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ICBR conference presentationMichel Siemon

Primobius a SMS group Joint Venture

CONTENTS PAGE

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The need for LiBrecycling

The Opportunity

An alternative Solution

THE NEED FOR LIB RECYCLING

Hazardous Valuable Carbon

Footprint

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These risks have led to concerns over the storage, transport, disposal, ethical supply and sustainability of these batteries.

As a result, many countries have imposed recycling regulations in order to help reduce these risks.

EU Battery Directive –‘producers’ must recycle or acquit the same amount.

EOL vehicle directive – more than 85% to be reused and recycled.

Mandatory recycling in California - no landfill dumping.

RECYCLING IS NOT OPTIONAL

Fire Risk Pollution (GHG) Material Shortages

Landfill Circular Economy

LiBs pose many risks including:

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SPENT LIBS ARE VALUABLE

Source: Dartan Commodities; Argus Source: Vale and LME & Metalary.com pricing as at

18th June 2020

EV Battery Cathode Market Share Forecast NMC 811 Value

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Expired LiBs are made up of valuable raw materials

that can be recovered and re-used

The data in this chart does not constitute a forecast, and assumes 100% utilisation ratesSource: Benchmark Minerals Intelligence

World Lithium ion battery mega-

factory capacity 2020-2028

Mega factory impact on raw materials

Raw Materials demand vs Global

Lithium Ion cell/mega-factory capacity

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RECYCLING IS THE KEY TO SECURING THE SUPPLY CHAIN

“Recycling plays pivotal

role in securing battery

supply chains…the region

that leads battery

technology and secures

the supply chain will have

outsized geo-economic and

development influence.”

Science Magazine Oct 2019

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RECYCLING IS THE KEY TO SECURING AN ETHICAL SUPPLY

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HYDRO-RECOVERY RECYCLING H AS THE LOWEST CARBON FOOTPRINT

o Comparisons between ICE

and EV emissions are

complex.

o EV recharging with coal

powered electrons doesn’t

provide clear emissions

advantage.

To ensure EV lifetime

emissions are low,

countries can decarbonise

electricity and car

manufacturers can recycle

carbon intensive batteries.

Raw Material CO2 Savings –

Traditional Mining vs Pyromet and Hydromet Battery

Recycling

Source: Duesenfield

THE OPPORTUNITY

Market

Tailwind

Low

Carbon

Government

Support

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This creates mountains of scrap / spent LiBs, impacting the value chain.

1. Increased

production

of EV’s

2. Greater

LiBs demand

3. Increases

in cell

production

capacity

4. Demand for

battery value

chain materials

Demand and adoption of EV and ESS increases as the

economics of de-carbonisation becomes more viable

o Paris Agreement target

o EU Green deal – One trillion Euro of investment between

2021-2027 to achieve no net emissions of GHG by 2050

o Trend towards phasing out ICE vehicles nation by nation

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TAILWINDS – THE TREND TOWARDS DE-CARBONISATION IS DRIVING DEMAND FOR LIBS

Lithium-Ion Total Demand (GWh)

Source: Argus

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2. LIB DEMAND GROWTH FORECAST

Demand of EV and ESS means higher demand

for batteries

Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence

Megafactory Capacity Forecast by Region

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3. LIB SUPPLY SOURCES

Global

European Lithium Ion Battery Recycling Feed

Source: Benchmark Minerals Intelligence (Battery Cell Capacity) and Neometals Management (Utilisation rate 75%,

Scrap Rate 10% and Cell Weight 45g/Wh)

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MORE PRODUCTION = MORE SCRAP AND END OF LIFE LIB’S

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IS THE OTHER MAIN DRIVER OF GROWTH

Source: techau.com.au/eu-may-exempt-electric-vehicles-from-vat-

should-Australia-remove-the-gst-and-lct/

A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION

Safe Eco-friendly Pure

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PRIMOBIUS OFFERS A CLEAR USP

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Safe process according to regulations

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Flexible and robust

technology

Environ-mentally friendly

Ethical sourced high purity products

Continuous improvement

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1

3

2

Environmentally friendlyIn contrast to the pyromet. processes in place our technology generates less CO2 production and less transportation of hazardous wastes

2

Ethical sourced high purity productsJV will produce high purity chemicals not intermediates intended for the ethical re-supply to the cathode producer supply chains

3

Safe process according to regulationsHigh share of recycled materials to high purity chemicals meeting the current regulations

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Continuous improvementWe continuously optimize our existing processes with regards to product yield, quality and efficiency

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Flexible and robust technologyIn contrast to competitors multiple battery chemistries, formats and types can be processed and that without prior discharging

1Reasons for Primobius

2nd Life

Black powder

Stage 1Shredding

Stage 2Refining

LCO/NMC

Battery feed

Prismatic

Pouch

Cylindrical

Plastics

Metal FoilCu, Al

Lithium

Cathode MaterialsNi, Co, Mn

Anode

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Feel free to visit www.Primobius.com

Multiple

battery

chemistries,

formats and

types can be

processed

No prior

discharging

needed

Decentralized

shredding and

refining possible

High purity chemical

products

A UNIQUE AND SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY

Our flowsheet

NOW I WOULD LIKE TO INVITE YOU TO RAISE QUESTIONS!

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AQQ&A session

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PRIMOBIUS WILL PROVIDE YOU WITH THE BEST POSSIBLE RECYCLING SOLUTION

Dr. Michel Siemon

Mobile: +49 (0) 174 6071329

E-Mail: michel.siemon@sms-group.com

Feel free to visit www.Primobius.com