mining methods

Mining methods for sMining methods for steeply dipping and massive deposits

Mining methods for sMining methods for steeply dipping and massive deposits

Self supported methods

Sublevel caving

Block caving

Induced Block Caving

Sublevel stoping

Undercut and fill stoping

Square-set stoping

Cut-and-fill stoping

Shrinkage stoping

With caving of overburden

Without caving of overburden

Supported methods

Large open stope mining

Top slicing

Continues bench backfilling stoping

CAVING METHODES

Sublevel caving

Sublevel caving

Sublevel caving

Induced block caving

Induced block caving with blasting on the broken rock

1 - drilling drifts ; 2 - level drift ; 3 - haulage drift ; 4 - draw points ; 5 - control crosscut.

Blocs foudroyés avec tir avec chambres de dégagement

1 - galeries de foration ; 2 - points de soutirage; 3 -galerie de transport

2

1

3

Volume relatif des chambres de dégagement - 30%

Bloc caving - non mechanized mining

Bloc caving - mechanized mining

Characteristics of caving methods

Application :massive steeply dipping depositslow ore value

Advantages : high stope output and personnel productivitylow costs good security conditions

Disadvantages :method is not selective high dilution and lossesmethod is inflexiblecaving of surface

Top slicing

Application :steeply dipping deposits ore width > to 3-4 mweak ore and walls high ore value

Advantage : low loss and dilution

Disadvantages :stope production and personnel productivity are lowcosts are high

SELF SUPPORTED METHODS

Sublevel stoping

Sublevel stoping

Sublevel stoping

Sublevel stoping in thick orebody

A-a B-b

C-c

A

A

C C

B

B

Large open stope mining

Large open stope mining

Large open stope mining

Large open stope mining with primary and secondary stopes

Large open stope mining with caving of pillars

Large open stope mining with lost pillars

Characteristics of self supported methods

Application :massive steeply dipping depositscompetent ore and host rockslow ore value with lost pillarshigh ore value with cemented fill

Advantages : high stope output and personnel productivitylow dilutionlow costsgood security conditions

Disadvantages :method is not selective high losses in pillars or higher costs for backfillingmethod is inflexible

SUPPORTED METHODS

Continuous bench backfilling stoping

Cut-and-fill stoping

1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - rise for fill and ventilation ; 4 - ore passe ; 5 - manway rise ; 6 - crosscut ; 7, 8 - pillars ; 9 - ore ; 10 - broken ore ; 11 - backfill .

Cut-and-fill stoping

Cut-and-fill stoping

Cut-and-fill stoping

drilling

loading

filling

competent rock weak rockmedium rock

Cut-and-fill stoping

ore

LHD

jumbo

backfill

Cut-and-fill stoping

Cut-and-fill stoping

Drilled stope face LHD in the stope

Cut-and-fill stoping

Cut-and-fill stoping

Dilution calculation

Wdeposit

a

a

Wopening

a2 cosh sin LWopening

a cosh sin LWopening

For > 15 - 20° :

For < 15 - 20° :hL

Characteristics of cut-and-fill stoping

Application :competent oreweak host rockshigh ore valuedeposit can be irregular

Advantages : method is selectivelow dilution and lossesflexibility

Disadvantages :low stope output and personnel productivity high costs

Undercut-and-fill stoping

1 - rise for fill ; 2 - orepasse ; 3 - crosscut ; 4 - ventilation opening ; 5 - limit of mining ; 6 - stop limit haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - rise for fill and ventilation ; 4 - ore passe ; 5 - manway rise ; 6 - crosscut ; I - blasting ; II - loading ; III - backfilling.

Undercut-and-fill stoping

1 - top level ; 2 - haulage level ; 3 - ramp ; 4 - stop access ; 5 - ore and fill pass ; 6 - limit of mining.

Undercut-and-fill stoping

1 - ore mat ; 2 - reinforcement wire mesh ; 3 - anchoring ; 4 - cable ; 5 - polystyrene sheathing ; 6 - ore ; 7 - walls ; 8 - backfill of the previous cut.

Undercut-and-fill stoping

ramp, 20%

access to the cut, 20%

R - fill pass ; J - ore pass.

crosscut for backfilling

Undercut-and-fill stoping

Undercut-and-fill stoping

Undercut-and-fill stoping

Undercut-and-fill stoping

Undercut-and-fill stoping

Characteristics of cut-and-fill stoping

Application :weak ore and host rocksvery high ore value

Advantages : method is selectivelow dilution and lossesflexibility

Disadvantages :low stope output and personnel productivity very high costs

1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - manway and ventilation rise ; 4 - doghole ; 5 - pillar ; 6 - crosscut ; 7 - ore ; 8 - drillholes ; 9 - brocken ore .

Shrinkage stoping

Shrinkage stoping

1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport and ventilation drift ; 3 - doghole ; 4 - stop sill.

broken ore

A-A B-B

A

A

B

B

Shrinkage stoping

stop in operation

pillarstubing for ventilation

prepared stop

stop at the end of mining

thin

pill

ar

cap pillar of 5 m

openings

fan

haulage level 200 fan

mined out stop

level 144

Alim

ac r

ise

Shrinkage stoping

mined out stop

thin

pill

ar

level 130

prepared stop

ore width

haulage level 200

stop in operation

pillars 2.5 x 2 m

cap pillar

heig

ht

Shrinkage stoping

Characteristics of shrinkage stoping

Application :stable ore and host rockssteeply dipping depositregular boundaries of ore bodyore thickness up to 5 mbroken ore must not re-cement with time

Advantages : selective blastinglow costs

Disadvantages :mucking is not selective low stope output low personnel productivity loss in pillarsdifficulty in mechanization

Square-set stoping

Application :deposit of 30 to 60° dip and of 1 to 3 m thicknessweak ore and wallshigh value of ore

Advantages :selectivity

low loss and dilution

Disadvantages :stope production and personnel productivity are lowbecause of important wood consumption costs are high

Application of different mining methods insteeply dipping narrow vein deposits

Walls StabilityInstable Stable

Ore

stab

ility

Inst

able

sSt

able

s

Undercut-and-full filling

Cut-and-fill

Continuous bench backfilling

Sublevel stoping

Shrinkage

Undercut-and-partiamlfilling

Application of different mining methods inmassive vein deposits

Ore stabilityLow ore stability High ore stability

Ore

val

ueL

ow o

re v

alue

Hig

h or

e va

lue

Block caving

Cut-and-fill

Sublevel caving

Zone de foudroyageForation

roulage

grizzlysoutirage

Large open stoping with cemented fill

Undercut-and-fill

Large open stoping with lost pillars