methanol, a multi source and multipurpose energy carrier
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GothenburgNovember 19, 2013
Ingvar LandälvSenior Project ManagerLTU
METHANOL, a Multi Source and Multipurpose Energy Carrier Alternative IEA Bioenergy / IETS:System and IntegrationAspects of Biomass-basedGasification
2
AGENDA
• Turning alkali in the feedstock to an advantage– Why has Chemrec focused Black Liquor so long?
– Is technology ready for commercialization?
– Can the BLG developments be used for other applications?
• Future Energy System Scenarios– The need to look at the total cost of a new energy system
– An example from the marine sector
– An example from the HD vehicle sector
• Summary
11/26/2013
2
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Today’s commercial Forrest Industry has two main legs
New Value Streams from Residuals & Spent Pulping LiquorsNew Value Streams from Residuals & Spent Pulping Liquors
PulpMill
Forest
Saw-mill
Pulp
WoodProducts
PulpMill
LogsPulp
Wood
RecoveryBoiler
TODAY
4
BLG is a transformative technology converting pulp mills to biorefineries making efficient use
of the third fraction from the forest
New Value Streams from Residuals & Spent Pulping LiquorsNew Value Streams from Residuals & Spent Pulping Liquors
PulpMill
Forest
Saw-mill
Pulp
WoodProducts
PulpMill
LogsPulp
Wood
RecoveryBoiler
Combined Recoveryand Fuel Generation
Fuel
ForestResidual
TOMORROW
5
BL Energy is a large renewable energy source in some areas of the World e.g. Sweden
5
Nr Mill owner, name Nominalcapacity
Currentcapacity
Year of start-up
1 Billerud, Karlsborg 1250 1500 1980
2 SCA, Munksund 600 1965
3 Smurfit Kappa, Lövholmen 1450 1950 1972
4 SCA, Obbola 1000 2007
5 Husum, M-Real 750 1100 1965
6 Husum, M-Real 700 2000 1978
7 Husum, M-Real 1100 1300 1988
8 Domsjö, Domsjö 375 1958
9 Domsjö, Domsjö 375 1964
10 Dynäs, Mondi 915 1978
11 Östrand, SCA 3300 2006
12 Iggesund, Holmen 520 900 1966
13 Iggesund, Holmen 520 900 1967
14 Vallvik, Rottneros 760/1000 1200 1974/1999
15 Korsnäs, Korsnäs 865 1330 1968
16 Korsnäs, Korsnäs 1550 1550 1987
17 Skutskär, StoraEnso 585 650 1967
18 Skutskär, StoraEnso 1900 2800 1976
19 Frövi, Korsnäs 520 1260 1970
20 Skoghall, Stora Enso 2200/(3350) 2005
21 Gruvön, Billerud 2500/(3300) 2000
22 Billingsfors, Munksjö 230 330 1976
23 Bäckhammar, Wermland Paper 570 750 1976
24 Aspa, Munksjö 510 1200 1973
25 Skärblacka, Billerud 1250 1850 1976
26 Värö, Södra 2500 2002
27 Mönsterås, Södra 4000 1996
28 Mörrum, Södra 2000 2260 1995
1
2 3
4
5 68 97
1011
12
1514
1617 18
192320
212224
25
26 27
28
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Approx:5000 MW
Black Liquor
Close to 20 large plants
6
BL Energy is a substantial energy source in some states in the US e.g. Georgia
More than 100 suitable pulp mills In North Americawith 200-400 MW of Black Liquor per plant
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In the World:approx. 80 000 MW
Black Liquoror
250 – 300 largeplants
7
Some basics about Black Liquor
• Black Liquor is a Liquid– Easy to feed to a pressurized gasifier– Can be atomized to fine droplets– Rapid gasification rates– Stable properties over time
• Black Liquor is an efficient gasification fuel– Full carbon conversion at ~1000 deg C– Virtually no tar formation– Low methane formation
• Black Liquor is available in large quantities– World BL capacity about 660 TWh– Corresponds to production of ~ 10 billion gal gasoline
equivalents per year– Typically 250-300 MW of BL per pulp mill
… making it a very strong candidateas gasification fuel
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Chemrec technology generates good quality raw syngas with three main process steps: Gasification, Quenching and Cooling
Raw gas
Green liquor
Condensate
Black liquor
GAS COOLER
REACTOR
QUENCH
Boiler feedwater*
LP-steam*
MP-steam*
Weak wash
GASIFICATION
SEPARATIONOF GAS ANDSMELT
PARTICULATE REMOVAL ANDGAS COOLING
Oxygen
Atomisingmedium
Cooling water
OK raw syngas
* Cooling waterin DP1
9
BL to BioDME: Well proven Concept by Chemrec and LTU in the
Pilot Plant in Piteå
DP-1Plant
WGShift
AmineWash
MeOHSynth.
DMESynth.
Distil-lation
ActiveC Abs
BlackLiquor
O2
BioDME
Raw MeOHstorage
OK raw syngas
10
Development Plant for Oxygen-blown high pressure BL gasification
• Located at the SmurfitKappa mill in Piteå, Sweden• Oxygen-blown and operated at 30 bar(g)• Capacity 20 metric tons per day of black liquor sol ids (3 MW(th))• Used for technical development and design verificat ion• Started up 2005 –Now in operation more than 21 000 hours (10/2013).• Raw syngas converted to BioDME since 2011 (about 6 000 h)• Operations: 10 operators in 5 shifts
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Accumulated BioDME Production is close to 600 tons in October 2013
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duce
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ioD
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B
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A
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A - Authority inspectionB - MaintenanceC - HolidaysD - Repair of ceramicsE - New equipmentF - Catalyst replacement, change of ownerG - MaintenanceH - Replacement of ceramics & catalyst
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Chemrec technology ready for industrial scale and can be built by world-class EPCs with adequate risk
allocation
• EPC 1: …one of few mature and feasible technologies for large-scale production … to produce fuels from forest-based biomass ...”
• EPC 2: “...in principle willing to provide customary EPC wrap around guarantees ...”
• EPC 3: “...LSTK service with customary wrap around guarantees ... ”
• Oil major evaluation (10 experts): “ No showstoppers for industrial scale-up”.
• Piteå demo plantproducing methanol and DME using commercial processes.
Piteå, 2nd gen, >21 000 hrs
New Bern, 1 st gen, 47 000 hrs
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Chemrec Status as per January 2013
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� Dec 31, 2012: Chemrec Piteå companies including pilot plants sold by
Chemrec AB to LTU Holding AB,
� Jan 1, 2013: 17 pilot plant staff employed by LTU.
� Dec 31, 2012: License agreement between licensor Chemrec AB &
HaldorTopsøe with LTU and LTU Holding. Technology rights stay with
licensors.
� Jan 30, 2013: Consortium Agreement between parties involved in
continued R&D.
� Chemrec has reduced staff awaiting long term stable regulations for
advanced biofuels. Two Chemrec Stockholm staff temporarily on leave
assigned to LTU
� Continued operation of the plants as part of LTU Biosyngas Program
10/18/2009 16
FLARE
Raw Syngas
GREENLIQUOR
Black Liquor
GAS COOLER
Oxygen
Atomizing medium
GASIFIER
QUENCH
C.W
BFW
MP-Steam
Weak Wash
CLEANSYNGAS
BFW
SULPHUR ABSORPTION
Condensate
White/Green Liquor
LP-St.
14
LTU Biosyngas Centre Program
15
The BL to BioDME facility is the backbone in the LTU Biosyngas Centre Program
DP-1Plant
WGShift
AmineWash
MeOHSynth.
DMESynth.
Distil-lation
ActiveC Abs
BlackLiquor
O2
BioDME
16
LTU Biosyngas Program planned for 2013-2016
DP-1Plant
WGShift
AmineWash
MeOHSynth.
DMESynth.
Distil-lation
ActiveC Abs
Electro-lysis
FuelCells
CatalyticProcess
Development
ETC EFgasifier
Cleaning
Membranes
Torrefied Mtrl
Powder
BlackLiquor
Pyrolysis oil
O2H2
CO,H2
CO2
BioDME
BioMeOH
Others
Existingfacilities
The RenewableSyngas Highway
25-30 bar > 100 bar
Future development
WP1 Pilot scale experimentsWP2 Catalytic gasificationWP3 Solid fuel gasificationWP4 Novel syngas cleaningWP5 Catalytic conversionWP6 Containment materialsWP7 Field testsWP8 Electrofuels and new concepts
WP1
WP2
WP3
WP4
WP5
WP6
WP7
WP8
H2O
1711/26/2013
17
Biomass flow from the forest can be increasedadding pyrolysis oil to the black liquor flow
PulpMill
Forest
Saw-mill
Pulp
WoodProducts
PulpMill
LogsPulp
Wood
RecoveryBoiler
Combined Recoveryand Fuel Generation
ForestResidues
Fuel
TOMORROW (3)
POProduction
18
WP2: Co-gasification BL/PO – some impressions from the lab
TGA and DTF lab activities during spring 2013
PO/BL mixing study• Lignin precipitation needs to be
considered above 20-25% PO
• No solids up to 20% PO
19
WP 2: Co-gasification of BL and PO offers many potential advantages
All calculations thus assume that BL/PO can be gasified at same temperature as BL is today.
Syngas Capacity increases about 100% by adding about 25% PO to the BL (by weight)
Energy efficiency for gasification of added PO is 80-85%
Figure shows simulated increased production of final liquid biofuel product at fixed BL feed (i.e. for specific mill)
Figure shows simulated gasifier energy efficiency of total mixed feed (solid) and for added PO (dashed)
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
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Pro
du
ctio
n (
syn
gas
en
erg
y)
PO mix (part of total feed)
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
CG
E
PO mix (part of total feed)
SF-LHV total
H2CO total
SF-LHV incr PO
H2+CO incr PO
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WP 2: Key physical properties of PO/BL mixtures are promicing based on lab tests
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
1 000,00
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Sh
ea
r v
isco
sity
(Pa
s)
Shear rate(s-¹)
0%
10%
20%
30%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Su
rfa
ce
te
nsio
n (
mN
/m
)
Time (s)
Hanging droplet 100°C
Black liquor
10% pyrolysis oil
20% pyrolysis oil
30% pyrolysis oil
Viscosity Surface tension
21
WP2: Drop tube furnace experiments shows carbon conversion of PO/BL mixtures to be at
least as good as BL alone
Gasification ash microscopy(same magnification)
BL at 1000˚C BL at 1200˚C
PO(20) /BL(80) at 1000˚C
22
WP2: Techno-economic study co-gasification- preliminary results indicate good profitability
• Case study: Rottneros Vallvik– medium sized pulp mill
– good data from black liquor gasification study available
• Methanol plant alternatives evaluated – Black liquor gasification ~200 MW BL
– Two co-gasification alternatives • Extend methanol production by adding 25% and 50% pyrolysis oil
• Preliminary results indicate very favorable production cost for realistic pyrolysis oil price scenarios– Economies of scale and high efficiency contribute
23
WP2: Techno-economic study co-gasification- preliminary results indicate good profitability
• Case study : small/medium sized pulp mill• Methanol plant alternatives
– Black liquor gasification ~200 MW BL
– Two co-gasification alternatives – 25% and 50% pyrolysis oil
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
MeO
H p
rodu
ctio
n co
st [S
EK
/ton]
PO cost [SEK/MWh]
Case 25
Case 50
MeOH production cost • First plant CAPEX@10% annuity• Nth plant will give lower CAPEX
MeOH price reference levels for low-blend into gasoline• Pessimistic 6500 SEK/t based on 2011Rotterdam EtOH price volume equivalence
• Realistic 8500 SEK/t projection based onRED and proposed ETD (biofuel mandate)
MeOH production cost
Pessimistic price scenario
Realistic price scenario
24
Potential to test Liquid Organic Waste (LOW) in the LTU Green Fuels Plant
DP-1Plant
WGShift
AmineWash
MeOHSynth.
DMESynth.
Distil-lation
ActiveC Abs
Electro-lysis
FuelCells
CatalyticProcess
Development
ETC EFgasifier
Cleaning
Membranes
Torrefied Mtrl
Powder
BlackLiquor
Pyrolysis oil
O2H2
CO,H2
CO2
BioDME
BioMeOH
Others
Existingfacilities
The RenewableSyngas Highway
25-30 bar > 100 bar
Future development
H2O
LOW
25
Fuels and chemicals from organic waste- liquefaction opens new opportunities
MethanolDMEGasolineDiesel…
??
Fertilizer
GasificationSynthesis
Liquefaction
26
Fuels from organic waste- via liquefaction, gasification, synthesis
Fuels orchemicals
Liquefaction(alkali, heat)
Fertilizer
Catalytic gasification(oxygen, 1000°C)
Catalytic synthesis
Organic waste
Liquefiedorganicwaste
Recycledalkali
Synthesis gas
27
According to lab tests LOW liquids gasifies more easy than black liquor
The analysis above is based on a first order model fitted to the gravimetric data
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
895 900 905 910 915 920 925 930 935 940 945
TG
A g
asi
fica
tio
n
rate
Temperature
BL
LOW2
LOW3
LOW4
LOW 1
LOW1: Pig manureLOW2: Meat and bone mealLOW3: WWT sludgeLOW4: Meat and bone meal
LOW1
LOW2 LOW3
LOW4
28
Feedstock study – fuel from organic waste(IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute)
• Selected feedstocks– Liquid manure
– Chicken manure
– Slaughterhouse waste
– Biogas digestate
– WWT sludge
• Selected countries• Potential• Price• Alternative use
29
Many potential applications of catalytic gasification – long term research
Now :
• Black liquor
• Pyrolysis oil + black liquor (BL)
Potential future developments :
• Liquefied organic waste (LOW)
• Pyrolysis oil + liquefied organic waste
• Pyrolysis oil + Alkali salts (ALK)
• Solid biomass (SB) impregnated with alkali salts
PO
BL LOW
Alk
SB
Alkali containing feedstock
Alkali addition or co-gasifiaction
30
Future Energy System Scenarios– The need to look at the total cost of a new energy system
– An example from the marine sector
– An example from the HD vehicle sector
31
(European Commission Proposal dated January 24, 2013)
From Page 2:
From Page 3, under leagel elements:
32
“Well to Wheel” Qualitative Cost / Complexity Analysi sTypical comment: “The fuel must comply with existing infrastructure”Implying: Very complicated/costly with new infrastructure
FEEDSTOCK CONVERSIONDISTRIBUTION(incl. to vehicle)
USE
High
Low
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
Cost /Complexity
Perspective of the energycompanies
Perspetive of the enduser
Perspetive of the enduser
33
“Well to Wheel” Qualitative Cost / Complexity Analysi s
DME: fossil / renewable
FEEDSTOCK CONVERSIONDISTRIBUTION(incl. to vehicle)
USE
Low
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
High
Cost /Complexity
34
“Well to Wheel” Qualitative Cost / Complexity Analysi s
Methanol: fossil / renewable
FEEDSTOCK CONVERSIONDISTRIBUTION(incl. to vehicle)
USE
Low
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
High
Cost /Complexity
35
“Well to Wheel” Qualitative Cost / Complexity Analysi s
Hydrogen
FEEDSTOCK CONVERSIONDISTRIBUTION(incl. to vehicle)
USE
Low
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
High
Cost /Complexity
36
“Well to Wheel” Qualitative Cost / Complexity Analysi s
LNG: fossil / renewable
FEEDSTOCK CONVERSIONDISTRIBUTION(incl. to vehicle)
USE
Low
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
-Costs-Env. friendly
-Efficiency-Costs-Env. friendly
High
Cost /Complexity
37
Vision for a Methanol based Energy System1. today
Natural gas
Fossil MeOH
Methanolplants
Chemical industry
Via Ports
38
Vision for a Methanol based Energy System2. + methanol as bunker fuel
Natural gas
Fossil MeOH
Methanolplants
Chemical industry
Via Ports
Ports 1 2 n nn
M e t a n o l
Marine sector
39
An example where an international agreement results in a fundamental
rethink:
IMO, International Maritime Organization, on new sulphur levels in bunker fuels
coming into force 1 January 2015
40
Background to the new sulphur emission legislation:The Shipping sector’s partin the total sulphuremissions is very big
73%
11%
15%
Fuel
Road trafficAviationShipping
74%
12%15%
CO2
54%
5%
42%
NOx
27%1%
73%
SOx
Source: ScandiNAOS AB
41
Upcoming regulations for Marine FuelsSulphur level in bunker fuels must be < 0.1% by 201 5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
IMO NOx Technical code
NOx Tier II - 2011 (Global)
NOx Tier III - 2016 (NOx emission control areas)
g NOx/kWh
rpm
Source: ScandiNAOS AB
42
Price scenarios for Alternative Bunker Fuels
Well head:10 €/MWh
4 USD/MMBtu
Ex works:25 €/MWh
Ex works:20 €/MWh
Port price:34 €/MWh
Alongside ship:37 €/MWh
FOB Zeebrugge:30 €/MWh
Alongside ship:46 €/MWh
Brent Crud landed:47 €/MWh
110 USD/bbl
MGO Port price:57 €/MWh
HFO Port price:38 €/MWh
METHANOL
LNG
CRUDE OIL BASED FUELS
GOTHENBURG
GOTHENBURG
GOTHENBURG
Freight:60-70 USD/t
Source : Stena and Chemrec
43
Stena Methanol Pilot Project, Gotheburg
Item LNG MethanolHandebility Liquid at -163˚C,
Atmosperic PLiquid at ambient T and P
Storage Cryogenic handling; Space demanding
Can be stored as bunker oil
Cost of main storage in port
500 MSEK *) 50MSEK *)
FeedershipR’dam - Gbg
500 MSEK *) 0 MSEK; With today’s methanol tankers
Bunker vessel 300 MESK *) 15 MSEK *)
Rebuilt of ship, total 25 MW
250 MSEK 100 MSEK
Total cost diff 1550 MSEK / 180 MEUR 165 MSEK / 20 ME UR
*) First time investmentSource: Stena
44
Stena Germaica is planned to run on Methanol starting early 2015
Fuel: 25 000 tons of MeOH / year
Source: Stena
45
Stena’s Global Methanol Project(Initial timeplan for converting Stena’s SECA fleet )
Source: STENA and Effship
Methanol consumptionWill approach 1 million tons
By 2018
46
Vision for a Methanol based Energy System3. + methanol to DME for HD trucks and industry
Natural gas
Fossil MeOH
Methanolplants
Chemical industry
Via Ports
Ports 1 2 n nn
M e t a n o l
Marine sector
Heavytransports
DME DME
Energy usage
Distribution
47
Extended Volvo field test8 trucks, 2013-01-01 to 2014-06-30
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
km
Date
Total Field test mileage
(1000 Km / 1000 mi) Status2013-04-08
TargetJune 2014
Total mileage 970 / 603 1 475 / 917
1 truck 200 / 124 300 / 186
Extended field test
48
Fuel Distribution
Piteå
Stockholm
Jönköping
Göteborg
European Project BioDME7th Framework Programme48
• Available technology modified for DME
• Safety regulations based on LPG
• ~200 k€ per filling station (+33% vs diesel)
• Easy to achieve
Four filling stations
200 m3 storage tank in Piteå
34 m3 trailer
49
Fuel consumption
European Project BioDME49
TruckApplication
Gross weight(Min/Max/Avg)
Typical FC Diesel Equivalent(l /10 km & mi/gal))
FH-787Regional and local haul
14/26/21 ton 2.3 / 10.2
FH-711long haul
25/50/ ton 4.1 / 5.7
FH-842local start/stop
21/57/53 ton 6.1 / 3.8
Volvo through their US branch on June 6, 2013 decided to start commercial production of
DME fuelled vehicles in the US in 2015.See various films at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L946kk7_NIEThe link includes:
DME – “The future is here”DME – “It is all around us”
and other material.
See also:
www.biodme.euBioDME Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cF1F7luFpnc#t=13
Volvo US DME truck
50
Vision for a Methanol based Energy System4. + providing system with renewable methanol from biomass
Natural gas
Fossil MeOH
Methanolplants
Chemical industry
Via Ports
Ports 1 2 n nn
M e t a n o l
Marine sector
Heavytransports
DME DME
Energy usage
Distribution
Biomass
Pyrolysis
Gasificationof biomass
Gasification Pulp mill
Renewable MeOH
Bio
mas
s
Bio
mas
s
MeOHMeOH
51 51
DME Fuel Station
BioMethanol Production
DME Production
DME Terminals
FossilMeOH
Source : Chemrec
Scenario for Introduction of DMEas a Fuel in Sweden combined
with fossil / renewablemethanol
52
Scenario for Introduction of renewable / fossil DME and methanol in Europe
52
5
2
MeOH bunker terminals/DME Production
Green MethanolProduction
Fossil MethanolImport
Source : Chemrec
53
Vision for a Methanol based Energy System5. + providing system with renewable methanol from waste
Natural gas
Fossil MeOH
Methanolplants
Chemical industry
Via Ports
Ports 1 2 n nn
M e t a n o l
Marine sector
Heavytransports
DME DME
Energy usage
Distribution
Biomass
Pyrolysis
Gasificationof biomass
Gasification Pulp mill
Renewable MeOH
Bio
mas
s
Bio
mas
s
MeOHMeOH
GasificationLiquefact.
Nutrients MeOH
Wastes
54
Fuels from organic waste- via liquefaction, gasification, synthesis
Fuels orchemicals
Liquefaction(alkali, heat)
Fertilizer
Catalytic gasification(oxygen, 1000°C)
Catalytic synthesis
Organic waste
Liquefiedorganicwaste
Recycledalkali
Synthesis gas
55
Vision for a Methanol based Energy System6. + providing system with renewable methanol solar and wind
Natural gas
Fossil MeOH
Methanolplants
Chemical industry
Via Ports
Ports 1 2 n nn
M e t a n o l
Marine sector
Heavytransports
DME DME
Energy usage
Distribution
Biomass
Pyrolysis
Gasificationof biomass
Gasification Pulp mill
Renewable MeOH
Bio
mas
s
Bio
mas
s
MeOHMeOH
GasificationLiquefact.
Nutrients MeOH
Wastes
SOEC*
MeOH
CO2, H2O, electr.
56
Sun Energy + CO 2 + H2O
Source : Stena Rederi
57
Maybe an interesting area to study for the “Industrial Energy-Related Technologies and Systems”
Natural gas
Methanolplants
Via Ports
Ports 1 2 n nn
M e t a n o l
Heavytransports
DME DME
Distribution
Biomass
Pyrolysis
Gasificationof biomass
Gasification Pulp mill
Renewable MeOH
Bio
mas
s
Bio
mas
s
MeOH MeOH
GasificationLiquefact.
Nutrients MeOH
Wastes
SOEC*
MeOH
Harbor Companies
Shipping Companies
HD Transport Industry
Chemical Industry
Clean energy providers
MethanolIndustry
Waste ManagementIndustry
Renewable Fuels Industry
CO2, H2O, electr.
58
In Summary – Part 1• Black liquor (BL) gasification works. • Presence of alkali in the BL fuel results in comple te
carbon conversion at around 1000 deg C gasification temperature
• Laboratory work indicates that pyrolysis oil can be mixed with BL in significant amounts and that the catalytic effect still results in full carbon conve rsion at around 1000 deg C
• At a mix of 25% PO in 75% BL (dry basis) the syngas generation increases with about 100%
• Lab scale tests indicates that alkali supported gasification can be extended to other feedstocks su ch as manure, WWT sludge and meet and bone meal.
59
In summary – Part 2� New SECA regulation demands new, low sulphur bunker fuels� Methanol can become a cost effective bunker fuel al ternative,
cheaper and simpler to use than LNG� Bunker Methanol infrastructure in harbors can stimu late DME
production at optimum locations from a distribution point of view
� BioMethanol can be transported to the bunker Methano l infrastructure / DME production facilities and mak e the DME (and methanol) partly renewable
� It is cost effective and comparably simple to intro duce a new fuel in the HD transport sector which uses about 25 % of all transportation fuels (relates to Sweden but is sim ilar in rest of Europe)
60
Research partners and sponsors from 2001 until today
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