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Are pre-aspiration and gemination
related in Aberystwyth English?
motivation: both seemed to be conditioned by
the same environments
gemination = traditionally used term in Welsh linguistics
consonantal lengthening probably more appropriate
2
both pre-aspiration and gemination observed for Welsh and Welsh English
(Morris 2010; e.g. Awbery 1986, Hannahs forthcoming; Wells 1982, Penhallurick 2004)
also found in Icelandic and some dialects of Italian (Sienese Italian, Standard Italian spoken by respondents from Southern, Central, and Northern Italy; e.g. Stevens 2011, Hajek & Stevens 2010)
Is there any relationship between the two in these languages?
3
strengthening or weakening of gemination, i.e. degemination (Stevens 2011)
bocca “mouth” /k:/ ~ /hk/ ~ /k/
acoustic analyses fortition (Stevens 2011)
perceptual analyses degemination (Stevens
and Reubold 2013), but not for all speakers a diachronic process
4
geminated voiceless plosives
> pre- aspirated voiceless plosives
diachronic process (Thráinsson 1978, in Kirchner 1998: 143 and Keer 1998)
pre-aspirated and geminated stops both
derived from underlying geminates (Keer 1998)
synchronic operational rule
5
If there is a relationship, what type of a
relationship would this be?
allophonic (complementary, free variation)
perceptual (cuing stress)
sociolinguistic (“free variation” actually having systematic
distribution in terms of styles)
synchronic
diachronic (including degemination scenario)
6
General Research Question Defining Pre-aspiration Predictions: conditioning Overview of the Experiments Methodology and Data Experiment 1: pre-aspiration & place of articulation Experiment 2: pre-aspiration & vowel phoneme Experiment 3: pre-aspiration & sonority hierarchy Experiment 4: gemination & closure duration Experiment 5: gemination & place of articulation Experiment 6: gemination & vowel phoneme Suggestions for further research
7
A period of voicelessness preceded by a vowel
and followed by a voiceless obstruent, typically
a plosive.
in the analyses to follow,
a period of voicelessness = pre-aspiration
8
Broad prediction:
If the two are related, this should be reflected
in their distribution, i.e. segmental, prosodic,
and stylistic conditioning.
In today’s talk:
If the two are allophonic, this should be
reflected in their segmental conditioning.
12
Series of exploratory studies designed to answer the following questions.
Experiment 1:
If pre-aspiration is treated as categorical, is this categoricity conditioned by the place of articulation of the plosive following? Experiment 2:
If pre-aspiration is treated as categorical, is this categoricity conditioned by the vowel phoneme preceding?
Experiment 3:
Does the relationship between the vowel phoneme and the frequency of pre-aspiration reflect the sonority hierarchy of vowels?
13
Experiment 4: Is gemination/consonantal lengthening categorical?
Experiment 5:
Does the place of articulation of the plosive influence presence of pre-aspiration and closure duration in the same way? Experiment 6:
Does the preceding vowel phoneme influence presence of pre-aspiration and closure duration in the same way?
14
five female native speakers of Welsh, also proficient in English
age differs (31, 47, 53, 71, 89)
in this study, disyllabic and monosyllabic words with a post-tonic
plosive
/æ/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɒ/, /Λ/, /ʊ/, /ɑ:/, /o:/, and /a:/ combined with /p/, /t/,
/k/ in monosyllables
/æ/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɒ/, and /Λ/ combined with /p/, /t/, /k/ in disyllables
desirable combinations: bap, bat, back; lapper, latter, lacquer
each type three tokens, two in a carrier sentences Say ___ once.
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Does a change in sonority result in a change of the likelihood of pre-aspiration?
sonority scale of vowels (de Lacy 2002: 55) does not deal with long vowels long vowels excluded
“The rounding and backing found in /ɒ/ favour devoicing more than /æ/.” (Rodgers 1997: 185)
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consonantal lengthening – not contrastive
impressionistically and even sociolinguistically salient
influence of Welsh
presence or absence relational
impresionistically not either or
not immediately categorical
Experiment 4:
Is gemination/consonantal lengthening categorical?
26
focus on the duration of the closure
1. Is the distribution bimodal?
2. Is closure categorical based on the place of articulation of
the following plosive?
3. Is closure categorical based on the vowel phoneme
preceding?
4. Differences in pre-aspirated vs non-pre-aspirated
populations?
Today: Is the distribution immediately bimodal?
27
ABE14 [89yrs] ABE31 [71yrs] 14: W = 0.9791, p-value = 0.06545
31: W = 0.9702, p-value = 0.09864
ABE12 [53yrs] ABE33 [31yrs] 12: W = 0.9894, p-value = 0.4356
33: W = 0.9919, p-value = 0.6776
29
Normally distributed:
ABE12 [53yrs] - W = 0.9945, p-value = 0.4816
ABE33 [31yrs] - W = 0.9907, p-value = 0.1029
Non-normally distributed:
ABE14 [89yrs] - W = 0.9748, p-value = 0.0003288
ABE31 [71yrs] - W = 0.9849, p-value = 0.007534
ABE24 [47yrs] - W = 0.9721, p-value = 4.746e-05
30
Normally distributed:
ABE14 [89yrs] - W = 0.9806, p-value = 0.3778
ABE12 [53yrs] - W = 0.981, p-value = 0.3775
ABE24 [47yrs] - W = 0.978, p-value = 0.2725
ABE33 [31yrs] - W = 0.9711, p-value = 0.1145
Non-normally distributed:
ABE31 [71yrs] - W = 0.9849, p-value = 0.007534
31
Normally distributed:
ABE14 [89yrs] - W = 0.9894, p-value = 0.3575
ABE12 [53yrs] - W = 0.9857, p-value = 0.1613
ABE24 [47yrs] - W = 0.9873, p-value = 0.2338
ABE31 [71yrs] - W = 0.9702, p-value = 0.09864
Non-normally distributed:
ABE33 [31yrs] - W = 0.9654, p-value = 0.001359
32
PLACE OF ARTICULATION Except for ABE24 [47yrs], the results from closure duration seem to parallel those for presence of pre-aspiration
Would pre-aspiration show the same results if treated as continuous? pre-aspiration could be both categorical and continuous as could gemination
Is there simply negative correlation between the duration of the closure and that of pre-aspiration?
indeed there is to a variable extent
this could be explained by syllable-based rhythm
35
categoricity of pre-aspiration
Only two categories?
Is it truly categorical?
duration of closure
tests for bimodality should be done as well
could still be categorical on the basis of its conditioning
Delimiting closure thresholds if treated as categorical
tests for other cues of gemination
release duration (Ridouane 2007, 2010)
duration of pre-aspiration & duration of the closure
less formal style
39
Awbery, G. (1986) Pembrokeshire Welsh: a Phonological Study. Cardiff: Welsh Folk Museum.
Awbery, G. (1984) “Phonotactic constraints in Welsh”. In Welsh Phonology. Selected Readings. Eds. M. Ball and G. Jones.
Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 65-104.
Ball, M., and B. Williams. (2001) Welsh Phonetics. USA: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Cohn, A. C., W. H. Ham, and R. J. Podesva. (1999) “The Phonetic Realization of Singleton-Geminate Contrasts in Three
Languages of Indonesia”. In ICPhS 99. 587-90.
Davis, S. (2011) “Geminates”. In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Eds M. van Oostendorp, C. J. Ewen, E. Hume,
and K. Rice. Blackwell Publishing. Blackwell reference online. 24 January 2012.
Hannahs, S. J. (forthcoming) The phonology of Welsh.
Jones, R. O. (1967) quoted from Ball and Williams
Keer, E. (1998) “Icelandic Preaspiration and the Moraic Theory of Geminates”. In Proceedings of the Xth Conference of
Nordic and General Linguistics. PP
Kirchner, Robert. (1998). An Effort-Based Approach to Consonant Lenition. PhD Dissertation, Department of Linguistics,
UCLA.
de Lacy, P. (2002) The Formal Expression of Markedness. University of Massachusetts Amser., PhD dissertation..
Local, J., and A. P. Simpson. (1999) “Phonetic Implementation of Geminates in Malayalam Nouns”. In ICPhS 99. 595-9.
Morris, J. (2010) “Phonetic Variation in Northern Wales”. In Proceedings of the Second Summer School of Sociolinguistics.
Eds M. Meyerhoff, C. Adachi, A. Daleszynska, and A. Strycharz. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University.
Penhallurick, R. (2004) “Welsh English: Phonology”. In A Handbook of Varieties of English 1. Volume 1: Phonology. Eds E.
W. Schneider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann, R. Mesthrie, and C. Upton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 98-112.
Ridouane, R. (2007) “Gemination in Tashlhiyt Berber: an acoustic and articulatory study”. In Journal of the International
Phonetic Association 37/2. 119-42.
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Ridouane, R. (2010) “Gemination at the junction of phonetics and phonology”. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology 10. Eds.
C. Fougeron, B. Kuhnert, M-P. D’imperio, and E. Delais-Roussarie. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin. 61-90.
Rodgers, J, (1997) “Vowel devoicing/deletion in English and German”. In. 177-95..
Stevens, M., and U. Reubold. (2013) “Individual differences in the production and perception of consonant length:
implications for sound change”.
Stevens, M. (2011) “Consonant Length in Italian: Gemination, Degemination and Preaspiration”. In Selected Proceedings of
the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Ed S. M. Alvord. 21-32.
Stevens, M., and J. Hajek. (2010) “Preaspirated /pp tt kk/ in standard Italian. A sociophonetic v. phonetic analysis”. In
Proceedings of the 13thAustralasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology. Ed M. Tabain.
Melbourne: ASSTA. S. 1-4.
Stevens, M., and J. Hajek. (2004) “Preaspiration in Sienese Italian and its Interaction with Stress in /VC:/ Sequences”. In
Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2004. Eds B. Bel and I. Marlien. 57-60.
Thráinsson, H. 1978. On the phonology of Icelandic preaspiration. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 1. 3-54.
Wells, J. C. (1982) Accents of English 2. The British Isles. CUP: Cambridge.
42
No correlations between breathiness and the durational
properties of the closure of the post-tonic plosive or between
breathiness and pre-aspiration.
Moreover, breathiness on its own fairly rare.
43
and its interactions with the durational properties of the other durational aspects
ABE24 [47yrs] no statistically significant interactions
and she is the most geminating one
56
Preliminary threshold taken to be 109ms; gem | pre
ABE14 [89yrs] *** ABE31 [71yrs] ABE12 [53yrs] ***
ABE24 [47yrs] ** ABE33 [31yrs] ***
58
ABE31 [71yrs] no pre-aspiration co-occurrig with geminated plosives,
similar to ABE14 [89yrs]
pre-aspirated stops can exclude geminated stops for some speakers
while the relationship can be more complex for other speakers; yet
always negatively correlated
Why should this be the case?
more speakers needed for conclusions relevant for diachrony
59
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