menedeleev: mass now: atomic number (protons)...nugent 2 11/2009 mendeleev developed the first...
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Nugent 1
11/2009
Organizing the elements
Objective: How are the elements organized?
• Menedeleev: Mass
• Now: ATOMIC NUMBER (PROTO
NS)
Nugent 2
11/2009
Mendeleev developed the first periodic table of the elements.
An element's properties can be predicted from its location in the table.
Properties:• Reactivity• Period• Group• Valence electrons• Ionization Energy• Electronegativity• Mass Number• Atomic Number• Atomic Radius• Metal/NM/Metaloid
Nugent 3
11/2009
The modern periodic tableElements are arranged according to atomic number
Periods = horizontal rows of elements
Group (family) = vertical column of elements with similar properties
Zig zag line = separates metals from nonmetals
Br
Ca
Fe
H
C
Cl
Mg
PZn
Nugent 4
11/2009
58 59 60 61 62 6463 65 67 68 69 70 71Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
66Dy
CeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
90 91 92 93 94 9695 97 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Es Fm Md No Lr98Cf
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium CaliforniumEinsteinium Fermium MendeleviumNobelium Lawrencium
Ru
Ti
Rhenium
Ruthenium Rhodium
H
Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Fr Ra
Sc
Y
La
Ac
Zr
Hf
Rf
V
Nb
Ta
Db
Cr
Mo
W
Sg
Mn
Tc
Re
Bh
Fe
Os
Hs
Co
Rh
Ir
Mt
Ni
Pd
Pt
Cu
Ag
Au
Zn
Cd
Hg
Hydrogen
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium
Scandium
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Actinium
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Manganese
Technetium
Iron Cobalt Copper Zinc
Palladium Silver Cadmium
Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury
Hassium Meitnerium
B
Al
Ga
In
Tl
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
O F
Cl
Br
I
At
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
S
Se
Te
Po
Francium
Titanium
Rutherfordium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Seaborgium
Osmium
Bohrium
1
3 4
11 12
Nickel
19 20
37 38
55 56
87 88
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
89 104 105 106 107 108 109
5 6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17 18
31 32 33 34 35 36
50 51 52 53 54
81 82 83 84 85 86
2
Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
ArgonChlorineSulfurPhosphorusSiliconAluminium
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Helium
Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
http://www.ptable.com/ http://www.touchspin.com/chem/DisplayTable.html
Nugent 5
11/2009
Why the periodic table works?
It works because it's based on the structure of the atoms, especially the valence electrons.
All the elements in a family all have the same number of valence electrons.http://www.echalk.co.uk/Science/chemistry/periodicTableGame/periodicTable.html
Nugent 6
11/2009
Stable Octet:Eight is Great!
http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch10407/gaining.htm
Nugent 7
11/2009
58 59 60 61 62 6463 65 67 68 69 70 71Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
66Dy
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
90 91 92 93 94 9695 97 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Es Fm Md No Lr
98Cf
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Ru
Ti
Rhenium
Ruthenium Rhodium
H
Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Fr Ra
Sc
Y
La
Ac
Zr
Hf
Rf
V
Nb
Ta
Db
Cr
Mo
W
Sg
Mn
Tc
Re
Bh
Fe
Os
Hs
Co
Rh
Ir
Mt
Ni
Pd
Pt
Cu
Ag
Au
Zn
Cd
Hg
Hydrogen
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium
Scandium
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Actinium
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Manganese
Technetium
Iron Cobalt Copper Zinc
Palladium Silver Cadmium
Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury
Hassium Meitnerium
B
Al
Ga
In
Tl
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
O F
Cl
Br
I
At
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
S
Se
Te
Po
Francium
Titanium
Rutherfordium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Seaborgium
Osmium
Bohrium
1
3 4
11 12
Nickel
19 20
37 38
55 56
87 88
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
89 104 105 106 107 108 109
5 6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17 18
31 32 33 34 35 36
50 51 52 53 54
81 82 83 84 85 86
2
Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
ArgonChlorineSulfurPhosphorusSiliconAluminium
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Helium
Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Nugent 8
11/2009
Trends:Electronegativity
http://college.cengage.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_e2.html
Highest
Lowest
Across a period
Down a group
Nugent 9
11/2009
Trends: Ionization EnergyHighest
Lowest
Across a period
Down a group
Nugent 10
11/2009
Highest
Lowest
Across a period
Down a group
Atomic Radius
Nugent 11
11/2009
Atomic Radius: Down a Group
Increases
Nugent 12
11/2009
58 59 60 61 62 6463 65 67 68 69 70 71Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
66Dy
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
90 91 92 93 94 9695 97 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Es Fm Md No Lr
98Cf
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Ru
Ti
Rhenium
Ruthenium Rhodium
H
Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Fr Ra
Sc
Y
La
Ac
Zr
Hf
Rf
V
Nb
Ta
Db
Cr
Mo
W
Sg
Mn
Tc
Re
Bh
Fe
Os
Hs
Co
Rh
Ir
Mt
Ni
Pd
Pt
Cu
Ag
Au
Zn
Cd
Hg
Hydrogen
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium
Scandium
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Actinium
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Manganese
Technetium
Iron Cobalt Copper Zinc
Palladium Silver Cadmium
Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury
Hassium Meitnerium
B
Al
Ga
In
Tl
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
O F
Cl
Br
I
At
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
S
Se
Te
Po
Francium
Titanium
Rutherfordium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Seaborgium
Osmium
Bohrium
1
3 4
11 12
Nickel
19 20
37 38
55 56
87 88
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
89 104 105 106 107 108 109
5 6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17 18
31 32 33 34 35 36
50 51 52 53 54
81 82 83 84 85 86
2
Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
ArgonChlorineSulfurPhosphorusSiliconAluminium
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Helium
Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Reactivity: Ability to Gain or Lose an Electron
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