor, Steve Salisbury, Joe Sertich, Eric Roberts, Kerin Claeson, Zubair Jinnah, Meng Jin, Eric Gorscak, Chris Torres, Abby West, Matt Koshmrl, Jane Francis, Judd Case, Ricardo Ely, Dale Malinzak, Sam Gutherz, Carrie Schweitzer, Rodney Feldmann, Nick Swanson-Hysell, Chris Strganac, Joe Kirschvink, Peter Ward, Tom Tobin, Dave Barbeau, Sarah Slotznick, Ross Mitchell
Logistical support
United States Antarctic Program, Lockheed Martin Antarctic Support Contract, Raytheon Polar Services Corporation, Edison Chouest Offshore, Cara Ferrier, Brett Pickering, Phil Austin, Ken Vicknair, Kelley Watson, Chris Denker, John Evans, Matthew Erickson, Adam Jenkins, Tim McGovern, Alexandra Isern, Mark Kurz, Thom Wilch, Peter West, all personnel on USAP cruises LMG09-11, LMG11-02, & NBP16-02
Funding
National Science Foundation (grants ANT 0636639 [PI MacPhee] & ANT 1142129 [PI Lamanna])
Acknowledgments
Questions?
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