message queues [ tutorial.info/modules.php?name=tutorial&pa geid=292]...
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Message Queues
[http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=Tutorial&pageid=292]
Monitors: Previous examples had the critical section inside the
process Idea is to put the critical section inside of a construct
called a monitor. Monitor has entry points (like methods) BUT only
one entry call can be processed at a time. Supported in concurrent languages: Modula-2, -3,
Concurrent Pascal, Concurrent C, CSP, also, partially, Java, also part of the .NET Framework library.
Generic outline:
Monitor monitor_name:monitor variables:
entry entry1;::
end entryentry entry2
::
end entry;:
etc;:
end Monitor;
If proc1 is executing in a monitor entry and proc2 calls an entry then proc2 waits until proc1 finishes.
A monitor has two condition variables – special variables that define wait and wakeup protocols. i.e. Suppose x is a condition variable. x.wait forces a process to wait x.signal wakes a process in a wait state because of an
x.wait.
Bounded Buffer problem:Monitor buffMgmt
int first=0, last=0, occupied=0, N // monitor variablesint [N] buffercondition empty, full; // condition variables
entry putin(x);if (occupied == N)
full.waitbuffer[first] = xfirst = (first+1) % N;occupied++empty.signal
end putinentry getout()
data temp;if (occupied == 0)
empty.waittemp = buffer(last);last = (last + 1) % Noccupied--full.signalreturn temp
end
Do a Monitor solution to the readers and writers problem
Recall the conditions to the R/W problem: If a reader wants access, deny iff a writer is active if a writer wants access, deny only iff a reader or
writer is active Note: this could cause starvation of writers if there are
many readers Could replace 1 above with: if a reader wants access,
deny iff a writer is active or a writer is waiting.
Monitor readers_writersint count //number of readerscondition readallowed, writeallowedboolean writingdata shared
entry startwriteif (count != 0) or (writing)
writeallowed.waitwriting = true
end entryentry donewriting
writing = falseif (Q for readallowed not empty)
readallowed.signalelse
writeallowed.signalend entryentry startread
if writing or (Q for writeallowed not empty)readallowed.wait
count++readallowed.signal
end entryentry donereading
count—if count == 0
writeallowed.signalend entry
Ada [http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigada] [http://www.adaic.org/] [http://www.adaic.org/atwork/index.html] The language is named after Ada Byron, Countess
of Lovelace, who was the first published computer programmer and daughter of the poet Lord Byron.
All previous solutions were centralized. Ada is more of a distributed/network solution.
Controls computers in nearly all new aircraft Nearly all air traffic control systems hi-speed railroads and urban subway systems electronic funds and banking communication and navigation satellites. Steel mills, industrial robots, medical electronics,
telecommunications
Two types of tasks: caller: calls entry points in a server server: may (or may not) accept calls
calls not processeduntil accept has been issued. called a rendezvous.
Ada can be used to simulate a semaphore.
procedure mutexc istask semaphore is
entry waitentry signal
end semaphoretask body semaphore is
beginloop
accept wait
accept signalend loop
end semaphore
task Pi
task body Pi isbegin
loop::
wait
critical sectionsignal
::end loop
end Pi
Select statement
Selectwhen cond1 => accept entry1
do stuffend entryor when cond2 => accept entry2
do stuffend entryor when ……..
::
elsedo stuff
end select
Each condition is a guard and evaluates to T or F. Several may be true an accept for which the corresponding guard is True
is open. An open accept is chosen arbitrarily (not by Ada)
from the list of open accepts for which entry calls have been made.
The chosen accept is then processed. No such accepts => the else option is taken
Ada Solution to the readers and writers problem
task readertask body reader isbegin
loop::
startread
read stufffinishread
::end loop
end reader
task writertask body writer
somedata : anytypebegin
loop::
writeshared(x)::end loop
end writer
task readerswriters isentry startreadentry finishreadentry writetoshared
end;task body readerswriters is
numreaders : Integerbegin
numreaders = 0loop
selectwhen writetoshared’count = 0
accept startreadnumreaders = numreaders + 1
end startreador
accept finishreadnumreaders = numreaders – 1
end finishreador
when numreaders = 0accept writeshared(x : anytype)
write x to shared areaend writeshared
end selectend loop
end
Review of concurrency constructs Program critical sections, software implementations semaphores monitor Java Synchronized methods ada
Deadlock
Definition: Deadlock (also deadly embrace) occurs when two or more processes in a wait state are each waiting for a resource held by one of the other processes in the wait state.
Ex: Previously failed attempts at mutual exclusion processes write to a shared buffer, filling it. If buffer hits
limit before processes are done, deadlock occurs. Database examples if two apps each hold a record and
want what the other has.
Four necessary conditions for deadlock to occur: Mutual Exclusion
process claims exclusive control of required resource. Hold and Wait
process holds allocated resources while requesting more. No preemption
Resources cannot be taken away until process is finished with them.
Circular wait Circular chain of processes exist in which each process
holds at least 1 resource requested by the next process in the chain.
Four areas of deadlock study:
Prevention Create an environment where deadlock is impossible.
Avoidance Use algorithms to monitor resource allocation so that
deadlock won’t happen. Detection
Determine when deadlock has occurred. Recovery
What to do when deadlock occurs.
Handling Deadlocks: Implement a protocol to prevent or avoid deadlocks. Allow deadlocks to occur, then detect and recover. Ignore and leave it to the user. Third option is most common (Linux and Windows
use this).
Prevention Eliminate one of the previously mentioned necessary
conditions, but which one? Mutual Exclusion?
Can generate incorrect results. Hold and Wait?
Could require processes to request and get all resources at the same time. Thus, can’t hold resources while requesting more. Not always practical. Resources may be held much earlier than needed.
No Preemption? Take resources away might result in loss of work. Process
will have to be restarted. Circular Wait?
Request resources in some numerical order? Awkward May not be the order in which they are needed.
Detection Resource allocation graph example.
Specifies which process is waiting for what resource (request edge) and what resource is allocated to which process (assignment edge). Example below:
RiPj means resource Ri is allocated to process Pj Pj Ri means process Pj is waiting for a resource of type Ri
No cycle no deadlock. Cycle deadlock possible. If each resource group contains just one resource
then cycle deadlock. Need cycle detection algorithms of COMP SCI 242
Resource Allocation Graph Algorithm: Add a claim edge (dotted line in graph on the next
slide) to the graph. Represents that a process may request a resource.
Process makes a request claim edge converted to a request edge or assignment edge, depending on whether the resource was allocated.
Safe state no cycles in the graph. Unsafe state a cycle exists (NOTE: does NOT
mean deadlock exists – only that it could happen.
Above case is safe: P1 or P2 can finish. If P2 requests R1, convert the claim edge to a request edge.
P2 is now waiting but the system is still safe since P1 can still finish and release the R1 resource. OS has little to do here. The request is made.
However, if instead P3 requests R2, it can be allocated but then a cycle exists and the system is unsafe. Thus, although R2 could be allocated, it is not. NOTE: Deadlock has not occurred but it could if P1 and P3 assert their claims.
P1
P2 P3
R1R2
R3
Banker’s Algorithm Applicable where there are multiple resources of a
common type. Processes request 1 or more resources of a type, but don’t care which they get.
Each process declares the maximum number of resources of each type it needs.
Distinguishes between a safe and an unsafe state.
Safe state: Resource situation is such that all existing processes can finish, regardless of future requests.
Unsafe state: It’s possible that a sequence of requests could deadlock the system – even if requests are denied. Deadlock may occur.
Goal: No request should cause the system to change from a safe to unsafe state.
Data Structures: Available[i] – number of available resources
of type Ri. Max[i] [j] – contains the maximum number of
resources Pi can request of type Rj. Allocation[i] [j] – contains the number of
resources of type Rj allocated to Pi. Need[i] [j] = Max[i] [j] – Allocation[i] [j]
Safety algorithm: Initialize Work[j] = Available[j] for all j=1 to #resource types
and Finish[i] = false for all i=1 to #processes Find an i where Finish[i] is false and Need[i] <= Work. i.e.
find a process whose need for each type is less than the # available for that type. NOTE: Need[i] and Work are both vectors and <= means that the inequality holds for ALL elements in the vector. Do step 4.
Work=Work+Allocation and Finish[i]=true. Repeat from Step 2.
If Finish[i] is True for all i, the system is safe. Else an unsafe state.
Examples:
AllocationMax Available
A B C A B C A B C
P0 0 1 0 7 5 3 3 3 2
P1 2 0 0 3 2 2
P2 3 0 2 9 0 2
P3 2 1 1 2 2 2
P4 0 0 2 4 3 3
Initially: Work = (3, 3, 2) Step 1: Could use i=1 (Need=(1, 2, 2)) or
i=3 (Need=0, 1, 1)). Choose i=3. Work=(5, 4, 3)
Step 2: Use i=1. Work=(7, 4, 3) Step 3: Use i=0. Work=(7, 5, 3) Step 4: Use i=4. Work=7, 5, 5) Step 5: Use i=2. Work=(10, 5, 7) -----SAFE
Suppose P1 requests one resource of type A and 2 of type C. If request > Available, the request must be denied. Otherwise, simulate the granting of this request and check resulting state. Granting this request would result in
Allocation Max Available
A B C A B C A B C
P0 0 1 0 7 5 3 2 3 0
P1 3 0 2 3 2 2
P2 3 0 2 9 0 2
P3 2 1 1 2 2 2
P4 0 0 2 4 3 3
Initially: Work = (2, 3, 0) Step 1: Use i=1. Work=(5, 3, 2) Step 2: Use i=3. Work=(7, 4, 3) Step 3: Use i=4. Work=(7, 4, 5) Step 4: Use i=0. Work=(7, 5, 5) Step 5. Use i=2. Work=(10, 5, 7)-----SAFE.
Grant request.
What if original table looked like this?Allocation Max Available
A B C A B C A B C
P0 0 1 2 6 4 3 1 2 2
P1 2 0 0 3 2 2
P2 3 1 0 7 4 6
P3 2 1 1 2 2 2
P4 0 0 2 4 3 3
Initially Work=(1, 2, 2) Step 1: Process 1 Need = (1, 2, 2). Change Work to
(3, 2, 2) Step 2: Process 3 Need = (0, 1, 1). Change Work to
(5, 3, 3) Step 3. Process 4 Need = (4, 3, 1). Change Work to
(5, 3, 5). Process 0 Need = (6, 3, 1) and Process 2 Need = (4, 3, 6) ---- at this point, cannot continue ---UNSAFE
RAG algorithm: does not generalize well but more efficient.
Banker’s algorithm: generalizes better (multiple resources of the same type) but less efficient.
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