methods and results in the study of anxiety in language...

Lsquage lraroidg4l:1, Malth 1991, pp. 85-11?

Methods and Results in the Study ofAnxiety and Language Learning:

A Review of the Literaturex

Peter D. MaclntyreRobert C. Gardner

The Uniuersity of Western Ontario

Since Scovel's review of the literature in 19?8, severalstudies have been conducted that consider the role ofanxiety in language learning. This paper examines theperspectives from which foreign language anxiety researchhas been conducted, the instruments that have been used,and the results thathavebeen reporbd. Threeapproachestl the study ofanxiety are identified as the trait, state, andsituation specific perspectives. The instruments chosen tomeasure anxiety have been quite varied, with severalscales specifically intended to assess foreign languageanxiety. The literature to be reviewed comes from studiesofchildren, studies that have included anxiety in rnodels oflanguage learning, and finally, studies that are focuseddirectly on the role of anxiety in language learning. With

*The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoroughness andvaluable comments on an earlierversion ofthis paper. The preparation ofthismanuscript has been aided by Scial Science and Humanities ResearchCouncil ofCanada Doctoral Fellowship No. 453-90-0177 to the first authorand Research Grant No. 410J8-4158 from the same agency to the secondauthor.

Requests for reprints may be sent to Peter D. Maclntl're, Department ofPsychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C2.

85

Ii**ggEEEBEEFi€FgH€?ifrigE$IE?

iiiiiiiiiiEgiEiiiEEEaEiiEE3ii5 ; f E i$ EETE '

ff *si*ig€*{€fi{{i, A. iEiEii?Ee*l irE€€rs;FEEsieli;Et H E iE?iiiEiiEE{

Nco

r,a)

;r

P

R

$ is;€ifiifg jf;glliiifgis;gigg g

fii iiigE$iisisig$sig$iiiiiigiif$iFits if;i;ti$€iij{d€iF$f$ugigii,u*,,

R\-js

q0

L

a,)rl

qoctb0

co

o)a

tt

o

N ' S

u E{ i

o

.cis)

rleR

^q)

t-

;v

I

€ i iait# agiie;?qr iiEs?gif[?agEitii€tg,*Ettitgttii ;Hi iilc€EEi;*gtte iirui:Esiic# E t{i?€{ti :fi€{Efii;EEE$Eiri€E€ g$*Ig{E EEEsiiA,iii r eiEEr i; ag:; * i E

tiigigillii c{rEE?i ggIiiit€ iiI?iiEEiif,iE$ iiE ii iEEiiEi I $iE I E iiE E i € i iEE Fiii

Rv.j

b0

t

' \q)EO

b0

aa

igiiffi{,i{iiiiiiiiiiiil iii{iiii igtei:ii; n*inligii! gii[e{; 5E ;igi;iiE;iEFeEge€igi?s?$fririEl€i: Ei i$i a* Eiiig E ! Eei€ Ft;€ F EEgfisar E* FE sr € i#€i{gt - ;

Lq)

P

(.t

iEa€tlE[3!!ig!3!;i!g1!i{!!iii;tsaEElErit:titgi$;nig3iliilit. iBqE;EsEitagfti:a€ ? +iaEs:El3i3 E fi;gillllll{gii;€al n lti}g;{Ege$s H'rsr[i€qgtjiiiiiitg 7;tiE{i€

.i

e\,

b0

L

'*1qt

sa0

|-)

Ec{i?E {EiEfEf Ett$€{isii F?iEtgi*tli:{€lt:*-u+gi*gi3igguiigifiE{t{= xg s$;*rsH {f

i;lgiga gg igiillg liiiili{is iiiiit

cD

Lq)

rX

Bp.i'

t

E*'i ji€ ' sE *''AgiEii€?cEEEEiteiB3 €E€i; ii;EiiEiiig${=u*,!I;i *Egli- El?tiltaEliillltggiiiii EiiEig{ ElieiEEiEi€igitgliii!g3g A-fiiEi E'€fi3EE?$iEEfiE€Ii

e\n

a0

L

*lIc0cta0

c\r

;tggitggiltiiietaltitil;ttili,;g EgEiEI;*EE:F $EHE€E1 tiIg€EE;H{Ei gtiitfriEEgEiEEf,iEE H ;?Ei!EstEi

ii €*iiiIigEEiiiigEii E iEi€iiiiitig;'aiiEtir Eu gEg3 EiiE --i{EiEfs€?

to

L

;w

o

(tI

io

. €

E-*uiiiliggilggiiiig*iili{iHits}giiEEEiFsg,3iflE,€Eiig gEiigiiggiglli liii€tlii Hi;giieFEsEiII3fIiEli*siiiEiE$iHIi

.c iav-js

sLo,sq,

$q0

o

vO)

sEiiE{ ?l*i€€tiigi€i€€ [tgiE3isit€E

Ii{iiiigiiiFiii;giigE3 g$$iiiigiiii

iii ii Eiigii ; ;: g; l egggt; lsiggii ggggi

\

L

I

p

to

?r r{€ia *ig$gEg;g3i{€fi ;Eas;i-E' s*

i*tgiiitg ig;iiE ;isiiii gggliE glii*

E ggiigigigfiiiii

iiii i giiigifiiiigFi

A

e

,_j

q0

:\

q)q0€ss

igiEIli,iiuiiE€fE3E:Iii$l?iiiEEg$;3igii5iii;;a;Et€t , :'arii+a;E$EEEEsEiIiiiEiiEii?giiiilEifiigggiiiggiiiiiiiagtig g ;ggi3ii;*Ee:

Oj

Lq)

P

rX

I

$

i €; $t6i€ *qq$€3ilE€€gErEi€iEEi .E{ii{c, il iEt ii€geE iliiiiiaii {lE !E ${ tr €i f iiiEii?in{giiii igiEEE igI *iiiglE iiiE igtt *itit g€tlii* lgi*it=; E iieill ri E;;;tEiEii 3;iaasig E3f aiii ief !6I €*liE F;E3 *ar Ee HE? E s

rtEtEtff,;?ig€FtEiii5 g-!gEF

A>:

*i\{".j

b0

F

ot-le)q0cl

-q0

|-]

co

Eii'$gi ii?$ EE i ;EEl uiiii,g ii i'E€$iEE i\

Lq)

R

p

{6i g€; EqEAt EEg?F EEf€EEE ri IEEa e H:; BgEEg€!EE;€?€!i€H EE?s€?sEiti;i t3EasA

e\n*js

b0

L

q,!)g)

sq0

'-l

s$iEia€t u:eEis;c ffE3$iit3 EiiE$i isEt i$ ;sE EE€€ €*€? s€ * ; . i e ig+tFE;#i?E !iEigii iiE;iliiffiiiigE;jfgi5 €*iaic* g!tggFiiicffEuiigiEEiH,€igEiiEFiE€Iig€EiiEEEIs?ttifg€E H Igiiif$ E *E?gEieI€€$i€i

3

Lq,)

;,.l

P

r.t

€

aiiggtiigggi;tigliigi; isii€iiigiiii3iiEEsrE€gqiiEi* giiif u $€gfEE! Eli€ii: E : € s : s E F E +

E;stE5E*sEgiE{FEifgiEi iE$ilEEi"ri;= iFigtl iBiti€ E E iE H gi fi i fI EEi?i;iiE fE E

^i

e

-.j

b0

L

d\iq)q0

a0

'-I

c\

.oo

L

;v

p

,.:

E*gEE?Ei s; * a; E€ a; E€E €H€ : igii $E€?l Ei{EiiiiiigiEiiiiii[fI;ii f{gfi,: ?*ggiiiggig€ill?iit;€Ei-i* EerE*l ti it

iE3iiss€ssiiiiiiiiiigi Ei iiigiiiiig,3i=iE;te gtEi- E€gEE€tE€g€E-Ei€r ** $ErJ

A

'.i\l

\i

b0

:\

u0

A0

{

\l

iE ;E i i tr; i ;# $ E E * E E H . g e Ji?; is€iEEE:

N

L

p

i i;tii€iiii:fiii{ifEiiEEil€IiiEt igEe-'-:iiIgiiii:glggEgiiiEi*iggln E ! g s e t l r F H j

iiEngijttEitg=Eji{i!uEftiiffff'g,,#q; i ET i HsErEi; i € $ $ 4 € € i i : s E l : E ; ; i E r E t i ,a ; { E 4 ; E i s i i Ei gu ifrs€X€iE i A; E ?i = fg6; gi r €E t €iFaEE' $

R

\j

h0

L

qt|.)q)o0IJ

q0

t-l

: gigfgieff:srsi t;gffgfgf ffff5''ifff

$ffi##ffiffi$ff#fgg rugggg;;ff gg$ff ffg ffggf#g gff g #gg

iEiiEf$Egij;*Ej-g€siFg€3f$gif5FxeitfEre;EsE€iE€;ig$$ F$ 3;Esri ; BEiEiu*uIE€E€gggEEglErlc $ff;ff i€fFfEigjfE3Fiifif€Fgffgi €fflfi* FsHg€t aFgtgfiFi3;i€gEff'gE.€igi$g H f-

L

;,

.R

cp-

. s

itl iililgilEagl*iiliiligiiiiigili€gggisiiggiiiii iiiit giiiiita$iiiiii iii{E3IE{EgEiiiiiii$i€ iiiiigii E i EgiEi; i

.i

R\ir-js

q0

L

'-ls)a0Bb0

. .<

iisfg€ieEEE €€i ii E$ g€i}gf$ $i$ElE;Ef:Fgf$i*ii,fiiEs$fEiiifi+;ii;iEiiffsisiBffs*ffiiffggjii;gii$fi;EjififfiHffrfggg****

c'J

Lq)*i

(5"iJc

s0

. c

d

iiiitiiiiiE€iiii{ii€{iiiiiiiig:iEiiEit€g i!;iiE iii '+!iEiEe[€;igIiii;iliigeeEigtigitliiiig;l{glgEtiiaiii;ffi e iiagilaie€ieiEEiiiii€

e\ir*j

b!

r.

F.]

*1

6l

f.Ef $i,i€ jf f3 $$ i€ $F i*€ i€ i$ ; $ €$tig i$f$i ;€ 5€tii :E;gi €$6*E$ 33 ; i*fg3i$ fffie-iE*$i$fi$f$F*i Fii$F$g?$ f$$f$rsrg f$Ff$3fF$ffEfF$f$ffi,i$ffiFfi f, i€3 if

ro

Le

rX

13

€p

tE

a€ s t ; ? EE il I € e d € F d $ €5 E - = l ] t € F n * 3r i 3 F F i o : : J d

f E E r * ! ; ; 5 ' i' F E I n $ F ; c F F5 < F i J + i F r S bA i ! * F ; i . ; 6 * q ,i F u ; X S { € F f i i a d E{ i i g } F E E , 5 I : i i€ ! @ P E ; i tr r.^ E< E !

t i " t ' i t : E € F s € € aiEg€ $$€Ei i5 i ;t i 0 b o ! p x ' : € 9 { . E; * i . ! : R c r * ^ ' - Z a , l : J- e i c

E S i t l f $ ; ? J {g t ' i i s . s . . : T ; i l s 8 : . fT . { - c - 6 c r r : , . : : t r F E F

€ g I E S 6 i € ! ; € r $ 3s ; t ; ; 3 l ; i E j t t "t > ; ; e ; \ ; € 8 a $ i ai t i : I t : E : E E i r r EE S i E 6 ? ' :E E g E -E cn E

> r d e € ( ! t n

.!

6

.r3

E

eril

t

b

{

.i

€

i55EF;

3

az

i $ r :EEe€S t$€ ; { i a i €;EiEE-fi,i! Ei 5c' $E $3Efq . ; t E i l € : q : s i e q i s f a i $ i e: + q i ; s i * a * E i 3 ; t l l i g , t i E $F ? $ I E ; E E ; ; } i E E E 3 . E I c E . t t Ii E * . E E { ; E g ; q } . E ? * s - { F E u n e€ re+13 !s€ t f A? ; * t g i f ! $ t . $€ i s $ g ; ? . : i , F a S E x T l i q i ? = i i "; i t F g E $ i : " i : ; I € $ " $ T i i g F e :E : t ? : : . j E F : g i g : s . : ! i i g e € ; r* : r j E $ ? r : ; ! H E E { : 5 t q t T 5 s & i ' a

agiat i*gi i; *i$$ii €?i* : €E $B; ; i ; c i s t . i F : ; g E : E r i i l : " . : + 8 SO 6 6 O 6 O d E r i

e\-j

b0

.q i9)c0

b0

'.1

\l

gug$ $*$g g ;E ;s f$ i s 3g*gg f'g*g$ gi

t \

Lq)

;w

rI

o$

$

A

*i\n.js

n0

:\

qar{q)sa0

xl