microgrids: finally finding their place · 2017-04-08 · marnay -+- microgrids: finally finding...

Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace

ChrisMarnay

TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin

EngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversity,Montreal

AQPER2017Symposium

15February2017

MikeQuashi&GraemeBalint

Marnay-+-Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace

15Feb20172

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WhatistheTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign(TISED)?

• AnInstitutethat‘lives’intheFacultyofEngineeringatMcGill•  InstitutesatMcGillgenerallyconductresearchbutcanalsoofferacademicprograms,andfrequentlyhostevents

• TISEDsupportstheworkofengineers,architects,andurbanplannersforsustainabilityadvances.• TISEDisasistertoInstitutdel’énergieTrottier(IET)atPolytechniqueMontréal

Matroxco-founderLorneM.Trottier,

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MissionandGoals•  ProduceinnovativeengineeringanddesignsolutionstoprotectandnurturetheEarthforthisgenerationandthenext

•  Catalyzeinter-disciplinaryandinter-institutionalresearchprovidingsolutionstolocal/globalsustainabilitychallenges

•  Informandadvancepolicyinsupportofgovernments,industries,organizationstoadvancesustainableengineeringanddesign

•  Educatecurrentandfuturegenerationsofengineers,architects,andurbanplannerstobeleadersinsustainability

•  Createandparticipateinsustainabilityforumsthatengagewithacademiccommunity,decision-makers,andthepublic

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• microgriddefinition• powersectorhistory&paradigms• motivationsformicrogrids&

emergenceofresiliency• N.Y.Prize• examples:NYU,BorregoSprings,

Sendai&Higashi-Matsushima• optimizingamicrogrid• unfinishedbusiness

Outline

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CIGRÉC6.22WorkingGroup,U.S.DOE,&NYSERDAMicrogridDefinitions

ConseilInternationaldesGradesRéseauxÉlectriquesInternationalCouncilonLargeElectricSystems

Microgridsareelectricitydistributionsystemscontainingloadsanddistributedenergyresources,(suchasdistributedgenerators,storagedevices,orcontrollableloads)thatcanbeoperatedinacontrolled,coordinatedwayeitherwhileconnectedtothemainpowernetworkorwhileislanded.

U.S.DepartmentofEnergyMicrogridExchangeGroupAmicrogridisagroupofinterconnectedloadsanddistributedenergyresourceswithinclearlydefinedelectricalboundariesthatactsasasinglecontrollableentitywithrespecttothegrid.Amicrogridcanconnectanddisconnectfromthegridtoenableittooperateinbothgrid-connectedorisland-mode.

NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityMicrogridsarelocalenergynetworksthatareabletoseparatefromthelargerelectrical

gridduringextremeweathereventsoremergencies,providingpowertoindividualcustomersandcrucialpublicservicessuchashospitals,firstresponders,andwatertreatmentfacilities.

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EnergyIndependenceandSecurityActof2007

EISAestablishedthatnationalpolicysupportscreationofasmartgrid,describedas-  increaseduseofdigitalinformationandcontrolstechnologytoimprovereliability,security,andefficiency-  dynamicoptimizationofgridoperationsandresources,withfullcybersecurity-  deploymentandintegrationofdistributedresourcesandgeneration,includingrenewables-  developmentandincorporationofdemandresponse,demand-sideresources,andefficiency-  deploymentofsmarttechnologiesformetering,communications,anddistributionautomation-  integrationofsmartappliancesandconsumerdevices-  deploymentofpeak-shavingtechnologies,includingstationaryandplug-inelectricvehiclebatteries,andthermal-storage-  provisiontoconsumersoftimelyinformationandcontroloptionsdevelopmentofstandardsforcommunicationandinteroperabilityof

appliancesandgridequipment,includingtheinfrastructureservingthegrid-  identificationandloweringofunreasonableorunnecessarybarrierstoadoptionofsmartgridtechnologies,practices,andservices

SmartGridisathree-leggedstool

1.improvedoperationofthelegacycentralizedpowersupplysystem,e.g.synchrophasorsystems

2.improvedgrid-customerinteraction,e.g.smartmetersanddemandresponse

3.localcontroldispersedaroundthesystem,e.g.microgrids&relatedtechnologies

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DefinitionsofReliability&Resilience

• Resilienceisthe"…abilitytoprepareforandadapttochangingconditionsandwithstandandrecoverrapidlyfromdisruptions."U.S.PresidentialPolicyDirective21(TheWhiteHouse,2013)

* Reliabilitybycontrastfocusesonthestatisticalexpectationofpoweravailability,andshortand/orextremeeventsareoftenexcludedfromthecalculation.ASAI=AverageServiceAvailabilityIndex,e.g.99%is“twonines”SAIDI=SystemAverageInterruptionDurationIndex,min/aSAIFI=..................Frequency...,prob.ofevent

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sources¤¤

¤¤¤

¤loads

loadsloads

sinks sinks

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CentralParadigmLimitations* conflictingpolicyobjectives

generationcompetition(equipmentstress,volatilemarkets)connectionofintermittentrenewables

* resiliency,security,…(inherentlyinsecurenetworks)

* infrastructureinterdependency* environmentalconstraints(carbon,water,etc.)

* loadgrowth?(transportationelectrification,heating,…)

* centralizedgenerationheatloss* reliabilityiscostlyforafundamentallyinsecuresystem

* restrictedexpansionofcentralizedsystem

* DCsourcesandsinks,heterogeneouspowerquality

* plug-inelectricvehiclesapotentialgamechanger

* gridparadigmvs.internetparadigm

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nanogrid“n�grid?”

truemicrogrid/facilityisland“μ�grid?”

community/u:litymicrogrid/areaEPSisland/EID/milligrid“m�grid?”

Megagrid“M�grid?”macrogrid/u:litygrid/legacygrid

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source:OmarSaadeh

AdopterMotivations(mostlytruemicrogridsi.e.μgrids)

• reducedirectcostofmeetingenergyservicerequirements

• reduceindirectcosts(emissions,noise,…)/

(increaserenewablefraction)• reliability&resilience• marketopportunities

(direct,wholesale,ancillaryservices,…)•  independence&surety

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EUàJapanàUS(RDSI,SPIDERS)àAsia(China,Korea,Singapore)

NEDOprogram(2003-20XX)

Jeju islandHangzhouDianzi Univ. XiamenUniv.

Kythnos

NationalTech.Univ.ofAthens

MVVMannheim-Wallstadt

PalauUbinHuatacondo

HartleyBay

BCHydromicrogrid

Sendai

Hachinohe

SPIDERS(2011-2015)

RDSIgrants(2008-2013)

BornholmIslandMultiMicrogrid

Eigg Island

FP5(micro-generation)1998-2002

FP6(MoreMicrogrids)2002-2006

FP7(smartgrid)2007-2011

Kyotango

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

A*STAR

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Japan’sPivottoResilience

•  longandnotablehistoryinmicrogridresearch

•  outstandingperformanceofSendai(andRoppongiHills)microgridsduringMar2011earthquakeandtsunamiwasnoPcedinpolicycircles

•  movetowardsgreaterdependencyonmicrogrids

•  interestinmicrogridsmovedbeyondNEDO,toMinistryofEnvironment,andothers,aswellastheprivatesector

•  JunMatsumoto,MinisterinChargeofBuildingNationalResilience

•  heterogeneouspowerqualityrepresentsonekeytoresiliency

ErikoYamatani

JunMatsumoto

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•  followedreleaseofReformingtheEnergyVisionStaffReport,April2014•  NYPrizeannouncedinDecember2014•  organizedbyNYSERDA&NewYorkGovernor’sOfficeofStormRecovery •  availabilityofuptoUS$40M,undertheNYPrizeCommunityGridCompetition•  tosupportthedevelopmentofcommunitymicrogrids•  theNYPrizecompetitioniscomprisedofthree(3)stages:•  Stage1:FeasibilityAssessment(~100pages)

•  83projectsreceived100k$toconductFeasibilityAssessments•  (i)preliminaryassessmentofthetechnicaldesignandsystemconfiguration•  (ii)assessmentofcommercial,financialandlegalviability,and•  (iii)benefit-costanalysisoftheproposedproject.

•  Stage2:Audit-GradeDetailedEngineeringDesignandFinancial/BusinessPlan• RFPdeadlinewas12Oct2016•  ~8projectswillreceive1M$each• detailedengineeringdesign,financialandbusinessplanassessment

•  Stage3:MicrogridBuild-outandOperation•  .•  .

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NYUCHPFacility:SandySuccessStory• major2011updatetoUS$125MCHPswitchfromoiltoNG•  savesUS$5-8M/a,23%lessGHG,65%lesscriteria• doubledcapacityto13.4MW• powers22buildings,HW&cooling&heatingto37•  ranislandedforsixdaysinSandyaftermath• notefirmNGsupply

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AllBelowGradePowerStation

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A r i z o n a

M e x i c o

Ranc ho Cuc amonga Municipal U ti l i ty

!(Avalon

(not connected to thehigh voltage grid)

Mo ro ngo

Corona

Palm Desert

Borrego Springs

Brawley

Ocotillo

Winterhaven

§̈¦210

El Cajon

Carlsbad

Coachella

£¤101

§̈¦5

Ã14 §̈¦15

£¤95Ã126

§̈¦215

§̈¦15

§̈¦10§̈¦10

§̈¦405

§̈¦210

§̈¦8

Ã7£¤111

§̈¦5

SaltonSea

LakeHenshaw

DiamondValley Lake

LakeCasitas

Lake Perris

Big Bear Lake

Lake Piru

Vail Lake

Baldwin Lake

El CapitanReservoir

Skinner Reservoir

Silverwood Lake

San VincenteReservoir

LakeArrowhead

Otay Reservoir

Sweetwater Reservoir

Blythe

Oxnard

Calexico

Temecula

El Centro

San Diego

Escondido

Santa AnaLong Beach

Los Angeles

Laguna Beach

Palm Springs

Thousand Oaks

Santa Barbara

San Bernardino

Huntington Beach

Twentynine Palms

San Buenaventura

DanbyLake

CadizLake

Dale Lake

EmersonLake

Deadman Lake

Mesquite Lake

Riverside

ImperialSan Diego

Ventura

Orange

Imp eria lIrr igat ion

Dis tr ic t

San Diego Gas& E lec t r ic

Anza E lec t r ic C o-op

Los An gelesDepa rtmentof Wate r &

Po wer

City ofRiver side

Be ar Val leyElec tr ic

Mo re noVal leyUt il i ty

Glendale Wate r & Pow er

City ofAnahe im

Pa sade naWa te r & Pow er

City ofIndus tr y

Ci ty ofCer ri to s

Col ton Ele ctric

Ci ty ofBanningCity of

Ver non

Bur bank Water & Pow er

Azus a L ig ht & Wate r

elevation182mrecordhightemp.50°CaverageJul&Aug>40°Cannualrainfall175mm

inAnza-BorregoStateParksummerpopulation3,500winterpopulationreaches5,000largeretiredpopulationRicardoBrecedasculptures

BorregoSprings

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BS1:RDSIProject2008-13•  SanDiegoGas&ElectricaprogressivedistribuPoncompany•  classicmilligrid•  renewableandDistributedSystemsIntegraPonaprogramofU.S.DOE

•  9“microgrid”projects2008-2013,incl.SantaRita&BorregoSprings•  goalwas15%peakloadreducPon•  BorregoSpringsdependsonsinglevulnerable28MW32km69kVPe

•  26&5MWIPPPVarraysinthearea

•  14MWpeaklocalload+28MWPeunabletoabsorballPVoutput

•  environmentallysensiPveareaandsuspiciouspopulaPon

•  relaPvelysimpletechnologyandunclearobjecPves

•  exampleofadistribuPonuPlityembracingmicrogrids

•  butregulatoryresponseunclear

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IslandingFromaDesertSubstation

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6September2013•  hotmorning,38°Cby10:00and42°Cat13:20

•  thunderstormsbegantoformbetween12:00and13:00

•  producedrainfalltotalsof33mmatWarnersby14:00,withsimilaramountsalongthedesertslopeswestoftown

•  gusty outflow winds from the thunderstorms began to reach the Borrego area at 14:00.

•  peak gusts of 87-105 km/h were measured between 14:20 and 14:30, though evidence supports that a microburst likely occurred near the center of the storm, producing gusts up to 113 km/h

• ~ 167 lightning strikes occurred in the Borrego area

source: SDG&E

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Restoration•  9 transmission and 11 distribution poles were down •  all roads into/out of Borrego Springs were closed •  restoration took 25 h•  >200 employees involved

source: SDG&E

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OutageGeneration

•  At14:20,singletransmissionlinetoBorregotripsout

•  1056totalcustomersrestoredduringoutage

Borrego Microgrid

source: SDG&E

15Feb201730

BorregoSpringsMicrogrid2.0CEC:4.7M$&SDG&E:1.75M$

GoalsEnhanceEmergencyReadiness

IncreaseOperationalFlexibility

DecreaseOutageResponseTimes

IncreaseGridResiliency

DemonstrateNewMicrogridTechnologies

IncreaseMicrogridLoadCapacity

EnhancetheBorregoSpringsMicrogridtobemoreflexibleandautomatedinrespondingtoavarietyofpotentialoutagesituations,andleveragevariousnewtechnologiesand

DistributedEnergyResourcesforincreasedMicrogridcapabilities.

source: SDG&E

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SendaiMicrogridDemonstraPon

source: NTT Facilities

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430 VDC bus

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Source:hfp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/a-microgrid-that-wouldnt-quit/0

TheTOHOKUregionpacificcoastearthquake,March11,2011

SENDAImicrogridsystembyNTTFaciliPes

LongduraPonoutageareacausedbythe

disaster.

SendaiSuccessStory

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MulPplePowerQualiPesDuringOutage

source: NTT Facilities

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SecureNaturalGasSupply

source: Alexis Kwasinski

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SendaiandHigashi-Matsushima

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Higashi-Matsushima:Disaster-ResilientEco-City

Sapporo

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KeyPoints

•  collaborationbetweentheCityofHigashi-Matsushima(operator)andSekisuiHouseCo.(buildingdesignerandoperations)

•  circa460kWofPV,atdisasterpreventionchannel,communityhall,andcondominium

•  460kWhbatterybankand500kVAbiodiesel“emergency”generator

•  Eco-Citycanmaintainservicesatleastfor3dayswithoutgridpower,providingemergencyelectricitytohospitalsandpublicfacilities

•  projectfundedbytheMinistryofEnvironment,selectedforthe“ProgramonBuildinganIndependentandDistributedLow-CarbonEnergySociety.”

•  CEMSCommunityEnergyManagementSystem estimatedtoeliminate256tofCO2emissionsperyear

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McIntyreMedicalScienceBuilding

•  built1965,remodeled1998

•  16storeycirculartower(30000m2)

•  sickblg.venilationfix2003•  2theatres&classrooms

•  officeandlab.space

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PreliminaryDER-CAMAnalysisequipmentdetails

technology

capitalcost

($/kW)discretesize(kW)

fixedO&M($/kW-a)

variableO&M

($/kWh)recovery

rate eff(%)

Microturbine-HX 3822 500 0.015 0.003 1.4 0.21Biomass-HX 5434 500 0.017 0.010 1.8 0.29PVsystem 4495 0.025 0SolarThermal 4284 0.050 0

•  hourlyelectricityuseandmonthlysteamusefromsimulation

•  modeledtotalheatrequirementandshapebasedonaMinneapolishealthcareblg.

•  *flat5¢/kWh&14$/kW•  6.5$/GJforNG&biogas•  3.5$/tCO2carbonallowance•  gridavailability99%

•  outagecost225$/kW(option)•  widerangeofsensitivities10$/tCO2,5&10$/GJNG&biogas,emissionsfrombiogasproduction,….•  sitevs.sourceemissions500,850,4000gCO2/kWh(RobertHowarth,2015,)

*allinCAD

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PreliminaryFindings

•  inefficientbuilding,using≈ moreenergythanatypicalCanadianmedicalbuilding

•  withoutreliabilityonlyPVandsolarthermaleverchosen

•  except,worsecastshalegasCH4emissionsplus10$/tCO22x500,1x400,&1x100kWbiogasCHPplus75kWsolarthermal

•  withreliabilityconsidered,99%availability,NGCHP&PVdominate1500&2x100kWplus15kWPVrobustsolution

•  solartechnologiessurprisinglyattractiveoftenhitfootprintconstraint•  NGCHPcouldbeattractive,assensitiveloads,butupstreamemissions

•  morecarefullookatbiomassandgroundsourceoptionsnecessary

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HypergridVision

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(0.3sec/yr)8

DispersedVision(distributedcontrol&heterogeneousservice)

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possible effect of microgrids

cost of unreliability in the US today

cost of unreliability

cost of reliability

total cost of reliability

lowestinworldtoday

U.S.today Perfection

ChoosingServiceQuality

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ENERGY BY ENDUSE

LIGHTING

NON- CRITICAL SERVICES NON- RESCHEDULE- ABLE, NON-CRITICAL SERVS. (e.g. entertainment)

CRITICAL LOADS

H V A C REFRIG-

ERATION

CURRENT PQR

UNSERVED

HIGH PRIORITY

LOW PRIORITY

MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS?

WATER HEATING, DRYING, OTHER RESCHEDULABLE

WATER PUMPING 0

HeterogeneousPQRRequirements

15Feb201752

RelevancetoQuébec

•  youcanprobablyguess

•  ENEAreportmighthelp

•  amorenerdyapproach

URBANMICROGRIDJanuary2017

Overview, challengesand opportunities

A study funded by:

http://www.enea-consulting.com/en/urban-microgrids-opportunities/

15Feb201753

WanttolearnmoreaboutMicrogrids?• IsThereaRoleforMicrogridsinQuébec?

workshoporganizedbyTISED,eveningof25April2017NewResidenceHall,3625AvduParc,Montréal

•  hfp://microgridknowledge.com/

• Newcastle2017SymposiumonMicrogrids28-30Nov2017–byinvitaPononly–askmenowhfp://microgrid-symposiums.org/Sunday3-Friday8Dec20172017IEEEPESInnovaPveSmartGridTechnologiesAsia(ISGTAsia2017)Conference,Auckland,NewZealand

15Feb201754

ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705

chris.marnay@mcgill.camike.quashie@mail.mcgill.ca-graeme.balint@mail.mcgill.ca

15Feb201755

ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705

chris.marnay@mcgill.camike.quashie@mail.mcgill.ca-graeme.balint@mail.mcgill.ca

TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign

microgrids: finally finding their place · 2017-04-08 · marnay -+- microgrids: finally finding...

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