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schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Dr. Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
2009-01-28 Biorefinica
in Osnabrück
Microalgae - a sustainable
renewable
resource
for
fine
chemicals, food components
and energy
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Microalgae - microscopic
small
„plants“
Ubiquitous -
seawater
freshwater soil
air
About 40.000 different algaein marine water sytemsAlgae are consumed bymankind for thousand of years40-50 Gigatons of carbonare fixed by marine algaeevery year
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Vision for microalgaemass production
Sea based production
Regenerative energy
Environmental protectionEmission trade
PharmaceuticalsMass valuesubstances
BiomassMethane
Algae as regenerative sourcefor chemicals
Proteins,Vitamins,Colors...
EPA, DHAAntioxidants
Algae production inoffshore-plants
No competition to traditional food production
HIV Cancertherapy
Antioxidants
ColorsFats
New drugs
Algae as feedingredients
Algae are accepted as components in food
Combined heat and power plant
Substitution of fossil energyresourcesCO2
-neutral energyproduction
CO2
-sink
Natural compounds, colors
Added value food
Feed
carbohydrates
Utilization paths: overview
Natural cosmetics
Trösch
& Degen
2002
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Lipids
Main components of microalgae
Algae
Proteins
• high content
up to 50% of dry
weight
in
growing cultures
• all 20 amino
acids
Carbo- hydrates
• storage
products
ά-(1-4)-glucans ß-(1-3)-glucans, fructans
sugars
• only
very
low
cellulose
content
storage
lipids
• mainly
TAGs
• with
solvents
extractable
from wet
biomass
• recovery
by
pressing
the dry
ruptured
biomass
out
valuable Compounds
• pigments
• antioxidants
• fatty
acids
• vitamins
• anti
-fungal, -microbial
-viral toxins sterols MAAs
membrane
lipids•
different lipid
classes
• up to 40% of total lipids
are
PUFA
• solubilized
by
solvent
extraction
of wet
biomass,
then
transesterification
• recovery
not
by
pressing
the
crushed cells
out
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Demands to Sustainable
Microalgal
Processes
• Energy efficient
algae
biomass
production
process
high rate of photosynthesis, photobioreactor, CO2
-utilization, net
energy balance
• Product
recovery
solvents
(which
and quantity) extraction
from
wet
biomass, avoiding
energy
intensive drying
steps
• Residual biomass utilization
free
of lignocellulose, in anaerobic
digestion
converting
it
to biogas, •
Recycling
of nutrients
CO2
, nitrogen, phosphate• Water use
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Sustainable Algae-based
Processes
CHP-Plant
Microalgae Cultivation
Lignocellulose
free Algae
Biomass
Solar Energy
Nutrients N , P, Mg, K
CO2
Wet
BiomassConcentrating
Methane electr. Energy
thermal Energy
Biogas Technology
Input Output
• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids, PUFAs• Antioxidants• Pigments• Silicates•
Micronutrients
(Fe, Zn, Mg)
Production DSP
Waste Biomass
Operating
Power Drying
Extraction
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Sustainable Algae-based
Processes
CHP-Plant
Microalgae Cultivation
Lignocellulose
free Algae
Biomass
Solar Energy
Nutrients N , P, Mg, K
CO2
Wet
BiomassConcentrating
Methane electr. Energy
thermal Energy
Biogas Technology
Input Output
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids, PUFAs• Antioxidants• Pigments• Silicates
•
Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg)
Production DSP
Waste Biomass
Operating
Power Drying
Extraction
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Photoautotrophic
Production
COOH
EPA (20:5 n-3)
Light, CO2, N, P, H2O
Haematococcus pluvialis astaxanthin
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
EPA
(eicosapentaenoic
acid; C20:5 )
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Properties:
10 times higher antioxidative effect than ß-carotene or lutein
50-80 times higher antioxidative effect compared to alpha-tocopheroles
Antioxidants are effective against free radicals and save cells of lipid peroxidation and oxidative harms to cell components
Potential Indications:ageingsun protectionjoint diseasesAlzheimer´s diseaseatherosclerosiscancermacula degenerationepilepsyParkinson´s disease
Valuable products: astaxanthin
from
Haematococcus –
properties and potential indications
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Phase 1
Growthand proliferation
Production
of astaxanthin
in FPA-reactors
©
Photos Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen-
und Bioverfahrenstechnik
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Phase 2
Reddening
and accumulation
of astaxanthin
Process development: up to 4% astaxanthin
in the
biomass
©
Photos Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen-
und Bioverfahrenstechnik
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Valuable
products: EPA (eicosapentaenoic
acid) production
from Phaeodactylum tricornutum – properties and potential indications
COOH
Broad levels
of the
population
in the
developed
countries show
a deficiency
of EPA supply
EPA from
algae
reveals
considerable advantages
Neutral taste and odourNo seasonal variations in supplyNo contamination by environmentalpollutants
Potential Indications
of EPA:cardiovascular disesases (atherosclerosis) rheumatoid arthritis (anti-inflammatory). Autoimmune disorders: multiple sclerosisdiabetes mellitusseveral cancersMorbus Crohnlight hypertension
Facts about
EPA:
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Process
development
for
EPA production
with Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Phaeodactylum tricornutum outdoor
cultivation
in 33 litre
reactor
modules
Optimal aeration rate defined
Growth on different nitrogen sourcesexamined
Requirements of nutritients characterized
Influence of light intensity determined
Optimal growth temperature defined
Continuous culture process implemented
Effects of exchange rate analyzed
Influencing variables of EPA contentcharacterized
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Wachstum und Biomasseproduktivität im FPA-Reaktor
am Beispiel Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Phaeodactylum tric.: Wachstum bei 400 μE m-2 s-1 im FPA-Reaktor
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Tage
TS (
g/l
)
FPA4_Pt-hohe Zelldichte; Io=400 μE
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
Zellkonzentration (g TS/l)
P (g
TS/
l*d
)
5-Liter FPA-Reaktor Lichtintensität: 400 μE m-2
s-1
Begasungsrate: 200-300 l/h CO2
-Konz.: 2-3% (v/v)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
E/g TS*d
Y L
ich
t (g
TS/
E)
Phaeodactylum Haematococcus
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
E/g TS*d
Y L
ich
t (g
TS/
E)
Phaeodactylum Haematococcus
Productivity increases with light intensity (light limitation)
increasing light availability per g dry weight decreases biomass yield ( g DW produced per mole of photones (E).
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
DSP EPA4 Folien Andrea
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Sustainable Algae-based
Processes
CHP-Plant
Microalgae Cultivation
Lignocellulose
free Algae
Biomass
Solar Energy
Nutrients N , P, Mg, K
CO2
Wet
BiomassConcentrating
Methane electr. Energy
thermal Energy
Biogas Technology
Input Output
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids, PUFAs• Antioxidants• Pigments• Silicates
•
Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg)
Production DSP
Waste Biomass
Operating
Power Drying
Extraction
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Energetic use
of microalgae
Kohlenhydrate als Energiespeicher
Wertstoff
ProteinFette
Pigmente
Kohlen-hydrate
wachsende Ku ltu r
WertstoffFe tte
Pigmente
P roteinKohlen-hydra te
Lip ide als E nergiespeicher
W ertsto ff
Pro tein
Fette
Ko hlen -hydrat e
P ig men te
Wachsende Algenzellen Algen mit N-Mangel
Kohlenhydrate als Energiespeicher
Wertstoff
ProteinFette
Pigmente
Kohlen-hydrate
wachsende Ku ltu r
WertstoffFe tte
Pigmente
P roteinKohlen-hydra te
Lip ide als E nergiespeicher
W ertsto ff
Pro tein
Fette
Ko hlen -hydrat e
P ig men te
Wachsende Algenzellen Algen mit N-Mangel
Kohlenhydrate als Energiespeicher
Wertstoff
ProteinFette
Pigmente
Kohlen-hydrate
wachsende Ku ltu r
WertstoffFe tte
Pigmente
P roteinKohlen-hydra te
Lip ide als E nergiespeicher
W ertsto ff
Pro tein
Fette
Ko hlen -hydrat e
P ig men te
Wachsende Algenzellen Algen mit N-Mangel
wachsende Ku ltu r
WertstoffFe tte
Pigmente
P roteinKohlen-hydra te
Lip ide als E nergiespeicher
W ertsto ff
Pro tein
Fette
Ko hlen -hydrat e
P ig men te
Wachsende Algenzellen Algen mit N-Mangel
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Lipidproduktion durch Mikroalgen –
Abhängigkeit von der
verfügbaren Lichtintensität pro Biomasse
Vergleich Lipidsynthese bei hohen Lichtintensitäten
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tage
Lip
idg
ehal
t (%
)
Nanno.o. Nanno.l Chl.v. Nanno.o2
Abhängigkeit Lipidbildung von der Lichtverfügbarkeit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
E/g TS*d
Lipi
dzun
ahm
e/d
(%)
Chl.v. Nanno.o. Nanno.o.-KontiNanno.li. Konti Nanno.li. Nanno.li.
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Fettsäuremuster
Chlorella vulg. - Wachstumsphase
C14:0
C16:0
C18:1n9cC18:2n6c
C20:0
C16:1n7
C18:0
Gesamtlipidgehalt 9 % der TS
Chlorella vulg. - Lipidphase
C14:0C16:0
C18:1n9c
C18:2n6c
C20:0
C18:0
C16:1n7
Ölsäure
Gesamtlipidgehalt
45% der TSGesamtlipidgehalt
9 % der TS
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Demands to Sustainable
Microalgal
Processes
Energy efficient
algae
biomass
production
process high rate of photosynthesis, photobioreactor, CO2
-utilization, net
energy balance
Product
recovery solvents
(which
and quantity)
extraction
from
wet
biomass, avoiding
energy
intensive drying
stepsResidual biomass utilization
free
of lignocellulose, anaerobic
digestion
to biogas, Recycling
of nutrients
CO2
, nitrogen, phosphateWater use
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Sustainable Algae-based
Processes
CHP-Plant
Microalgae Cultivation
Lignocellulose
free Algae
Biomass
Solar Energy Antriebsenergie
Nutrients N , P, Mg, K
CO2
Wet
BiomassConcentrating
Methane electr. energy
thermal energy
Biogas technology
Input Output
• Carbohydrate• Proteins• Lipids, PUFAs• Antioxidants• Pigments• Silicates•
Micronutrients
(Fe, Zn, Mg)
Production DSP
Waste Biomass
Antriebsenergie Drying
Extraction
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Outlook: Integrated process for mass and energy based utilization of microalgae
Products: pigments ω-3-fatty acids
vitamins
residual biomass
digestion /
codigestion
CO2
NH4, PO4recycling
per kg algal biomass produced
1,85 kg CO2
are fixed
CHPS
Algal biomassH2
O CO2
O2 CH2
O
Calvin-
ZyklusLichtreaktionen
ATP+NADPH+H+
ADP+ Pi +NADP+
Energie
8 MJ electricity
12 MJ heat per m³
biogas
Biogas
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Products of integrated algal processes
- Natural omega-3 fatty acids derived from algae, such as eicosapentaenoic
acid
(EPA)
- Natural astaxanthin
from Haematococcus
- Algae with high lipid content for energetic use
- After extraction of valuable products like carotenoids, PUFAs
or proteins the
residual algal biomass can be digested to biogas
- Use of flue gas of combined heat and power units as free of charge CO2 source
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Thank you for your attention
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