mediterranean migration crisis and the response of the eu: are we protecting humanity? dr. karolis...
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Mediterranean migration crisis and the response of the EU: are we protecting humanity?
Dr. Karolis ŽibasLithuanian Social Research Centre
Institute for Ethnic Studies
Refugees, sea/land borders and migration quotas
Social consequences of mass migration
Migration VS human trafficking and smuggling
Rise of xenophobia and islamophobia
Y E S T E R D A Y
Rescuers are searching for hundreds of migrants in the Mediterranean after a boat carrying as many as 600 people capsized off the coast of Libya.
The Irish navy said "significant loss of life" was feared and Medecins Sans Frontieres confirmed "many deaths".
Survivors had indicated that between 400 and 600 people were on board the boat when it capsized.
POPULATION GROUPS UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHANGING SOCIAL SPACES (2012–2016) – a long-term institutional
research and development programmeCurrent
Research areas
Research on Ethnic groups
Migration research
Social inequality, equal
opportunities, social and
spatial mobility
Ethnic intolerance
New strategy,Research on:
Conflicting identities
MECHANISMS OF MONITORING OF INTEGRATION OF THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS IN LITHUANIA (2013–2014) EIF
FRANET (2011–2013) – a multidisciplinary research network formed by the FRA
ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN LITHUANIA: ETHNIC, CIVIC, REGIONAL AND LOCAL IDENTITIES (2012–2014)
Lithuanian Research Council.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU ASYLUM POLICY: LEGAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL FOCUS (2012–2013) ERF
INSTITUTE FOR ETHNIC STUDIES: CURRENT RESEARCH AREAS
PLATFORM FOR MIGRATION INFORMATION AND COOPERATION (2012–2013) EIF
PHD
STUDIES
LONG-TERM ACTIVITIES
1. Media monitoring. Since 2005, the Institute of Ethnic Studies is implementing media monitoring of Lithuanian press and compiled a database of texts on ethnic issues.
2. Public opinion polls. Since 2005, the Institute for Ethnic Studies is performing annual public opinion polls on attitudes of Lithuania residents towards different ethnic and social groups (e.g. Roma, Jews, Muslims, refugees, immigrants, etc.). All surveys are conducted by personal interview with respondents; the margin of survey error does not exceed 3 percent.
3. Ethnicity Studies. A peer-reviewed series of ethnicity-related studies and their methodology, published annually in English and Lithuanian.
4. Migration Research
World migration 2009–2011 (Gallup International)
North-South: Although not in the top 20 global corridors, significant numbers of migrants have been recorded along this pathway, with nationals from the United States moving to Mexico (0.6 million) and, more unexpectedly, to South Africa (0.3 million); Germans to Turkey (0.3 million); and Portugal to Brazil (0.2million)
South-South:Ukraine to the Russian Federation (3.7 million) and vice versa (3.5 million); followed by Bangladesh to Bhutan; Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation; and Afghanistan to Pakistan
South-North: Mexico to the United States (12.2 million, equal to 6% of the global migrants); followed by Turkey to Germany; and China, the Philippines and India to the United States
North-North: Germany to the United States (1.3 million); followed by the United Kingdom to Australia; and Canada, the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom to the United States
World migration: flows and systems
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2ff92332-3ed2-11dd-8fd9-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz3aBcM5mN9
90 per cent of all immigrants are migrant workers and their families
2015 – 250 mln. 2013 – 232 mln. 2000 – 175 mln. 1990 – 154 mln.
In absolute numbers, North America (USA and Canada) experience the biggest increase of immigrants
In Europe and Asia– 2/3 of all immigrantsOnly 3 per cent of World population are migrating: too many or too less?
Who are moving? Not the poorest ones
Model of age of the World‘s population in 2006 (percentage of people older than 60)
EUROSTAT / WORLD BANK
Model of age of the World‘s population in 2050 (percentage of people older than 60)
EUROSTAT / WORLD BANK
World‘s birth rate
EUROSTAT / WORLD BANK
Incomes
EUROSTAT / WORLD BANK
GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2014
Migration flows and migration net Migration net: positive – blue, negative – brown (2011 – 2014)
EUROSTAT / WORLD BANK
Global forced displacement
UNCHR
M I G R A T I O N
• Demography• Labour market and the need of (cheap) labour force• Conflicts• Migration networks• Migration industry• Human trafficking and modern slavery• Societal / political attitudes
F O R T R E S S E U R O P E
Countries of origin of asylum seekers in 2014
UNCHR
Destinations for asylum seekers in 2014: will migration quotas help?
UNCHR
Asylum applications (non-EU) in the EU-28 Member States, 2004–2014 (¹) (thousands)
COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF (NON-EU) ASYLUM SEEKERS IN THE EU-28 MEMBER STATES 2013–2014
Will migration quotas help?
Negotiations as in the market
Protests / raise of islamophobia
Changes?
Main routes for asylum seekers: Mediterranean and elsewhere
Mediterranean migration crisis
HUMAN TRAFFICKING / SMUGGLING: 1000–5000 USD FOR DEATH
Mediterranean migration crisis
In 2014:
219,000 people arrived in Europe 3,500 deaths/missing
In 2015 (1 Jan- 27 April):
46,000 arrivals in Europe More than 1,750 deaths/missing
UNHCR
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mediterranean-migrant-crisis-drowned-saved-photo-report-1497412
HUMAN TRAFFICKING / SMUGGLING: 1000–5000 USD FOR DEATH
Mediterranean migration crisis
Crisis in numbers (of deaths)
Mediterranean migration crisis
HUMAN TRAFFICKING / SMUGGLING: 1000–5000 USD FOR DEATH
Mediterranean, European or World migration crisis?
Mediterranean migration crisisEveryday life in Mediterranean
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mediterranean-migrant-crisis-drowned-saved-photo-report-1497412
Mediterranean migration crisisEveryday life in Mediterranean
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mediterranean-migrant-crisis-drowned-saved-photo-report-1497412
Mediterranean migration crisis
Any movies? Soundtracks? Memories?
Political responses?
Mediterranean migration crisis: more in details
UNCHR
Mediterranean migration crisis: more in details Lampedusa (Italy)
Mediterranean migration crisis: more in details Lampedusa (Italy)
Mediterranean migration crisis: more in details Ceuta ir Melilla
Mediterranean migration crisis: more in details Ceuta ir Melilla
Mediterranean migration crisis: more in details Ceuta ir Melilla
Mediterranean or European migration crisis?
Mediterranean or European migration crisis?
Migration crisis in Calais harbor
Mediterranean or European migration crisis?
Migration crisis in Calais harbor
Mediterranean or European migration crisis? Refugees in Eastern-Central EU member states:
Will migration quotas help? Refugees in Bulgaria
Mediterranean or European migration crisis? Refugees in Eastern-Central EU member states:
„Solving“ the problem
Hungary: A 4-metre-high fence along its border with Serbia to stem the flow of illegal migrants
Bulgaria: 100-Mile Fence On Turkish Border Built To Combat Syrian Refugee Crisis
Mediterranean or European migration crisis? Refugees in Eastern-Central EU member states:
„Solving“ the problem
Calais migrants: Britain to build huge fence at Channel Tunnel port in France
Mediterranean or European migration crisis? Refugees in Eastern-Central EU member states:
„Solving“ the problem
Upgrading the border fences around the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. The security system detailed in the graphic installed in the hope of preventing groups of immigrants from storming the fences.
BORDER FENCE JUMPING: A ‘HUMAN RIGHT’? POLITICAL RESPONSE?
However, people are coming ... and dying
Mediterranean migration (crisis) is
•Not about illegal/irregular migration •Not about asylum seekers•Not about refugees / migration quotas
•It is about human trafficking and smuggling•It is about human beings and their rights •It is about right to live
IS IT MIGRATION (CRISIS) OR HUMAN TRAFFICKING / SMUGGLING?
“Harrowing photos show migrants abandoned at sea by ruthless human traffickers in Indonesia”
“SLAVERY AT SEA The Continued Plight of Trafficked Migrants in Thailand's Fishing Industry”
“EU ministers fine-tune plan to seize boats of migrant traffickers before they go out to sea”
“EU draws up plans for military attacks on Libya targets to stop migrant boats”
MORE FENCES – LESS LEGAL CHANNELS – MORE IRREGULARITY – MORE TRAFFICKING
THE NEW AGENDA ON MIGRATION (2015)
The New Agenda on Migration (2015) presents a blueprint for immediate key actions to tackle the situation in the Mediterranean including, amongst other measures:
• A funding package to triple the allocation for Triton and Poseidon in 2015-16; • Immediate support to a possible Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations to
systematically identify, capture and destroy vessels used by smugglers; • A proposal to ensure a balanced participation of Member States to the common effort of
relocation based on a quota system defined on the following criteria: size of the population’s total GDP; average number of spontaneous asylum applications and the number of resettled refugees; unemployment rate;
• A recommendation proposing an EU-wide resettlement scheme to offer 20.000 places in the next two years.
The agenda (2015) builds on four pillars:
• Reduce incentives for irregular migration• Better manage external borders • A strong common asylum policy• A new policy on legal migration
Human rights? Dignity? Freedom?
F O R T R E S S E U R O P E: F O R W H O M?
• MORE FENCES• LESS LEGAL CHANNELS• MORE IRREGULARITY• MORE TRAFFICKING• MORE DEATHS• MORE VULNERABILITY• MORE EXPLOITATION• MORE PRECARIUOS WORK• LESS HUMAN RIGHTS AND
DIGINTY
• EU NEEDS IMMIGRANTS• BUT EU DOES NOT WANT
IMMIGRANTS• EU NEEDS „DIRTY ARMY OF
WORKERS“ WITHOUT RIGHTS
• EU NEED LABOUR FORCE, BUT NOT HUMAN BEINGS
Is there a space to discuss human rights? Where and how? ... Slaves for life ...
EU RESPONSE TO MIGRATION CRISIS
European migration crisis„Successful arrival“: immigrants in the EU (TCNs VS European Citizens)
• Irregular status / precarious work / exploitation
• Illegal immigrants / criminals rather than victims of smuggling/human trafficking and exploitation
European migration crisis„Successful arrival“: immigrants in the EU (TCNs VS European Citizens)
W h o c a r e s ?
There are currently a total of 3212 rough sleepers who identified as British, and 2695 people from Central and Eastern Europe. The latter group is dominated by 1388 Romanians, 639 Poles, 227 Lithuanians, and 119 Bulgarians.
http://www.breitbart.com/london/2015/06/19/londons-european-homeless-numbers-soar-as-uk-nationals-numbers-decline/
MIGRATION AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2ff92332-3ed2-11dd-8fd9-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz3aBcM5mN9
21 MLN. – VICTIMS OF FORCED LABOUR
2015 – 250 mln.2013 – 232 mln. 2000 – 175 mln. 1990 – 154 mln.
MODERN SLAVERY INDEX 2014
Migration net per 1000 population
MIPEX
Migration net per1000 population
Human trafficking in the EU
• HUMAN TRAFFICKING• FORCED LABOUR• MODERN SLAVERY• SEXUAL EXPLOITATION• CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES• ILLEGAL FIGHTS • BEGGING • FORCED MARRIAGES / DOMESTIC VIOLENCE• CARE WORK • ETC.
Global Slavery Index 2014
GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX AND POLITICAL
RESPONSE 2014
http://flarenetwork.org/learn/europe/article/the_slave_trade_is_alive_and_kicking_in_britain.htm
• HUMAN TRAFFICKING• FORCED LABOUR• MODERN SLAVERY
CITIZENS OFTHE EUROPEAN UNION
LABOUR
From Mediterranean migration crisis to freedom of movement
From refugees / irregular immigrants (third country nationals) to mobile EU citizens
HUMAN TRAFFICKING / FORCED LABOUR / MODERN SLAVERY
CITIZENS OFTHE EUROPEAN UNION
LABOUR
• EU NEEDS IMMIGRANTS• BUT EU DOES NOT WANT
IMMIGRANTS• EU NEEDS „DIRTY ARMY OF
WORKERS“ WITHOUT RIGHTS
• EU NEED LABOUR FORCE, BUT NOT HUMAN BEINGS
The Lithuanian case
“There were three of us sharing a room - mine had no bedding - and very little furniture. It was too late to buy a duvet, so I tried to sleep in my clothes but was dead with cold.”
“My room slept 12 men and women. Another 10 workers lived in several rooms upstairs. Another three were crammed in a camper van nearby, and all of us shared three toilets and two showers.”
“The beds were so close my neighbors had a nasty habit of throwing their hands at me in their sleep. Every evening, mature women had to put on their nightclothes facing semi-naked men. It was demoralizing and degrading.”
“I felt vulnerable, I had to plead for my work and for the money I had earned. This may not be slavery, but I felt like a slave.”
BBC (2007)Labour migration or modern slavery?
The Lithuanian case
Migration in the EU
1980
Free movement
Migration from third countries
2004 / 2007
Free movementand modern slavery
Free movement with restrictions and modern slavery
Migration from third countries, migration crisis and modern slavery
1945-1973 Principle of free movement or embedded liberalism
1973-1985 Euro pessimism / Euro sclerosis
1985-2000 Embedded neo-liberalism / securitization of migration
2004 – further securitization and restriction period
FREEDOM of movement VS INTEGRATION and FREEDOM of settlement
Hansen, Peo (2010) ‘‘More Barbwire or More Immigration, or Both? EU Migration Policy in the Nexus of Border Security Management and Neoliberal Economic Growth’, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 189–101.Hansen, Peo and Sandy Brian Hager (2010) The Politics of European Citizenship: Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights and Migration Policy, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.Huysmans, Jef (2006) The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, migration and asylum in the EU, London: Routledge.
European migration crisis
• 1957 – EU as economic project• Economic growth • Demographic changes →
demographic crisis• Immigration• Economic project→ immigration
project (89 percent of population growth – immigrants from third countries
• Human rights → security (securitization of immigration (policies)
• (The end of) multiculturalism → Islamophobia
• Immigration (policies) → security• Restriction periods • Disintegration • Migration Crisis • Fortress Europe
2001 09 11 – New York2004 03 11 – Madrid 2005 07 07 – London
2007 – Suburbs of Paris (riots)2008 – Carton controversy in Denmark 2009 – Referendum in Switzerland2009 – Victories of anti-immigrant right wing parties in EP2010 – Deportation or Roma people / burkas in France
2010 – 'The end of multiculturalism‘ in Germany 2011 – ‚The end of multiculturalism‘ in the UK2015 – Charlie Hebdo2015 – IS
Inadequate links between migration / migrant disintegration and
terrorism
Raise of anti-immigrant attitudes
Ethnic Minority Communities & Social Cohesion Research: http://www.mori.com/ethnic/index.shtml
DateReligion-based crime in 2004
Religion-based crime in 2005
05.30. 9 15
06.06. 13 19
06.13. 10 21
06.20. 14 16
06.27. 8 15
07.04. 11 68
07.11. 22 92
07.18. 20 67
07.25. 19 79
08.01. 7 60
08.08. 9 35
08.15. 10 28
08.22. 6 21
08.29. 8 19
09.05. 23 17
09.12. 10 19
09.19. 14 14
09.26. 7 22
10.03. 10 30
10.10. 12 20
2005 07 07London
DateRacial-based hate crime
in 2004Racial-based hate crime
in 2004
05.30. 379 325
06.06. 418 318
06.13. 337 323
06.20. 334 370
06.27. 326 329
07.04. 357 350
07.11. 367 506
07.18. 391 447
07.25. 398 419
08.01. 357 399
08.08. 426 372
08.15. 353 370
08.22. 333 288
08.29. 325 325
09.05. 345 329
09.12. 303 305
09.19. 310 309
09.26. 301 319
10.03. 298 289
10.10. 278 333
2005 07 07London
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2640040/Rebellion-swept-Europe-EU-sceptics-anti-migration-parties-make-historic-gains.html
Eurobarometer
European migration crisis: any solution?
European migration crisis: any solution?
• Immigration quotas: reception VS settlement
• Fight against human trafficking
• Investments in security operations
• Border control
• Asylum procedures in countries of origin
• Fight against conflicts
• Change the mind-set of contemporary societies / politicians
• Improve integration policies in CEE
• Human rights VS securitization of migration
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