meteorology chap. 12 air masses weather systems gathering weather data weather analysis
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MeteorologyMeteorologyChap. 12Chap. 12Chap. 12Chap. 12
Air Masses
Weather Systems
Gathering Weather Data
Weather Analysis
Air Masses – 12.1ObjectivesObjectives
• Compare and contrast weather and climate• Analyze how imbalances in the heating of Earth’s surface create weather• Describe how and where air masses form
The Weather Channel
I.I. MeteorologyMeteorology
I.I. MeteorologyMeteorology
Meteorology is the study of atmospheric Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena.phenomena.
Meteor- means ‘high in the air’Meteor- means ‘high in the air’
I.I. MeteorologyMeteorologyA.A. HydrometeorsHydrometeors
Any form of water in the atmosphereAny form of water in the atmosphere
I.I. MeteorologyMeteorologyA.A. HydrometeorsHydrometeors
B.B. LithometeorsLithometeors
Solid material in the atmosphere: smoke, dust, Solid material in the atmosphere: smoke, dust, condensation nucleicondensation nuclei
I.I. MeteorologyMeteorologyA.A. HydrometeorsHydrometeors
B.B. LithometeorsLithometeors
C.C. ElectrometeorsElectrometeors
Electricity in the atmosphere: thunder and Electricity in the atmosphere: thunder and lightning lightning
II.II. Weather vs. ClimateWeather vs. Climate
II.II. Weather vs. ClimateWeather vs. Climate
Weather is the Weather is the current state of the current state of the atmosphere (short-atmosphere (short-term) term)
II.II. Weather vs. ClimateWeather vs. Climate
Weather is the Weather is the current state of the current state of the atmosphere (short-atmosphere (short-term) term)
Climate is long-term Climate is long-term variation of the variation of the atmosphereatmosphere
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to Earth
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via ..
Energy is transmitted through spaceEnergy is transmitted through space via lightvia light
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, while Some energy is absorbed, while some is some is ..
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, whileSome energy is absorbed, while some is some is reflectedreflected..
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, whileSome energy is absorbed, while some is some is reflectedreflected..
C.C. Not all places receive equal Not all places receive equal radiation.radiation.
Why not ??Why not ??
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, whileSome energy is absorbed, while some is some is reflectedreflected..
C.C. Not all places receive equal Not all places receive equal radiation.radiation.
1.1. When the sunlight strikes the Earth When the sunlight strikes the Earth perpendicularly the maximum perpendicularly the maximum energy is transferred.energy is transferred.
Unequal distribution of Sun’s radiationUnequal distribution of Sun’s radiation
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, whileSome energy is absorbed, while some is some is reflectedreflected..
C.C. Not all places receive equal Not all places receive equal radiation.radiation.
1.1. When the sunlight strikes the Earth When the sunlight strikes the Earth perpendicularly the maximum perpendicularly the maximum energy is transferred.energy is transferred.
2.2. ImplicationsImplications
More heat is transmitted from the sun in ____.
a. the morning
b. the afternoon
c. the evening
ImplicationsImplications
More heat is transmitted from the sun in ____.
a. the morning
b. the afternoon
c. the evening
ImplicationsImplications
More heat is transmitted from the sun at____.
a. the equator
b. the poles
c. the point between the equator and the poles
More heat is transmitted from the sun in ____.
a. the morning
b. the afternoon
c. the evening
ImplicationsImplications
More heat is transmitted from the sun at____.
a. the equator
b. the poles
c. the point between the equator and the poles
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, which Some energy is absorbed, which some is some is reflectedreflected..
C.C. Not all places receive equal Not all places receive equal radiation.radiation.
D.D. Energy that reaches the Earth is Energy that reaches the Earth is moved by the moved by the _____ and and ..
III.III. Energy to EarthEnergy to EarthA.A. Energy gets to Earth via Energy gets to Earth via radiationradiation..
B.B. Some energy is absorbed, which Some energy is absorbed, which some is some is reflectedreflected..
C.C. Not all places receive equal Not all places receive equal radiation.radiation.
D.D. Energy that reaches the Earth is Energy that reaches the Earth is moved by the moved by the waterwater and and airair..
IV.IV. Air MassesAir Masses
A large dome of air having similar horizontal A large dome of air having similar horizontal temperature and moisture properties.temperature and moisture properties.
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
1.1. An air mass that forms over a polar An air mass that forms over a polar region will be ____.region will be ____.
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
1.1. An air mass that forms over a polar An air mass that forms over a polar region will be region will be coldcold..
2.2. An air mass that forms over a tropic An air mass that forms over a tropic region will be region will be __________ and and __ ___ _..
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
1.1. An air mass that forms over a polar An air mass that forms over a polar region will be region will be coldcold..
2.2. An air mass that forms over a tropic An air mass that forms over a tropic region will be region will be warmwarm and and humidhumid..
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses1.1. cT – Continental TropiccT – Continental Tropic
Warm and dryWarm and dry
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses1.1. cT – Continental TropiccT – Continental Tropic
2.2. mT – Maritime TropicmT – Maritime Tropic
Warm and humidWarm and humid
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses1.1. cT – Continental TropiccT – Continental Tropic
2.2. mT – Maritime TropicmT – Maritime Tropic
3.3. cP – Continental PolarcP – Continental Polar
Cold and dryCold and dry
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses1.1. cT – Continental TropiccT – Continental Tropic
2.2. mT – Maritime TropicmT – Maritime Tropic
3.3. cP – Continental PolarcP – Continental Polar
4.4. mP – Maritime PolarmP – Maritime Polar
Cold and humidCold and humid
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses1.1. cT – Continental TropiccT – Continental Tropic
2.2. mT – Maritime TropicmT – Maritime Tropic
3.3. cP – Continental PolarcP – Continental Polar
4.4. mP – Maritime PolarmP – Maritime Polar
5.5. A - ArcticA - ArcticCold and dryCold and dry
Air Masses over the U.S.Air Masses over the U.S.
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses
C.C. Air masses are also classified by air Air masses are also classified by air mass stabilitymass stability
Stability is the resistance to vertical movement Stability is the resistance to vertical movement of air particlesof air particles
IV.IV. Air MassesAir MassesA.A. Source RegionSource Region
B.B. Classifying Air MassesClassifying Air Masses
C.C. Air masses are also classified by air Air masses are also classified by air mass stabilitymass stability
D.D. Air masses are modified while they Air masses are modified while they move.move.
Eventually they lose their original Eventually they lose their original characteristicscharacteristics
The End
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Air Masses – 12.1ObjectivesObjectives• Describe how the rotation of Earth affects the movement of air
• Compare and contrast wind systems
• Identify the various types of fronts
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global Illustration
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
This is observed in the location that receives This is observed in the location that receives the greatest amount of solar radiationthe greatest amount of solar radiation
1.1. Warm air Warm air ..
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
This occurs as air loses energy in the upper This occurs as air loses energy in the upper troposphere.troposphere.
1.1. Warm air Warm air risesrises..
2.2. Cool air Cool air ..
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
This occurs as air loses energy in the upper This occurs as air loses energy in the upper troposphere.troposphere.
1.1. Warm air Warm air risesrises..
2.2. Cool air Cool air fallsfalls..
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
1.1. Air moves North or South in various Air moves North or South in various Hadley cellsHadley cells
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
1.1. Air moves North or South in various Air moves North or South in various Hadley cellsHadley cells
2.2. The location where air comes The location where air comes together between the tropics is called together between the tropics is called the the zone zone (ITCZ)(ITCZ)
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
1.1. Air moves North or South in various Air moves North or South in various Hadley cellsHadley cells
2.2. The location where air comes The location where air comes together between the tropics is called together between the tropics is called the the intertropicalintertropical convergenceconvergence zone zone (ITCZ)(ITCZ)
Intertropical Convergence ZoneIntertropical Convergence Zone
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I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
C.C. Movement of air relative to Movement of air relative to Earth’s motionEarth’s motion
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
C.C. Movement of air relative to Movement of air relative to Earth’s motionEarth’s motion
1.1. Air doesn’t travel straightAir doesn’t travel straight
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationA.A. Vertical movement of airVertical movement of air
B.B. Movement of air across the Movement of air across the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
C.C. Movement of air relative to Movement of air relative to Earth’s motionEarth’s motion
1.1. Air doesn’t travel straightAir doesn’t travel straight
2.2. It turns due to the Coriolis effectIt turns due to the Coriolis effect
Perception of an East or West deflection of air currents due to the rotation of the Earth.
Coriolis effectCoriolis effect
In the Northern hemisphere air currents are deflected .
In the Southern hemisphere air currents are deflected .
Perception of an East or West deflection of air currents due to the rotation of the Earth.
Coriolis effectCoriolis effect
In the Northern hemisphere air currents are deflected right.
In the Southern hemisphere air currents are deflected left.
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
1.1. Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)
Occur between the equator and 30Occur between the equator and 30ºN or 30ºN or 30ºSºS
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
1.1. Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)
2.2. WesterliesWesterlies
Occur between 30Occur between 30º and 60º (in North & South). º and 60º (in North & South). They blow toward the They blow toward the . .
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
1.1. Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)
2.2. WesterliesWesterlies
Occur between 30Occur between 30º and 60º (in North & South). º and 60º (in North & South). They blow toward the They blow toward the EastEast. (From the West). (From the West)
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
1.1. Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)
2.2. WesterliesWesterlies
3.3. Polar EasterliesPolar Easterlies
Occur between 60Occur between 60º and 90º (in North & South). º and 90º (in North & South). They blow toward the ______.They blow toward the ______.
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
1.1. Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)
2.2. WesterliesWesterlies
3.3. Polar EasterliesPolar Easterlies
4.4. DoldrumsDoldrums
It’s pretty depressing to sail here. It’s pretty depressing to sail here.
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
1.1. Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)Trade winds (Northeast & Southeast)
2.2. WesterliesWesterlies
3.3. Polar EasterliesPolar Easterlies
4.4. DoldrumsDoldrums
5.5. Horse LatitudesHorse Latitudes
Watch out for horses!Watch out for horses!
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
E.E. MoistureMoisture
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
E.E. MoistureMoisture
1.1. In areas of In areas of pressure there is rain. pressure there is rain.
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
E.E. MoistureMoisture
1.1. In areas of In areas of lowlow pressure there is rain. pressure there is rain.
2.2. In areas of high pressure it is In areas of high pressure it is ..
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
E.E. MoistureMoisture
1.1. In areas of In areas of lowlow pressure there is rain. pressure there is rain.
2.2. In areas of high pressure it is In areas of high pressure it is drydry..
I.I. A Global IllustrationA Global IllustrationD.D. Global wind systemsGlobal wind systems
E.E. MoistureMoisture
F.F. Jet StreamsJet Streams
Upper-level air winds
Caused by difference in temp. & pressure between equator and poles
High speed (some over 110 mph)
Move from West to East
Jet StreamJet Stream
Boundary between air masses with different Boundary between air masses with different densities.densities.
II.II. FrontsFronts
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
1.1. Cold air displaces warm airCold air displaces warm air
Symbol:
direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
1.1. Cold air displaces warm airCold air displaces warm air
2.2. Warm air rises the steep boundaryWarm air rises the steep boundary
Symbol:
direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
1.1. Cold air displaces warm airCold air displaces warm air
2.2. Warm air rises the steep boundaryWarm air rises the steep boundary
3.3. Brings thunderstorms/rainBrings thunderstorms/rain
Symbol:
direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
Symbol: direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
Symbol: direction
1.1. Warm air moves slowly over cold air massWarm air moves slowly over cold air mass
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
1.1. Warm air moves slowly over cold air massWarm air moves slowly over cold air mass
2.2. Extensive clouds formed with Extensive clouds formed with precipitationprecipitation
Symbol: direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
1.1. Warm air mass collides with cold massWarm air mass collides with cold mass
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
1.1. Warm air mass collides with cold massWarm air mass collides with cold mass
2.2. Neither air mass pushes harder than the Neither air mass pushes harder than the otherother
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
1.1. Warm air mass collides with cold massWarm air mass collides with cold mass
2.2. Neither air mass pushes harder than the Neither air mass pushes harder than the otherother
3.3. May bring days of cloudy/rainy weatherMay bring days of cloudy/rainy weather
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
D.D. Occluded FrontOccluded FrontSymbol:direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
D.D. Occluded FrontOccluded Front1.1. Cold air overtakes another cold frontCold air overtakes another cold front
Symbol:direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
D.D. Occluded FrontOccluded Front1.1. Cold air overtakes another cold frontCold air overtakes another cold front
2.2. Often occurs in later stages of stormOften occurs in later stages of storm
Symbol:direction
II.II. FrontsFrontsA.A. Cold FrontCold Front
B.B. Warm FrontWarm Front
C.C. Stationary FrontStationary Front
D.D. Occluded FrontOccluded Front1.1. Cold air overtakes another cold frontCold air overtakes another cold front
2.2. Often occurs in later stages of stormOften occurs in later stages of storm
3.3. Precipitation may occur on both sidesPrecipitation may occur on both sides
Symbol:direction
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High Pressure High Pressure
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High Pressure High Pressure
1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is __________
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High Pressure High Pressure
1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is fallingfalling
2.2. Coriolis effect turns air ________Coriolis effect turns air ________
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High Pressure High Pressure
1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is fallingfalling
2.2. Coriolis effect turns air Coriolis effect turns air clockwiseclockwise
3.3. SymbolSymbol
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High Pressure High Pressure
1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is fallingfalling
2.2. Coriolis effect turns air clockwiseCoriolis effect turns air clockwise
3.3. SymbolSymbol
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High PressureHigh Pressure
B.B. Low Pressure Low Pressure
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High PressureHigh Pressure
B.B. Low Pressure Low Pressure 1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is __________
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High PressureHigh Pressure
B.B. Low Pressure Low Pressure 1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is risingrising
2.2. Coriolis effect turns air Coriolis effect turns air ____________________________
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High PressureHigh Pressure
B.B. Low Pressure Low Pressure 1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is risingrising
2.2. Coriolis effect turns air Coriolis effect turns air counterclockwisecounterclockwise
3.3. SymbolSymbol
III.III. PressurePressureA.A. High PressureHigh Pressure
B.B. Low Pressure Low Pressure 1.1. Indicates air is Indicates air is risingrising
2.2. Coriolis effect turns air Coriolis effect turns air counterclockwisecounterclockwise
3.3. SymbolSymbol
The End
Gathering Weather Data – 12.3
A balloon launch A balloon launch from the S. Pole.from the S. Pole.
ObjectivesObjectives• Recognize the importance of accurate weather data• Describe the technology used to collect weather data.• Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of weather observation systems
I.I. Surface DataSurface Data
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
1.1. Indicates the Indicates the of the air. of the air.
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
1.1. Indicates the Indicates the temperaturetemperature of the air. of the air.
2.2. How does it work?How does it work?
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
1.1. Indicates the Indicates the _______ of the _______ of the air.air.
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
1.1. Indicates the Indicates the pressurepressure of the air. of the air.
2.2. How does it work?How does it work?
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer1.1. Indicates the speed Indicates the speed
of the of the ..
2.2. How does it work?How does it work?
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer1.1. Indicates the speed Indicates the speed
of the of the windwind..
2.2. How does it work?How does it work?
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
D.D. HygrometerHygrometer
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
D.D. HygrometerHygrometer1.1. Indicates the Indicates the ______ ______
______________ of the air. of the air.
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
D.D. HygrometerHygrometer1.1. Indicates the Indicates the relative relative
humidityhumidity of the air. of the air.
2.2. How does it work?How does it work?
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
D.D. HygrometerHygrometer
E.E. CeilometerCeilometer
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
D.D. HygrometerHygrometer
E.E. CeilometerCeilometer1.1. Indicates the height of Indicates the height of ..
I.I. Surface DataSurface DataA.A. ThermometerThermometer
B.B. BarometerBarometer
C.C. AnemometerAnemometer
D.D. HygrometerHygrometer
E.E. CeilometerCeilometer1.1. Indicates the height of Indicates the height of cloudsclouds..
2.2. How does it work?How does it work?
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level Data
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
A package of sensors that collect atmospheric A package of sensors that collect atmospheric information in the upper atmosphereinformation in the upper atmosphere
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosondeMeasures:Measures:
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
1.1. TemperatureTemperatureMeasures:Measures:
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
1.1. TemperatureTemperature
2.2. PressurePressure
Measures:Measures:
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
1.1. TemperatureTemperature
2.2. PressurePressure
3.3. HumidityHumidity
Measures:Measures:
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
1.1. TemperatureTemperature
2.2. PressurePressure
3.3. HumidityHumidity
4.4. Wind speed & directionWind speed & direction
Measures:Measures:
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
C.C. RadarRadar
RaRadio dio ddetecting etecting aand nd rranginganging
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
C.C. RadarRadar
D.D. Doppler RadarDoppler Radar
Detect the speed of rain drops as they move Detect the speed of rain drops as they move toward/away from stationtoward/away from station
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect1.1. The waves ahead of a moving object are The waves ahead of a moving object are
compressed, and wavelength is compressed, and wavelength is shortened.shortened.
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect1.1. The waves ahead of a moving object are The waves ahead of a moving object are
compressed, and wavelength is compressed, and wavelength is shortened.shortened.
2.2. The waves behind a moving object are The waves behind a moving object are depressed or elongated.depressed or elongated.
II.II. Upper-level DataUpper-level DataA.A. Weather balloonsWeather balloons
B.B. RadiosondeRadiosonde
C.C. RadarRadar
D.D. Doppler RadarDoppler Radar
E.E. Weather SatellitesWeather Satellites
Take photos (visible and infrared light) of Take photos (visible and infrared light) of Earth.Earth.
The End
Weather Analysis – 12.4
ObjectivesObjectives• Analyze a basic surface weather chart• Distinguish between analog and digital forecasting• Describe problems with long-term forecasts
I.I. Station ModelStation Model
A condensed compilation of a variety of A condensed compilation of a variety of weather data.weather data.
I.I. Station ModelStation ModelA.A. TemperatureTemperature
B.B. Dew pointDew point
Temperature at which water vapor condensesTemperature at which water vapor condenses
I.I. Station ModelStation ModelA.A. TemperatureTemperature
B.B. Dew pointDew point
C.C. PrecipitationPrecipitation
Rain, Snow, Drizzle, Showers, Fog, Rain, Snow, Drizzle, Showers, Fog, Thunderstorm, etc.Thunderstorm, etc.
I.I. Station ModelStation ModelA.A. TemperatureTemperature
B.B. Dew pointDew point
C.C. PrecipitationPrecipitation
D.D. Cloud coverCloud cover
Fraction of the sky that is covered.Fraction of the sky that is covered.
I.I. Station ModelStation ModelA.A. TemperatureTemperature
B.B. Dew pointDew point
C.C. PrecipitationPrecipitation
D.D. Cloud coverCloud cover
E.E. WindWind
This shows a wind that is 25 knots FROM the This shows a wind that is 25 knots FROM the southwestsouthwest
I.I. Station ModelStation ModelA.A. TemperatureTemperature
B.B. Dew pointDew point
C.C. PrecipitationPrecipitation
D.D. Cloud coverCloud cover
E.E. WindWind
This shows a wind that is 25 knots FROM the This shows a wind that is 25 knots FROM the southwestsouthwest
10 + 10 + 5 knots10 + 10 + 5 knots
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface Analysis
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
Lines connecting point of equal valueLines connecting point of equal value
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
1.1. IsobarsIsobars
““same same ””
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
1.1. IsobarsIsobars
““same same pressurepressure””
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
1.1. IsobarsIsobars
2.2. IsothermsIsotherms
““same same ””
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
1.1. IsobarsIsobars
2.2. IsothermsIsotherms
““same same temperaturetemperature””
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
1.1. IsobarsIsobars
2.2. IsothermsIsotherms
3.3. These lines are like lines of elevationThese lines are like lines of elevation
II.II. Surface AnalysisSurface AnalysisA.A. IsoplethsIsopleths
1.1. IsobarsIsobars
2.2. IsothermsIsotherms
3.3. These lines are like lines of elevationThese lines are like lines of elevation
4.4. Many lines close together represent Many lines close together represent steep transitionsteep transition
III.III. ForecastingForecasting
Predicting the future weatherPredicting the future weather
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
1.1. Data was extrapolated from the Data was extrapolated from the weather of the past few daysweather of the past few days
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
1.1. Data was extrapolated from the Data was extrapolated from the weather of the past few daysweather of the past few days
2.2. Not very accurateNot very accurate
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
B.B. Digital ForecastingDigital Forecasting
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
B.B. Digital ForecastingDigital Forecasting1.1. Uses computers to analyze lots of Uses computers to analyze lots of
variables.variables.
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
B.B. Digital ForecastingDigital Forecasting1.1. Uses computers to analyze lots of Uses computers to analyze lots of
variables.variables.
2.2. The higher the density, the better The higher the density, the better the forecast.the forecast.
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
B.B. Digital ForecastingDigital Forecasting
C.C. Analog ForecastingAnalog Forecasting
Looks for analogous conditions.Looks for analogous conditions.
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
B.B. Digital ForecastingDigital Forecasting
C.C. Analog ForecastingAnalog Forecasting
1.1. Compares data to past weather that Compares data to past weather that had similar characteristics.had similar characteristics.
III.III. ForecastingForecastingA.A. HistoricallyHistorically
B.B. Digital ForecastingDigital Forecasting
C.C. Analog ForecastingAnalog Forecasting
1.1. Compares data to past weather that Compares data to past weather that had similar characteristics.had similar characteristics.
2.2. Use to create broad, season Use to create broad, season forecasts.forecasts.
III.III. ForecastingForecastingD.D. Long-term forecastingLong-term forecasting
III.III. ForecastingForecastingD.D. Long-term forecastingLong-term forecasting
1.1. Accuracy of a forecast decreases Accuracy of a forecast decreases with time.with time.
III.III. ForecastingForecastingD.D. Long-term forecastingLong-term forecasting
1.1. Accuracy of a forecast decreases Accuracy of a forecast decreases with time.with time.
2.2. There are too many variable to There are too many variable to create a good forecastcreate a good forecast
The End
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