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Merging space, time, chemistry and Merging space, time, chemistry and environmental media: Monitoring environmental media: Monitoring
challengeschallengesWRAP Monitoring Workshop
Chandler, ArizonaMay 15, 2008
Rich Scheffe, EPA-OAR
Acknowledgments
• Everyone• WRAP-RPO’s National Level Impact on
Environmental Assessments– Gap filling IMPROVE samplers in center of
CONUS– VIEWS and related TSS– NH3 emissions modeling– Accelerating SOA treatment in CMAQ
simply, Arithmetic injustice
• Greater than 95% of air pollutant mass is located above 100m, yet we (air program community) focus 95 % of our characterization on the bottom 10 meters{compromises both predictive and current characterization phenomena}
Topics• Integration drivers
– Themes from 2004 NAS study• Multiple-pollutant, - media; accountability
– Trend of lowed high volume air quality standards (O3, PM)– Relative economic growth distribution globally– Convergence of non-cancer causing health effect mechanisms
across pollutants– Increasing technology– Decreasing (relative) measurement resources– Climate-AQ interactions
• Information technology and data integration systems• Monitoring thoughts
Obstacles to improved observation operations and design
• Decaying(?) infrastructure• Reliance on compliance type
measurements and related FRM/FEMs• Lack of market incentives• Inadequate technology transfer from
research to operations
Emerging Challenges for Air Policy• Developing Multiple pollutant integrated management strategies• Assessing and Protecting Ecosystem Health• Multiple spatial scales of interest• Intercontinental and Cross-Border Transport• Maintaining AQM System Efficiency in the face of
Changing Climate• Ongoing Assessments and feedbacks of program progress
(accountability)
Air Toxics
• History of emissions standards setting processes
• General characterization of risk
Nexus of ozone, PM2.5 (2003-5) and air toxics (NATA 1999)
.
High Risk Counties often Coincide with Locations whereCriteria Pollutant Issues are Significant -
Draft
Multimedia Assessments
• Start with NAPAP (Acid rain, Title 4)– Interest waning as ozone, then PM2.5 emerged as
dominant air quality interests starting in the late 1980’s
• 2004 NAS AQ Report driving EPA, AQ community – Reorganization– Resource allocations– New NARSTO MP-MM-ACC assessment
• NASA participation requested
Integration across pollutants and media: tradeoffs and optimum strategies?Primary Sources
HgHAPmetals
VOC (HAPs)
COSVOC
NO2
O3O3
hν
NO SO2
OH
H2SO4HNO3
NH3OH Hgo,Hg2
OH,O3
OH
OrganicPM
RO2HO2
OH
hν
NitratePM
SulfatePM
ChemicalDeposition
gases
particles
ACCOUNTABILITY
Source emissionsDirect NO, SO2, VOC, CO, metals,
Ambient precursors and intermediatesNO, NOy, CO, VOC, SO2, metals, radicals, peroxides
Ambient target speciesO3, PM, HAPs
Health effectsAsthma, cardio-pulmonary ↓,Cancer, death
Ecosystem + effectsDefoliation, Visibility↓ biodiversity, Metals concentration
Perceived (measured?)Life quality
Increasing influence in confounding factors and perceived value to public policy
Increasing confidenceIn characterization
Secondary and deposition loadsVisibility, acidification, eutrophication, metals
ExposuresInhalation, digestion
Accountability and Indicators Pipeline
Feedback/correction
Largest decline in ozone occurs in and downwind of EGU NOx emissions reductions (2002-2004)
(analysis constrained by absence ambient NOx data)Decrease from 2002 to 2004 (Adjusted Data)
-3 ≤ D
-5 ≤ D < -3-8 ≤ D < -5
D < -8
Decrease in ppb
Decrease from 2002 to 2004 (Adjusted Data)
-3 ≤ D
-5 ≤ D < -3-8 ≤ D < -5
D < -8
-3 ≤ D
-5 ≤ D < -3-8 ≤ D < -5
D < -8
Decrease in ppb
The major EGU NOx emissions reductions occurs after 2002 (mostly NOx SIP Call)Average rate of decline in ozone between 1997 and 2002 is 1.1%/year. Average rate of decline in ozone between 2002 and 2004 is 3.1%/year.
Decline in “Seasonal Average” 8-Hour Daily Maximum Ozone
Met. Adj.Tons Reduction
-33,000 - 0
0 - 27,000
28,000 - 73,000
74,000 - 110,000
120,000
EGU NOx Tons Reduced
GOME Satellite NO2 Trends (1995-2002)
Richter et al., 2005
Courtesy NOAA, Kim et al.
Satellites provide best source of ambient NO2: Accountability and Trends
Figure 20. Left - superimposed Eastern U.S. emission and combined GOME and SCIAMACHY NO2 1997-2002 trends (Kim et al., 2006); right - GOME NO2 trends from 1995 – 2002 (after Richter, 2005). Clear evidence of reductions in midwest U.S. and European NOx emissions, and increased NOx generated in Eastern Asia.
Figure 21. 2004 OMI NO2 column images aggregated for all Fridays (left) and Sundays (right) indicating weekend/weekday patternsassociated with reduced Sunday emissions (source, Husar).
MANAGING MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES
Evolutional change in National Air Pollution Management
2050
20001970 1990 2010
Local/urbanRegionalHemispheric
Initial CAA BiogenicsRegional science
8-hr ozonePM2.5(annual driver)
Regional Rules
New PMStandardsDaily/annual drivers
Climate-AQHemisphericalTransport
Hemispheric > 1000 kmRegional > 200km
Urban 15–50 kmLocal< 5 km
O3
SecondaryPM2.5
PM2.5 dust
CO POPsHg
methane CO2
NOxVOCs
SecondaryPM2.5
PrimaryOC (fires)
PrimaryPM2.5
HAPs VOCO3 Hg
metals
UFs, SourceSpecificPM, gases
HNO3
PAN
PANCHC
Hg
International transport/climate interactions Scale: global/regional
April 2001 Dust Transport Event Observed from TOMS
April 9/8 April 10/9 April 11/10
April 12/11 April 13/12 April 14/13
Aug 17
Aug 18Aug 19Aug 20
Aug 21Aug 22Aug 23
Aug 25Aug 28
5 km3 km
2006 Dust Transport Event Observed from CALIPSO
David Winker
High exposure to ultrafineparticles, CO, other pollution near roadway
Increased risk near and on roadways
New findings on roadway pollution
Relative Particle Number, Mass, Black Carbon, CO Concentration near a major LA freeway
Example: New Haven, CT70% of block group centroids are within 500m from a major road
>10,000 ADT
Factors affecting a health outcome
Physical State Mental State
outcome
Pollution dose
Genetic Disposition
Diet
Moving toward
Multi-Pollutant Analytical FrameworkFuture = National Air Pollutant Assessment
Control Strategies
Criteria Pollutants
Benefits Assessment
Air Toxics
Benefits Assessment
Exposure/Risk AnalysisEcosystems
Benefits Assessment
Exposure/Risk Analysis
Spatial Surfaces
Emissions Inventory
Air Quality Modeling
Modeling Platform
Ambient Data
Regional Local
LegendIn Place
Requires development
e.g., PHASE
Exposure/Risk Analysis
Maximizing space/time/composition through systems integration
• Integration of systems to improve – air quality models
for forecast– Current and– Retrospective
assessments• Global-Regional
Air Quality Connections
• Climate-AQ connections
Land AQ Monitors
Total column depth(through Satellites)
AQ model results
Vertical Profiles
Integrated Observation- Modeling
Optimized air chemistry
Characterizations
Exposure/Health
Air managementecosystem
s
accountability
Simple integration of of Model outputs and observations; Eastern U.S.fused PM2.5 surface
Parallel Information Technology solutions to enable integrated assessments
Mercury Deposition from US Power Plants: 2020 with CAIR & CAMR
Mercury Deposition from US Power Plants: 2001
Mercury Deposition From All Sources: 2001
Mercury – a multiple scale, multiple media Assessment challenge
Questions• How can efficiencies across observation networks be
enabled?• What are reasonable roles of space-based and ground
based agencies?• How can GEOSS and related organizing structures
help?• How do we commit to the pain of integration?....
harmonization …beyond QA/QC..(across and within systems and time trends)
• What drives observation design? And other top-down, bottom-up conundrums…
Fine Particle Reductions Work
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
P
T W
HL
S
T
W
H
L
S
PM2.5 µg/m3
Rat
e R
atio
Steubenville
Topeka
Watertown
KingstonSt. Louis
Portage PM pollution (including sulfates) declines accompanied by reduced mortality risk
Layden et al (2006). Effect of Reduction in Fine Particulate Air Pollution and on Mortality: A extended follow-up in of the Harvard Six Cities Adult Cohort
relatively straightforward emissions strategy
0
5
10
15
20
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Mill
ion
Tons
SO2
NOx
Source: EPA
Projected, w/ CAIR
Health Effects: Symmetries in atmospheric and cellular level chemistries
·OH
O3
HONO
VOC
Radical PoolHO2·; RO2·
Carbonyls
NO
HNO3
FP
NO2
SOx
H2SO4
NH3
HOOH
hv
hv
CO
hv
SOx
Clouds/Aqueous
orgaer
Source
Secondary
Sink
PAN N2O5
Nighttime N2O5
·NO3
Chemistry
H O2
hv
O1
D
O3
P
hv
NH4NO3
·OH
O3
HONO
VOC
Radical PoolHO2·; RO2·
Carbonyls
NO
HNO3
FP
NO2
SOx
H2SO4
NH3
HOOH
hv
hv
CO
hv
SOx
Clouds/Aqueous
orgaer
Source
Secondary
Sink
PAN N2O5
Nighttime N2O5
·NO3
Chemistry
·OH
O3
HONO
VOC
Radical PoolHO2·; RO2·
Carbonyls
NO
HNO3
FP
NO2
SOx
H2SO4
NH3
HOOH
hv
hv
CO
hv
SOx
Clouds/Aqueous
orgaer
Source
Secondary
Sink
PAN N2O5
Nighttime N2O5
·NO3
Chemistry
H O2
hv
O1
D
O3
P
hv
NH4NO3
HOO
C
OC
NH2
NH2H 2N
O2-.
O2
L-Arg
.NO
O2-.
NADPHNADP+
L-Arg + O2
FMN
e-
FAD
FAD
FMNFMN
Heme
Fe2+ONOO-
L-ArgL-Arg
HemeFe
HemeFe
CaM CaM
Zn BH4BH4
e-
NADPH+ H+
FAD
O2 H+
Nox2Nox2
p67
p47rac
p22
HOO
C
OC
NH2
NH2H 2N
O2-.
O2
L-Arg
.NO
O2-.
NADPHNADP+
L-Arg + O2
FMN
e-
FAD
FAD
FMNFMN
Heme
Fe2+ONOO-
L-ArgL-Arg
HemeFe
HemeFe
CaM CaM
Zn BH4BH4
e-
NADPH+ H+
FAD
O2 H+
Nox2Nox2
p67
p47rac
p22
Source, Harrison, 2006
Source, Harrison, 2006
AtmosphericPathways
Reactive OxidantCell Chemistry Processes
Hypothesized effect
Consequences of new standards
New PM NAAQS 2006• Annual NAAQS 15 ug/m3• 24 hour 98th percentile NAAQS 35 µg/m3
– From 65 µ g/m3– Implications ….new definition for anomalous events
• Increased relevance of remote sensing information• PM10 remains• Requirements for PM10-2.5 monitoring
– focus on urban coarse PM resuspended by heavy traffic, industrial sources, and construction
• excludes rural dust uncontaminated by urban, industrial sources (excludes agriculture, mining, wind blown dust
Major Ozone Standard changes
• 1 hour to 8 hour standard (late 1990’s)– Transition from urban to regional
assessments• Recent 8 hour 80 (84) ppb to 75ppb
– Raises importance of background ozone, transport and climate-AQ interactions
Ozone revitalization after the PM onslaught
• Research $ exploded for PM in the late 90’s -2000’s
• What happened to fundamental oxidant research?
We need to re-respect the Center of the Environmental Assessment Universe…
Air Air ToxicsToxics
OzonOzonee
Acid Acid RainRain
VisibilitVisibilityy
PMPM2.52.5
Water Water QualitQualityy
..OHOH
..OHOH Role in Linking Pollutants Formation : Role in Linking Pollutants Formation : OneOne--AtmosphereAtmosphere
NOx + VOC + OH+ hv ---> O3
SOx [or NOx] + NH3 + OH---> (NH4)2SO4 [or
NH4NO3]
SO2 + OH ---> H2SO4NO2 + OH ---> HNO3
VOC + OH --->Orgainic PM
OH <---> Air Toxics
(POPs, Hg, etc.)
Fine PM(Nitrate, Sulfate,
Organic PM)
NOx + SOx + OH(Lake
Acidification, Eutrophication)
C. Jang
Monitoring
There is a wealth of measurements, but is it aligned for current drivers?
Deposition and surface water chemistry Networks
Scarcity of routine soil and surface water/chemistry
Consider importance of meteorological systems
e.g., Solar radiation networks
UV networksAeronet sun photometers
Air quality focused radar profilers
Comments on how satellite data really support air program management – ordered attempt
• Direct incorporation into emissions inventory process– 2002 NEI and 2005 fire components utilize
satellite data• Inverse modeling, top-down construction of emissions
– Generally for hemispheric scale applications• Accountability – (e.g., NOx EGU reductions)• Constraining air quality model evaluation (and EIs) by
providing consistent vertical column information• Direct Boundary condition Observations and conceptual
modeling of transport events• Spatial gap filling
– Most attractive marketing item
Recommendations(integration)
• In addition to speciated dry Hg
Sequencing Model Evaluation Steps
PBL development; Vertical/horizontal Mixing; Temperature radiation, water
Emissions evaluationand/or modification
Conserved speciesand precursor evaluation
Intermediateand fast reactingspecies
Transformed species
Wet and dry deposition
PBL development; Vertical/horizontal Mixing; Temperature radiation, water
Emissions evaluationand/or modification
Conserved speciesand precursor evaluation
Intermediateand fast reactingspecies
Transformed species
Wet and dry deposition
Recommendation 1: Support required deployment of 75 surface stationsdesigned to constrain regional model evaluation, link to satellites, serviceaccountability and epidemiological studies (not compliance sites)
NCore network: 75 Level 2 sites of collocated trace gases and aerosolcomponents in “representative” mix of urban and regional areas – included in
12/06 PM NAAQS revision
Level 2: ~ 75 Multi-pollutant (MP)
Sites,“Core Species”Plus Leveraging From
PAMS, Speciation Program,
Air Toxics
Level 1. 3-10 Master Sites Comprehensive
Measurements, Advance Methods
Serving Science and Technology Transfer
Needs
Level 3: Minimum Single Pollutant Sites (e.g.> 500 sites each for O3 and PM2.5 and related spatial
Mapping Support
L2
Level 3
L1
NCore Measurements
Minimum “Core” Level 2 MeasurementsContinuous NO,NOy,SO2,CO, PM2.5, PM10/PMc,O3,Meteorology (T,RH,WS,WD); Integrated PM2.5 FRM, HNO3, NH3,
Level 2: ~ 75 Multi-pollutant (MP)
Sites,“Core Species”Plus Leveraging From
PAMS, Speciation Program,
Air Toxics
Level 1. 3-10 Master Sites Comprehensive
Measurements, Advance Methods
Serving Science and Technology Transfer
Needs
Level 3: Minimum Single Pollutant Sites (e.g.> 500 sites each for O3 and PM2.5 and related spatial
Mapping Support
L2
Level 3
L2
Level 3
L1
NCore Measurements
Minimum “Core” Level 2 MeasurementsContinuous NO,NOy,SO2,CO, PM2.5, PM10/PMc,O3,Meteorology (T,RH,WS,WD); Integrated PM2.5 FRM, HNO3, NH3,
Recommendation 2: Improve surface based nitrogen characterizations
• Proposed NCore NOy – operational level issues remain ?
• True routine low cost NO2 instruments not available
• ambient NH3
Recommendation 3: VOCs - Ground based complement for satellite HCHO and possibly glyoxal• HCHO only provided in urban high ozone locations
(dating back to 1990 CAAA)– No routine program for regionally representative
HCHO (key surrogate for biogenic isoprene emissions, important diagnostic species for model evaluation)
• Glyoxal – recent importance of role in SOA formation and leveraging opportunity with total column values
Recommendation 4: Routinely available vertical air chemistry
• Adoption of a North American complement to MOZAIC/CARIBE (domestic flights)– Exploration through TAMDAR
Recommendation 5: Sustaining and enhancing “sentinel” fixed station sites for LR transport and background characterization support (source, HTAP interim report)
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Recommendation 6: Geostationary air chemistry mission – sustained through partnership with ground based agencies (EPA, USDA, NPS, NOAA) – LANDSAT model (Engel- Cox)chenistry
Recommendation 7: Harness or guide GEOSS and other“integration” umbrellas to create effective information
technology support to enable data retrieval, archiving, access, distribution and interpretation across disparate informations sources (Data Fed, ESIP,…rudyworld)
GEOSS
Eco-informaticTest beds
Accountability/indicators
SIPs, nat. rulesdesignations
PHASE
PM research
Risk/exposureassessments
AQ forecasting
EPA NOAA
NASA
NPS
USDA
DOE
PrivateSector
States/Tribes/RPO’sInterstate orgs.
Academia
NARSTO
NAS, CAAACCASAC, OMB
Enviros
Supersites
IMPROVE, NCorePM monit, PAMS
CASTNET
Lidarsystems
NADP Satellite data
Intensive studies
PM centers
Other networks:SEARCH, IADN..
OrganizationsPrograms
Data sources
CMAQGEOS-CHEM
EmissionsMeteorology
NAAQSsetting
CDC
Health/mort.records
CoordinationClusterMess
Extras
Key Gaps/Recommendations• Surface/soil chemistry
– Scarcity of routine, long term soil and water chemistry campaigns to associate changes in deposition with soil/surface water responses
– Sustainability of TIME/LTM• Spatial and temporal scales
– Leveraging satellite observations with key surface measurements and vertical profile systems
• e.g., HCHO, NO2, glyoxal, SO2, CO– Poorly covered rural areas
• Link to satellite observations• Support ecosystem assessments• Critical for integration models and observation systems
– Support for geostationary satellite campaigns• Enable near continuous streams of trace gas and aerosol observations, from current
(typically twice daily) “point in time” measurements– Routine aircraft campaigns for vertical profiles
• Trace gases and aerosols– Higher time resolved aerosol components
• Transition period between Supersites and implementation• Acknowledge SEARCH and RPO efforts
– Strategy for near roadway exposures?
Key Gaps/Recommendations, cont.
• Multiple pollutants (atmospheric view)– Air toxics conundrum (inhalable)
• Perceived and real significant measurement gaps– Especially beyond mobile source BTEX compounds
• Challenging variety of source- and local scale- specific attributes– Mercury
• Speciated “dry” (elemental gas, divalent gas, p-Hg) observation– Needed complement to precipitation MDN program– Initiative underway coordinated through NADP
– Nitrogen species• Elevated importance related to 3 major MP-MM-AC themes
– (note: national scale U.S emissions strategies are N and S dominated)• Critical need: continued lack of true NO2
– Central diagnostic specie imbedded in atmospheric reaction pathways– Compromises leveraging satellite obs.
• Noted scarcity of rural measurements• Slow deployment of NOy• Extremely scarce reduced N observations (NH3 and p-NH4)• Critical role of CASTNET
Key Gaps/Recommendations, cont.
• Multiple pollutants (atmospheric view), cont– Sulfur and CO
• Inadequate SO2 observations– Key to confirming treatment of modeled sulfate formation– Input in NH3 bi-directional parameterization schemes
• Very limited trace CO observations– demanded for model evaluation– Indicator for exhaust gas HAPs
– VOCs• Rethinking since PAMS of early 1990’s?• Lacking important rural indictors (e.g., HCHO)
– Collocated “representative” MP sites • enables increased probing of confounding associations and
constraining model evaluation• 75 site initiative through NCORE
– Central city and key rural areas» modest backbone, ideally catalyzing increased coverage
– Adds trace gases (CO, NOy, SO2, NH3*) to established aerosol speciation sites– Reasonable “starting” surface link for satellite systems
Key Gaps/Recommendations, cont.
• Other process/diagnostic species[based on evolving knowledge and priorities]– Glyoxal
• Precursor for cloud based heterogeneous SOA formation• Reasonable indicator of urban based VOC oxidation products• Surface link to satellites
– Nitrous acid, HONO• Important generator of OH (morning/evening)• Diagnostic for atmospheric N balance
– Nitrate ion• Important role in biogenic SOA formation
• Other Accountability indicators (atmospheric view)– N species, Hg
• N and Hg emissions reduction projections– Energy policies, e.g. shift in fuels
• Low sulfur diesel– Particle physical properties
• FOSSIL fuels to GRAIN based sources– Increased acetaldehyde and PAN
• Field campaigns– Challenge to communicating effectiveness and distributing information beyond
small circles– Occasional comprehensive model evaluation campaigns
Aug. 14 cloud experimentVertical Profile (courtesy, A. Carlton, EPA)
Base CMAQ CMAQ w/ AORGC
ICARTT PILS WSOC meas.
Vertical profile comparison of CMAQ-predicted OC and PILS WSOC measurements
top related