model living standards measurement study survey questionnaire for the countries of the former soviet...

title:

ModelLivingStandardsMeasurementStudySurveyQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnionLSMSWorkingPaper,0253-4517;No.130

author: Oliver,Raylynn.publisher: WorldBank

isbn10|asin: 0821339346printisbn13: 9780821339343ebookisbn13: 9780585222868

language: English

subject

Socialsurveys--FormerSovietrepublics,Costandstandardofliving--FormerSovietrepublics,FormerSovietrepublics--Socialconditions.

publicationdate: 1997lcc: HN29.O491997ebddc: 300/.7/23

Socialsurveys--FormerSovietrepublics,

subject: Costandstandardofliving--FormerSovietrepublics,FormerSovietrepublics--Socialconditions.

Pagei

ModelLivingStandardsMeasurementStudySurveyQuestionnairefortheCountriesofthe

FormerSovietUnion

Pageii

TheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy

TheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy(LSMS)wasestablishedbytheWorldBankin1980toexplorewaysofimprovingthetypeandqualityofhouseholddatacollectedbystatisticalofficesindevelopingcountries.Itsgoalistofosterincreaseduseofhouseholddataasabasisforpolicydecisionmaking.Specifically,theLSMSisworkingtodevelopnewmethodstomonitorprogressinraisinglevelsofliving,toidentifytheconsequencesforhouseholdsofpastandproposedgovernmentpolicies,andtoimprovecommunicationsbetweensurveystatisticians,analysts,andpolicymakers.

TheLSMSWorkingPaperserieswasstartedtodisseminateintermediateproductsfromtheLSMS.PublicationsintheseriesincludecriticalsurveyscoveringdifferentaspectsoftheLSMSdatacollectionprogramandreportsonimprovedmethodologiesforusingLivingStandardsSurvey(LSS)data.Morerecentpublicationsrecommendspecificsurvey,questionnaire,anddataprocessingdesignsanddemonstratethebreadthofpolicyanalysisthatcanbecarriedoutusingLSSdata.

Pageiii

ModelLivingStandardsMeasurementStudySurveyQuestionnairefortheCountriesofthe

FormerSovietUnion

RaylynnOliver

LSMSWorkingPaperNumber130

TheWorldBankWashington,D.C.

Pageiv

Copyright©1997TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/THEWORLDBANK

1818HStreet,N.W.Washington,D.C.20433,U.S.A.

AllrightsreservedManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaFirstprintingJune1997

TopresenttheresultsoftheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudywiththeleastpossibledelay,thetypescriptofthispaperhasnotbeenpreparedinaccordancewiththeproceduresappropriatetoformalprintedtexts,andtheWorldBankacceptsnoresponsibilityforerrors.Somesourcescitedinthispapermaybeinformaldocumentsthatarenotreadilyavailable.

Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthor(s)andshouldnotbeattributedinanymannertotheWorldBank,toitsaffiliatedorganizations,ortomembersofitsBoardofExecutiveDirectorsorthecountriestheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilitywhatsoeverforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.

Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisvolumedonotimplyonthepartoftheWorldBankGroupanyjudgmentonthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.

Thematerialinthispublicationiscopyrighted.RequestsforpermissiontoreproduceportionsofitshouldbesenttotheOfficeofthePublisherattheaddressshowninthecopyrightnoticeabove.The

WorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsworkandwillnormallygivepermissionpromptlyand,whenthereproductionisfornoncommercialpurposes,withoutaskingafee.PermissiontocopyportionsforclassroomuseisgrantedthroughtheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,Suite910,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,Massachusetts01923,U.S.A.

ISBN:0-8213-3934-6ISSN:0253-4517

RaylynnOliverisaconsultantinthePovertyandHumanResourcesDivisionofthePolicyResearchDepartmentoftheWorldBank.

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataOliver,Raylynn,1960-ModellivingstandardsmeasurementstudysurveyquestionnaireforthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion/RaylynnOliver.p.cm.(LSMSworkingpaper,ISSN0253-4517;no.130)ISBN0-8213-3934-61.SocialsurveysFormerSovietrepublics.2.CostandstandardoflivingFormerSovietrepublics.3.FormerSovietrepublicsSocialconditions.I.Title.II.Series.HN29.0491997300'.7'23dc2197-19577CIP

Pagev

ContentsForeword vii

Abstract ix

Acknowledgments xi

1.Introduction 1

2.ObjectivesoftheLSMSSurveys 2

3.AdaptingtheQuestionnairesforaSpecificCountry 4

3.1MakingtheQuestionnairesRelevanttoPolicy 4

3.2FieldTestingtheQuestionnaires 5

4.GuidelinesforAdaptingtheHouseholdQuestionnaire 7

4.1TranslationoftheQuestionnaire 7

4.2FormatoftheHouseholdQuestionnaire 8

4.3AdaptingSpecificQuestions 9

4.4RevisingEntireSections 9

4.5TopicSpecificGuidelines 10

Section0.InformationontheSurveyandInterviewerInstructions

10

Section1.HouseholdRoster 11

Section2.Dwelling 13

Section3.Education 14

Section4.Health 15

Section5.EconomicActivities 17

Section6.Migration 19

Section7.RespondentsforRoundTwo 19

Section8.DisplacedPersonsandRefugees 20

Section9.Agro-PastoralActivities 20

Section10.Non-farmSelf-employment 21

Section11.ExpendituresandDurableGoods 21

Section12.FoodExpenditureandConsumption 21

Section13.Childbearing 22

Section14.OtherSourcesofIncome 23

Section15.LoansandSavings 23

5.AdaptingthePopulationPointandPriceQuestionnaire 24

6.Conclusion 26

Appendix1.LSMSHouseholdQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

27

Appendix2.LSMSPopulationPointQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

107

Pagevii

ForewordThePovertyandHumanResourcesDivisionofthePolicyResearchDepartment(PRDPH)oftheWorldBankismakingaconcertedefforttodisseminatethelessonsofthefirsttenyearsofLivingStandardMeasurementStudy(LSMS)surveyfieldexperience,sothatthegrowingnumberofsurveyswithsimilarpurposescanlearnfromthem.TheneedtomeasurepovertyandguidepolicyduringtheeconomictransitionhascreateddemandforLSMSsurveysinthenewlyindependentstatesoftheformerSovietUnion.However,workingfromexistingmaterialshasbeendifficultbecausequestionnaireswerenotavailableinRussianandbecausequestionnairesfromotherregionsreflectedsituationsthatwerenotapplicableintheformerSovietUnion.TofacilitatetheuseofLSMSsurveysinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,PRDPHdevelopedhousehold,communityandpricequestionnairesthatreflectthebasicinstitutionsandpolicyconcernsofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.ThesequestionnaireshavebeentranslatedintoRussian.ThisrepresentsanimportantstartingpointforconductinganLSMSsurvey.However,thebasicquestionnaireswillhavetobetailoredforanyspecificcountry.Thisdocumentpresentsthequestionnairesanddescribestheprocessrequiredtoadaptthequestionnairestolocalconditions.

LYNSQUIRE,DIRECTORPOLICYRESEARCHDEPARTMENT

Pageix

AbstractThisdocumentpresentsasetofLivingStandardMeasurementStudyquestionnairesthathavebeendevelopedforuseintheRussian-speakingcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.ThesequestionnairesareavailableinEnglishandinRussian.Theyarealsoavailableinelectronicform.

Thisdocumentalsodescribesindetailtheprocedurethatshouldbefollowedtomodifythequestionnairesforuseinanyspecificcountry.Withoutcarefultailoring,thequestionnaireswillbefrustratingforinterviewersandrespondents.Moreimportantly,ifexistingpolicies,policyconcerns,andinstitutionsarenottakenintoconsideration,thesurveydatawillnotbesufficienttoaddressthequestionsforwhichthesurveyisundertakeninthefirstplace.Toguidethequestionnairewriterthroughthemodificationprocess,thisdocumentdescribestheimportantaspectsofLSMSsurveys,generalmodificationsthatwillberequired,translationandfieldtestingprocedures,andfinallyasectionbysectiondescriptionofthetypeofmodificationsthatarelikelytoberequiredtosuitgoalsandcircumstances.

Pagexi

AcknowledgmentsThisdocumentdrawsheavilyonGuidelinesforAdaptingtheLSMSLivingStandardsQuestionnairestoLocalConditions,Ainsworth,MarthaandJacquesvanderGaag.LivingStandardsMeasurementStudyWorkingPaperNo.34,1988.Inaddition,thisdocumentandthequestionnaireshavebenefittedfromtheexperienceofthestaffofPRDPH,especiallyKinnonScott,MargaretGroshandCarlodelNinno.Indeveloping,translatingandfieldtestingthequestionnairesandunderstandingtheinstitutionsoftheformerSovietUnionIwasaidedbyBorisGitman,DjamilaKerimkulova,LubaLogenitsina,FatimaMamedova,VugarMatadov,JuliaMaronuk,andElenaPasportnikova.

Page1

1IntroductionLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy(LSMS)surveysweredevelopedbytheWorldBanktoprovidethedatanecessarytoevaluatepoliciesthataffectthelivingstandardsofthepopulation.Forthispurposethequestionnairesaimtocollectthedatanecessarytomeasureallmajoraspectsofeconomicwell-beingatthelevelofthehouseholdandthepopulationpoint.1

LSMSsurveyshavebeenconductedinnearlythirtycountriesinthecourseofthelast10years.DatafromLSMSsurveyshavebeenusedtomeasuretheextentofpoverty,analyzelabormarketconditionsandwagedeterminants,estimatetheimpactofschoolingonbirthrateandchildhealth,evaluatethedemandforhealthcareandmanyothertopicsofrelevancetogovernmentMinistries.

Sincethebreak-upoftheSovietUnion,therehasbeenincreasinginterestinconductingLSMSsurveysinthenewlyindependentRepublicsinordertomeasuretheimpactoftransitionofthevariousgroupsofthepopulation.TheresultsofanLSMSsurveycanalsoprovideusefulassistanceinthedevelopmentofthepoliciestohelpprotectthemostvulnerablepeople.

RussianLanguageLivingStandardMeasurementStudyQuestionnaireshavebeendevelopedtoassistintheimplementationofthesesurveysintheRussian-speakingcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.ThesequestionnairesfollowthebasicpatternofotherLSMSquestionnairesbuthavebeensubstantiallyalteredinordertoreflectthelivingconditionsandgovernmentpolicyconcernsfacedbymostofthecountriesintheregion.TheEnglishlanguagetranslationoftheLSMSquestionnairesforhouseholdandpopulationpointsinthe

Russian-speakingcountriesareincludedinAppendices1and2.TheelectronicversionsofthequestionnairesareavailableinWordperfect5.1forDOSforthoseseekingtodevelopnewquestionnaires.2

TheSovietUnioncoveredanimmenseexpanseoflandandcontainedawidediversityofcultures.Becauseofthisdiversity,itisnotlikelythatthequestionnaireasitiswillbeidealforeachofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.Therefore,furtherrefinementsandadaptationwillbenecessaryinmostcasestomakethequestionnairesappropriateforuseinthefield.Thesequestionnairesarethereforedesignedasastartingpointandthisdocumentdescribesthemethodforfurthercountry-specificrefinementofthequestionnaires.

Inthisdocument,Section2describesinmoredetailtheobjectivesofLSMSsurveys.Aclearunderstandingoftheseobjectiveswillguidetheadaptationofthequestionnairestolocalconditions.Section3describesbroadlytheprocessofadaptingthequestionnaires.Section4providesgeneralandspecificguidelinesforadaptingthehouseholdquestionnaire.Section5presentsguidelinesforadaptingthepopulationpointandpricequestionnaires.Section6concludes.

1PopulationpointisthetermusedinthecountriesoftheSovietUnionthatmeansvillage,villageofthetowntype,ortown.2ForelectronicfilescontactLSMS,PRDPH,WorldBank,Washington,DC20433,USA;byelectronicmaillsms@worldbank.org;orfax2025221153.

Page2

2ObjectivesoftheLSMSSurveysTheprimaryobjectiveoftheLSMSsurveysistoobtainadatebaseforpolicyanalysis.Becauseofthis,LSMSsurveysdifferfrommostsinglepurposesurveys.LSMSsurveysgatherdataonallofthecomponentsofthestandardofliving.Forexample,ahealthsurveymayincludealargenumberofquestionsontypeofillness,symptoms,carereceived,timeandmoneyspentforeachillness,butonlyafewquestionsregardinghouseholdcharacteristics.Inordertoconductpolicy-relevantresearch,measuresareneededofhouseholdincome,labormarketstatus,educationalattainment,householdexpenditureonthingsotherthanhealth.

Fromtheobjectiveofgatheringtheinformationnecessarytoconductpolicyanalysiswederivemostoftheguidelinesandconstraintsthatmustbeconsideredwhenadaptingthequestionnairesforuseinaspecificcountry.Whenadaptingthesurvey,itisimportanttokeepinmindthatalthoughtheLSMSquestionnairecollectsinformationonhealthandmedicalcare,itisnotahealthsurvey.Similarly,itcollectsinformationonagriculturebutitisnotanagriculturesurvey.AhealthsurveyoranagriculturalsurveywouldcollectmuchmoredetailedinformationonhealthoragriculturethantheLSMSdoes.Itisnotpossibletocollectinformationonallmajoraspectsoflivinginthesamedetailthatwouldbeusedinasinglepurposesurvey.

AnothercharacteristicoftheLSMSsurveysistheemphasisthatisplacedonreducingnon-samplingerror.Thisisreflectedinthesampledesignandintheorganizationofthefieldwork.Manyfeaturesofthedesignofthequestionnairesarealsointendedtominimizenon-samplingerror.Forinstance,thequestionnairesarealmostentirely

pre-coded.Interviewersenterthecodesontothequestionnaireanddataentryoperatorsentertheresponsesdirectlyfromthequestionnaire.Anotherfeatureisthegridsusedforcollectingindividualdatathatincreasethelikelihoodthatalloftheinformationstaystogether.3

Thereare16sectionsinthehouseholdquestionnaire:4

0.SurveyInformationandInterviewerInstructions

1.Rosterofthemembersofthehousehold

2.Housingconditions

3.Education

4.Health

5.EconomicActivities

3AllaspectsoftheLSMSsurveysandquestionnairesareexplainedinGrosh,MargaretE.andJuanMunoz,1996,AManualforPlanningandImplementingLSMSSurveys,LivingStandardMeasurementStudyWorkingPaperNo.126,WorldBank,WashingtonD.C.4Thereisnotasingledefinitionofhousehold.Inthisquestionnaire,theinterviewerisinstructedtolistallindividualswhonormallylive,eattheirmealstogetherandshareexpensesinthedwellingregardlessofwhetherornottheindividualwaspresentinthehouseholdthedaybefore.Householdmembersincludethehouseholdhead,childrenborninthelastthreemonths,individualsmarriedintothehouseholdinthelastthreemonths,andotherindividualswhowereabsentforfewerthanninemonthsofthelasttwelve.Servantsandpayinglodgersandtheirfamiliesformaseparatehouseholdandshouldbeinterviewedseparately.

Page3

6.Migration

7.SelectionofrespondentsforRound2

8.Refugeesanddisplacedpersons

9.AgriculturalActivities

10.Self-employment

11.ExpendituresandDurableGoods

12.FoodExpenditureandConsumption

13.Childbearing

14.OtherIncome

15.CreditandSavings

Forsections1,3,4,5,and6,informationiscollectedforeachindividualinthehousehold,orforalltheindividualsofacertainage.Forexample,thesectiononschoolingisonlytobecompletedforhouseholdmembersovertheageof7.Wheninformationiscollectedforindividuals,agridisusedsothatalloftheinformationforonehouseholdiscontainedinthesamequestionnairepage.Thiseliminatesthepossibilityofthelossofthequestionnairesforoneormoreindividualsinthehousehold.Thegridformatalsofacilitatesthedataentryprocess.Inothersections,wheretheresponsetoaquestionwillbethesameforeachmemberofthehousehold,thequestionsareaskedonlyonce,forexamplesection2onhousing.Thegridformatisalsousedinsections8through15.Though,inthesesectionstheunitofobservationisnotanindividualmemberofthehouseholdbutatypeofcropinsection9oratypeoffoodinsection11.Insomesections,thegridisusedforindividuals,butnotforhouseholdmembers;theseincludesection1C(childrenlivingelsewhere),section11E(remittances),section13(fertility)andsection14A

(incomefromrelativesandprivatepersons).

Informationonthetownorvillageinwhichthehouseholdislocatedisalsocollectedbecausethelevelofservicesandotherconditionsinthevicinitycanhaveanimportantimpactonthequalityoflifefortheresidents.Thereare8sectionsinthepopulationpointquestionnaire:

1.DemographicInformation

2.Infrastructure

3.Economy

4.RefugeesandDisplacedPersons

5.Education

6.Health

7.Agriculture

8.Institutions

9.Prices

Page4

3AdaptingtheQuestionnairesforaSpecificCountryTheadaptationofaquestionnaireinvolvesmuchmorethanthetranslationofthequestionnaireintothelocallanguageandtheadditionofcountry-specificresponsecategories.Inorderforthequestionnairetoprovideinformationthatcanbeusedtoaddresstheimportantpolicyconcernsinaparticularcountryataparticulartime,thequestionnairemustbeadaptedforuseinconsultationwithabroadrangeofpolicymakers.Theseconsultationscanservetwopurposes.Thefirstistoensurethatthecorrectdataarecollectedinthesurvey.Thesecondistofamiliarizepotentialusersofthedataandtheanalysisofthetypeofinformationthatwillbecollectedandofitspotentialuses.

Thesecondstageoftheadaptationofthesurveyinstrumentsforuseinaspecificcountryinvolvesathoroughfieldtestofallquestionnaires.Questionnairesmustbetestedinenoughhouseholdsandcommunitiestobesurethatthedesiredinformationcanbecollectedinavarietyofcircumstances.

InmostofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,adaptationoftheLivingStandardMeasurementSurveywillalsorequirethatallquestionnairesbetranslatedintooneormorenationallanguagesspokenbythepopulationofthatcountry.Preparingthequestionnaireinasecondlanguagewilloftenrequiremodificationsintheoriginalquestionnaire.5

3.1MakingtheQuestionnairesRelevanttoPolicy

TosuccessfullyadapttheLSMSquestionnairesandensurethatthedatawillbeabletosupportpolicy-relevantanalysis,itisnecessaryto

consultwithgovernmentofficials,policyadvisorsandotherswhoareinvolvedindesigningandevaluatingpolicies.Eachsectionofthequestionnairemustaccuratelyreflectthestructureoflocalinstitutions,programsandpolicies.Eachsectionmustalsocontainthequestionsnecessarytogatherthedatarequiredtoanalyzetheusefulnessandeffectivenessofthoseinstitutions,programsandpolicies.

Forexample,ifincreasingemploymentisanimportantobjectiveofthegovernmentandoneofthepoliciesthathasbeenimplementedtoachievethatgoalistheprovisionofjobtrainingcoursesthenthequestionnairewriterwillneedtoknow:whattypesofcourseswereoffered,whowaseligibletoparticipate,wherewerethesecoursesoffered,whatsubjectswereofferedandiftheparticipantswererequiredtopayforthecoursesoracceptcertainjobs,orfulfillotherobligationstoparticipateinthetraining.Iftherewasafeeforthecoursesthenthepolicymakersarelikelytowanttoknowifthatfeewasanobstaclethatpreventedeligibleindividualswhowouldhavebenefittedfromthecoursefromtakingit.Ontheotherhand,policymakersmaybemostinterestedtoknowifeligibleindividualswereawarethatthecoursewasavailable.Knowledgeofallaspectsoftheprogramwillallowthequestionnairewriterstodefineproperlythequestionsthatneedtobeincludedandwillguidethelistofcodedresponsestobeprovided.

5Forexample,intheRussianthereisnoonesinglewordforMother-in-law.Thereareseparatewordsforaman'smother-in-lawandawoman'smother-in-law.Ifanimportantsocialdistinctioncorrespondstothelanguagedistinction,thenquestionnairesinbothlanguagesshouldincludethetworelationsasseparatecategories.Similarproblemsaroseinthecategorizationoffoodsintheconsumptionmodule.

Page5

TheformationofabaseofdataforpolicyformulationandevaluationisthemaingoaloftheLSMSandsothequestionnairesshouldfirstofallfocusontheeffectsofexistingpoliciesthathaveanimpactonlivingstandards.Questionsmeasuringtheuseofgovernmentservicesorthebenefitsreceivedbythehouseholdsfromsuchprogramsshouldappearthroughoutthequestionnaires.Answerstothesequestionsallowthepolicyanalysttodeterminetheextentofbenefitprovidedbytheseprogramsandalsotodeterminewhichhouseholdswouldbemostaffectedbyachangeintheprogram.

Thequestionnairesshouldalsogatherdataonhouseholdexpendituresonalltypesofgovernment,publicandprivateservices.Answerstothesequestionscanbeusedtoanalyzegovernmentpricingpolicies,consumers'willingnesstopay,andpossiblealternativefinancingmechanisms.

Eventhecontentofsectionsthatdonotseemtobedirectlyrelatedtoanyspecificpolicymustbedevelopedtoaddresspolicyconcerns.Forexample,inordertomeasurehouseholdconsumption,allitemsmustbeaggregatedintoarelativelysmallsetofcommoditygroups.Tosomeextent,logicandcurrentconsumptionindicatehowcommoditiesshouldbegrouped.However,fromapolicypointofviewitisimportanttodistinguishbetweentaxedandnon-taxeditems,betweenimportedanddomesticitems,andbetweenitemssoldatgovernment-controlledpricesandthosesoldatmarket-determinedprices.Thedivisionofitemsamonggroupswillvaryfromcountrytocountry.ForexamplebreadpricesarestillsubjecttogovernmentsupportinseveralofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

Finally,thedatagatheredbyanLSMSsurveycanhelppolicymakerstoidentifygeographicalregionsofthecountryortypesofhouseholdsthatwillbethetargetofnewpolicies.Thiswillonlyoccur,however,ifthereareextensivetalksregardingboththecurrentpoliciesand

policiesunderconsiderationbetweenthequestionnairewritersandthepolicymakers.

3.2FieldTestingtheQuestionnaires

Afterthequestionnaireshavebeenadaptedtoreflectlocalpolicyconsiderations,theymustbetestedinthefieldonactualhouseholdsandpopulationpoints.Ateamofexperiencedinterviewersandthewritersofthequestionnairesgointothefieldtoaskallorpartofthequestionnairestoasmanyasahundredhouseholdsofdifferenttypesandindifferentpartsofthecountry.

Thegoalofthefieldtestistoensurethatthequestionnairesarecapableofcollectingtheinformationthattheyweredesignedtocollect.Thefollowingquestionsmustbeansweredinthefieldtest:

Isthefull-scopeofthedesiredinformationbeingcollected?

Doesthequestionnairecollectinformationthatisinternallyconsistent?

Doeseachsectioncontainalltherelevanttypesofactivities,sourcesofincome,categoriesofexpenditure,etc.?

Iseachquestionclearandeasilyunderstoodunderallcircumstances?

Page6

Aretherealternativeinterpretationsofaquestion?

Haveallresponsesbeenanticipatedinthecodedresponsesprinted?

BecausetheLSMSsurveysaimtomeasurelivingstandards,itiscriticalthatthehouseholdquestionnairebetestedinalargevarietyofhouseholds.Thefieldtestmustincludehouseholdsfromeachmajoreconomic,geographic,ethnicandoccupationalgroupthatisrepresentedinthecountry.Failuretoanticipatethesourcesofincome,thetypesofexpenditureorothercharacteristicsofspecificgroupsonthehouseholdquestionnairecanleadtofalseconclusionsregardingthelivingstandardsandeconomicprospectsofthesegroups.

Inadditiontoensuringthatalltypesofhouseholdsareincludedinthefieldtest,itisnecessarytoensurethatallsectionsofthehouseholdquestionnairearetested.Itisthereforenecessarytoadministereachpartofthequestionnairetoavarietyofindividualsforwhomthatsectionisrelevant.Forexample,thehousingsectionshouldbeconductedforalltypesofhouseholds:homeowners,renters,squatters;urbanandruralresidents;peoplelivinginsingle-familyhousesandthoselivinginapartments.Theemploymentsectionmustbefield-testedonindividualswhoarecollectivefarmers,privatefarmers,governmentworkers,workersintheprivatesector,entrepreneurs,self-employedpeople,unemployedpersons,homemakersandchildren.Thisistrueforeachsectionofthequestionnaire.

Thefieldtestalsoprovidesimportantinformationthatwillbeusedintherestofthesurveywork.Thequestionsaskedbyinterviewersduringthefieldtestandthemistakesmadeincompletingthequestionnaireswillindicatewhichsectionsofthequestionnairerequirespecialemphasisinthetrainingofinterviewers.Otherdifficultiesthatarisewillindicatethesituationsandproblemsthatneedtobediscussedintheinstructionmanualsthatwillbepreparedfortheinterviewersandsupervisors.

Giventheimportanceofthefieldtesttotheoutcomeofthesurvey,itisessentialthatseniorsurveystaffbepresentinthefieldatalltimestoassessthequalityoftheresults,makechangesinthequestionnairewhennecessary,andwitnesstheproblemsanddifficultiesthatariseinthecourseofthesurveyoperation.

Insomecasesitwillbenecessarytoredesigncompletelypartofthequestionnaire.Thiscanonlybedonebythosewhoarefamiliarwiththeobjectivesandpolicyneedsaddressedbythesurvey.Allmodificationstothequestionnairemustthenalsobetestedinthefield.

Questionnairescompletedinthecourseofthefieldtestcanthenbeusedtocheckforinternalconsistencyinthequestionnaire.Largediscrepanciesbetweenthesumofexpendituresandthesumofincomesourcesmayindicateanimportantomissioninoneortheothercategory.Inconsistencybetweenanswersintheemploymentsectionandanswersintheagricultureorself-employmentsectionmayindicatethatthefilterquestionsarenotwordedcorrectlyinsection7.

Populationpointandpricequestionnairesmustalsobefieldtestedinallregionsofthecountryandinavarietyoftypesofpopulationpoints.Ifthesurveywillusequestionnairesinmorethanonelanguage,versionsofthequestionnaireineachlanguagemustbethoroughlytestedinthefield.

Page7

4GuidelinesforAdaptingtheHouseholdQuestionnaire

4.1TranslationoftheQuestionnaire

Atanearlystageanimportantdecisionhastobemaderegardingthelanguagesinwhichthequestionnaireswillbeproducedandadministered.Severalfactorsmustbeconsidered:

1.Itisalwaysbetterforarespondenttobeinterviewedinhisorhernativetongue,becauseinterpretationcanleadtomisrepresentationofthequestionandtheanswer.

2.Producingthequestionnaireinseverallanguagesisexpensiveandtime-consuming.

3.Aquestionnairecanonlybeadministeredinanygivenlanguagebysomeonewhospeaksthatlanguagesotheinterviewteamswillhavetocontainatleastoneinterviewerwhocanspeakeachofthelanguagescontainedinthequestionnaires.

4.Hiringinterpreterstotravelwiththeinterviewteamsisexpensive.

5.Usinganinterpretertoconductaninterviewnearlydoublesthetimerequiredtoconductthatinterview.

6.Usinglocalpeopletointerpretmakesitdifficulttocontrolthequalityoftheinterpretationanditcompromisestheconfidentialityoftherespondent.

Itisdifficulttoofferspecificguidelines.Thequestionnaireshouldbetranslatedintoanylanguagethatisspokenbyhalformoreofthehouseholdsinthecountry.Itisfurtherrecommendedthatthequestionnairebetranslatedandadministeredinasmanylocal

languagesasfeasiblegivenpersonnelandfinancialconstraints.

Alltranslationsshouldbemadeafterthedevelopmentofthequestionnaire,beforethefieldtesting.Thequestionnairemustbecompletelytestedinalllanguages.Anymodificationsthataremademustbemadeconsistentlyineachlanguageversionofthequestionnaire.Itisoftenuseful,attheendofthefieldtestingtohavenativespeakersofthevariouslanguageswhowerenotinvolvedinthefieldtestorquestionnairedevelopmenttranslateeachquestionnairebackintothelanguageoftheoriginalquestionnaireandcomparethem.Discrepanciesmustthenberesolvedineachofthetranslatedquestionnaires.

Translationofquestionnairesrequiresspecialattention.Itisextremelyimportantthateachquestionbeunderstoodinexactlythesamewaybyrespondentsregardlessofwhichlanguagequestionnaireisbeingused.Itisnotsufficienttotranslateonlythebasicideaofthequestion,thenuanceandexactmeaningmustalsobecaptured.Questionbyquestionexaminationofthetranslationistime-consumingandsufficientallowancemustbemadeinschedulingbothinquestionnairedevelopmentandinthepost-fieldtestmodificationofthequestionnaires.

Page8

4.2FormatoftheHouseholdQuestionnaire

Theformatofthequestionnaireminimizesthedecisionsthatneedtobemadeinthefieldbyinterviewers.Thisencouragesconsistencyacrossinterviewersandreducesnon-samplingerror.TherearetwokeyfeaturesoftheformatoftheLSMSquestionnaires:

1.Everyquestioniswrittenexactlyasitissupposedtobeaskedbytheinterviewer.Lowercaselettersindicatesomethingthatistobereadtotherespondentduringtheinterview.UppercaselettersindicatesomethingthatisNOTtobereadaloud,butisonlyfortheinterviewer'sinformation.

2.Theskippatternismarkedclearlyonthequestionnaire.Thereisnoambiguityaboutwhoismeanttorespondtoasectionorabouttowheretheinterviewershouldproceedafteraspecificquestionorsectioniscompleted.SkipinstructionsareindicatedbyoneortwoarrowsfollowedbyQandanumber,apartorsectionofthequestionnaire,oranindicationtoaskthequestionsconcerningthepersonoriteminthenextrowofthequestionnairegrid.Twoarrowsindicateaninstructionthatappliesregardlessoftheresponsegiventothatquestion.Asinglearrowindicatesaninstructionthatonlyappliesifthatspecificanswerisgiven.

Thesedesignfeatures,togetherwiththeproceduresfollowedinthefieldworkandthedataentry,haveproducedhighqualitydatainmanyofthecountrieswhereLSMSsurveyshavebeenconducted.

Theorderofthesectionsinthehouseholdquestionnairereflectsthefollowingconsiderations:

1.Thehouseholdrostermustcomefirstinordertoidentifythepersonsthatmustbeinterviewed.Allindividualinformationiscollectedinthefirstroundofthesurveyinordertosubmitthedatato

consistencycheckssothatinconsistenciescanbecorrectedinthesecondround.

2.Thehousingquestionsarealsoaskedinthefirstroundbecausetheinterviewermustestablishwhatconstitutesthedwellingforthepurposesofdefiningthehousehold.

3.Expenditureandconsumptionsectionsarecontainedinthesecondroundsothattheperiodbetweenthetwointerviews,twoweeks,canbeusedasareferenceperiod.

4.Themostsensitivesectionsofthesurvey,fertility,savingsandcreditareplacedattheendofthesurvey.

5.ThesectionsrequiringresponsesfromallormosthouseholdmembersareaskedinRoundOne.ArrangementscanthenbemadesothatthosemembersidentifiedinSection7asrespondentsforRoundTwowillbeavailabletobeinterviewedduringthesecondvisit.

Page9

4.3AdaptingSpecificQuestions

Fourtypesofmodificationsmustbemadetoindividualquestions:responsecodes,addingquestions,droppingquestions,andmodifyingwording.

Inappropriateresponsesshouldbeexcludedfromthelistprovidedonthequestionnaire.Unnecessarycodesaddtothecomplexityofthequestionnaireandincreasethelikelihoodofincorrectcoding.Thosecodesarefrustratingtotheinterviewerandtotherespondent.Ontheotherhand,largenumbersofresponsesof''Other"wouldlimitsignificantlythevalueoftheanalysisthatthedatawillsupport.Allanalyticallyinterestinganddistinctpossibleresponsesshouldbeincluded.

Somequestionsincludedinthequestionnairewillnotpertaintoagivencountryandmustbedropped,forinstanceiftherewerenominimumwagelegislationinacountry,thenthequestiononwhetherornottherespondent'ssalaryissubjecttotheminimumwagewouldbeunnecessary.Aswithirrelevantresponsecodes,irrelevantquestionsirritaterespondents.Theyalsowastevaluabledataentrytime.

Ontheotherhand,inmanycases,questionswillneedtobeaddedinordertocaptureenoughinformationtoprovideusefulinsightstopolicymakers.Forinstance,becausethepracticeofpayingworkersalarieswithoutputoftheenterpriseratherthancashiswidespreadinmanycountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,thequestionnaireincludesacompletesetofquestionsaskingwhatpercentofdifferenttypesofpaymentswasmadeinkind.Receiptof$200worthofcarpeteachmonthissubstantiallydifferentfromthereceipt$200incash.ManyofthetypesofquestionsthatmustbeincludedwillbeclearfromdiscussionswithvariousMinistriesoncurrentpublicpolicy.Clever

useofthefieldtestcanalsorevealpointswhereclarificationquestionsshouldbeincluded.

Anyadditionsordeletionsofquestionswillchangethenumberingofotherquestions.Itisveryimportantthatthesenumberchangesarethenaccuratelyreflectedinanyskipinstructionsonthequestionnaire.Itisextremelyimportantthatthelogicoftheskippatternsbemaintained.

Itwillalsobenecessarytomodifywordingofsomequestionstoeliminateanyambiguitythatthequestionmayposeinaspecificcountrysetting.Itmayalsobenecessarytochangewordinginordertoeliminateambiguitythatariseswhenthequestionnaireistranslatedintooneoftheotherlocallanguages.

4.4RevisingEntireSections

Insomecountriesentiresectionswillneedtobeexcludedoradded.Section8onRefugeesandDisplacedPersonswillnotberelevantincountrieswherethereisnosignificantrefugeepopulation.LSMSsurveysfromaroundtheworldhaveincludedawidevarietyofadditionalmodulesthathavenotbeenincludedinthequestionnairepresentedhere.Someexamplesinclude:anthropometricsformeasuringtheextentofmalnutritionamongchildren,aptitudeteststomeasurereadingandmathematicalskillsindependentlyofyearsofschooling,contraceptiveusemodulesthatcontainquestionsonknowledge,useandcurrentuseofeachtypeofcontraception.Privatizationandtheparticipationintheeconomicreformsmaybeimportantincapturingeconomicwell-beinginsomeofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.Environmentalandpollutionconcernscouldalsoformthebasisofanentiremoduleratherthanthesinglequestionincludedinsection2ofthisquestionnaire.

Page10

4.5TopicSpecificGuidelines

Section0.InformationontheSurveyandInterviewerInstructions

Thepurposeofthesepagesisadministrative.Theformatreflectsthestructureofsamplingandthefieldworkprocedure.Thefirstlinewouldneedtobechangedifsamplingwerenotbasedonpopulationpoints.Ifthesurveywerenotconductedintworoundsthenthiswouldrequirechangesinthestructureofpages2,3,and4.Page3willneedtoreflecttheprocedureadoptedforcompletingthequestionnaireandcontrollingthequality.

Appropriatelanguageswillneedtobeaddedinthefirstboxofpage2forlanguageofhouseholdheadandlanguageofinterview.Ifinformationontheethnicityorlanguageoftherespondentsisnotsensitiveorifitislikelytovaryacrossmembersofthehousehold,thenquestionsonlanguageandethnicitycouldbeincludedinthehouseholdroster.Thepagenumbersinthetableonpage3willbechangedifchangesintherestofthequestionnaireincreasesorreducesthenumberofpages,orchangestheorder.

Box1.SpecifictermsinSection0.

Populationpoint(íàñåëåííûèïóíêò)isaplacewherepeoplelive.Itcanbeavillage,avillageofthetowntype,oratown.Nationalcensuseslistpopulationbypopulationpoint.Householdlistsaremaintainedforeachpopulationpointattheadministrativecenterofthatpopulationpoint.Thepopulationpointscanserveasthebasisforthefirststagesamplingintwostagesamplingdesigns.Thisishowevernottrueincities.Theentirecityisapopulationpointbuthouseholdlistsaremaintainedintheseparateraionsofthecity.

TheEnglishword"community"doesn'ttranslatewellintoRussiansothisphrase,populationpoint,alsotakestheplaceoftheword

"community"intheappropriatequestions.IfsamplingdidnotusepopulationpointsthenthereferencestoPopulationPointandPPcodeontheinformationsheetwouldhavetobechangedtoreflectthesamplingclusterunitused.Referencestopopulationpointinquestionscouldbeleftunchangedbecauseitstillseemstobeavalidandusefulwaytoconveythesenseof"community".

RaionisaRussianwordthatcanbetranslatedregion,areaorzone.Itisalsohoweveraspecificlevelofgovernmentadministration,similartocountiesintheUnitedStatesorEngland.WhenraionisusedintheRussiantomeanregion,itistranslatedthatwayintheEnglishversionofthequestionnaire.Whenitreferstotheadministrativeregion,thenraionhasbeenpreservedintheEnglish.

Theinterviewerinstructionsexplainsomefeaturesofthequestionnaire.Theseincludetheuseofupperandlowercaseletterstodistinguishbetweenwhattheinterviewerseesandwhattheinterviewersaystotherespondentandtheuseofdouble, ,andsingle, ,arrowstoindicatewhetheraskipappliestoallrespondentsofthatquestionortoonlythoserespondentswhogiveaparticularresponse.

Implicitintheinterviewerinstructionsarealsothegroupsofpeopletobelistedonthehouseholdrosterandthedefinitionofhouseholdmember.Interviewersareaskedtolistallindividualswhonormallylive,eattheirmealstogetherandshareexpensesinthedwellingregardlessofwhetherornottheindividualwaspresentinthehouseholdthedaybefore.Householdmembersincludethehouseholdhead,childrenborninthelastthreemonths,individualsmarriedintothehouseholdinthelastthree

Page11

months,andotherindividualswhowereabsentforfewerthanninemonthsofthelasttwelve.Servantsandpayinglodgersandtheirfamiliesformaseparatehouseholdandshouldbeinterviewedseparately.

Anydeviationsfromtheformatusedorthedefinitionofhouseholdmemberthatistobeappliedwillneedtobereflectedinmodificationstotheinterviewerinstructions.

Section1.HouseholdRoster

Thehouseholdrosterhasthreepurposes:1)toidentifyhouseholdmembers;2)toobtainbasicdemographicinformationonhouseholdmembersandotherpersonsresidingwiththehouseholdatthetimeoftheinterview;and3)tolinkhouseholdmemberswiththeirspouses,parentsandchildren.

Part1Aasksthename,age,sexandrelationshiptohouseholdheadofindividuals.Maritalstatusinaskedandmarriedorcohabitingindividualsareaskedtoidentifytheirspouseifs/heisamemberofthehousehold.Questionsonlengthofandreasonforabsenceallowforanalysistobedoneusingamorenarrowdefinitionofhouseholdmember.However,onceapersonisidentifiedinquestion11asnotbeingahouseholdmember,noadditionalinformationiscollectedonthatindividual.AfterthequestionsinPart1Aareanswered,therespondentsareshownthelistofindividualswhomeetthecriteriaforhouseholdmember.Respondentsaretheninstructedtoconsideronlythoseindividualswhenrespondingtoquestionsregardingthehousehold.

IntheRussianlanguagedifferentwordsareusedtoindicatespouse'sparentsdependingonwhetherthepersonisamanorawomanandthishasbeenreflectedinthetwoanswers6and7forquestion3.Differentiationsthatexistinotherlanguagesinthesurveycountry

mayrequiretheadditionofothercategories.

Part1Bgathersinformationontheschoolingandprincipaloccupationofthemotherandfatherofeachhouseholdmember.Iftheindividual'smotherorfatherisalsoahouseholdmemberthenthatinformationiscollectedinSection3ofthequestionnaireandthereisaskipsothatschoolinginformationinnotcollectedinthissection.Parentalschoolingandoccupationareimportantexplanatoryvariablesinmanyanalyses;itisthusimportanttohavethisdatafortheparentsofallhouseholdmembers.TheeducationsystemoftheformerSovietUnionisdescribedbrieflyinBox2.

Part1Cgathersschoolingandresidenceinformationforthechildrenofhouseholdmemberswhodonotliveinthehousehold.Thelistisrestrictedtonon-residentchildrenunder20yearsofage.Thisinformationcanbeusedtomeasurethetotalinvestmentineducationofthehousehold.

Question15identifiesthetypeofplacewherethenon-residentchildrenareliving.IntheSovietUnion,administrativedivisionsincludedrepublics,oblasts,andraions.Everyvillageortownwasclassifiedasarepublicantown,anoblasttown,araiontown,atown,avillageofthetowntypeoravillage.Thedistinctionwasnotmadestrictlyonsizebutonadministrativeimportanceandlevelofinfrastructure.Avillageofthetowntypewouldbepredominantlyruralbuthavesomeindustrialactivity.Thepointis,thatthepopulationincludessomeworkersandnotjustpeasants.Thesedefinitionsmaybegintolosetheirrelevance,buttheyremainapplicableinmanyregions.

Page12

Box2.Educationsystem

DuringtheSovietUnion,allfemaleworkersweregrantedthreeyearsofmaternityleaveafterthebirthofeachchild.Childrenfromage36attendedakindergarten.Atage6childrenenteredsecondaryschoolsrednyshkola.Secondaryschoolconsistsofupto10years,after8yearsstudentsreceivea8thclasscompletioncertificate.Thefirstthreeyearsofsecondaryschoolaresometimescalledprimaryschool,buttheyareallpartofsecondaryschool.After8class,somestudentsleavetheeducationalsystemaltogether.Theanswertoquestion4willthereforebeanumberbetween0and10indicatingthenumberofyearsclassescompletedinsecondaryschool.(Forabriefperiod,secondaryschoolscontained11classes.)

Studentswhodon'tleaveschoolat8thclass,takeanexaminRussianandMathematics.Thosewhoscoresatisfactorymarkscanbegintwoyearprofessionaltechnicalschoolsthatteachtechnicalvocationalskillssuchascarpentry,plumbing,welding.Atthesuccessfulcompletionofa2yearprogram,thestudentreceivesaprofessional-technicalschooldiploma.

Thosewhoscoreslightlybetteronthe8thclassexamandwishtopursueaprofessionbegina4yearprogramatasecondarytechnicalorspecializedsecondaryschools.Theseschoolsoffercoursesinparticularfields.Inthecaseofsecondarytechnicalschools,agriculture,constructionandcommercearecovered.Inthespecializedsecondaryschools,dentistry,nursing,art,music,architecturearetaught.Successfulcompletionofthefouryearprogramearnsthestudentasecondarytechnicalschooldiploma.Thestudentcanthenbeginwork,qualifyforentranceintoaprofessionalsecondaryinstitutebytakingtheentranceexam.Somestudentsenteruniversityaftersecondarytechnicalorspecialized

secondaryschool.

Themostacademicstudentsandthosethatdon'tknowexactlywhichprofessiontheywanttofollowcontinueinsecondaryschoolto9thand10thclass.Thentheyreceiveasecondaryschoolcompletioncertificate.Aftersecondaryschoolstudentscanbeginwork,followtwoyearsatasecondarytechnicalorspecializedsecondaryschool,taketheexamtoenteraninstituteortaketheexamtoenterauniversity.

Highereducationalinstitutionsincludeuniversitiesandinstitutes.Universitiesoffermanyartsandscienceprograms.Institutesofferallothertechnicalandprofessionalprogramsincludingmedicine,engineeringandforeignlanguages.Aftersuccessfulcompletionofa5yearprogramataninstituteorauniversitythestudentreceivesahighereducationdiploma.Throughadditionalpostgraduateworkininstitutesoruniversities,astudentcanearnthecandidateofscienceordoctorofscience,inthatorder.Theanswertoquestion5willbeanumberbetween0and10indicatingthenumberofyearsspentintotalinthefollowingeducationalinstitutions:professionaltechnicalschool,secondarytechnicalschool,specializedsecondaryschool,institutesanduniversities.

Theanswertoquestion6willprovideinformationonwhethertherespondentfinished8thor10thclassofsecondaryschool,finishedoneofthethreesecondaryinstitutes,orcompletedaprograminauniversityorinstitute(answer6).

Atthepresenttime,maternityleavesarefarlesswidespreadbutthereisalsoagreatdealofunemploymentamongwomen.Manykindergartenshaveclosed.Childrenstartsecondaryschoolatage7.Inmanycountriesschoolingthroughthe8thclassisnolongermandatory.Atalllevelsthereareanincreasingnumberofprivateestablishments.Sometimestheseprivateestablishmentreplicateexistinginstitutions,forexamplekindergartens.Inothercases,the

overlapisnotcomplete.Forexample,thereareprivateschoolsthatteachonlythefirst6yearsofsecondaryschool,religiousschoolsthatfollowacompletelydifferentcurriculum,anduniversitiesthatattempttoreplicatethewestern4yearBAand5yearMAprograms.Someofthenewuniversitiesofferprogramspreviouslyavailableonlyininstitutes.

Page13

Section2.Dwelling

Part2Agathersinformationontype,size,andconstructionmaterialsofthedwelling.Thesecharacteristicsoftenreflectsocio-economicstatusandlivingstandards.InthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,yearofconstructionisalsoageneralindicatorofqualityofhousing,especiallyforapartments.Responsecategoriesfortypeofdwellingandconstructionmaterialsmayrequiremodification.6Thequestiononfloorofbuildingisincludedbecauseitcanimpactconvenience,security,waterpressureandotheraspectsofdailylife.

Part2Bgathersinformationonownership/rentalofhousing,monthlypaymentsforthedwellingincashandinkind,estimatedsaleandrentalvaluesarecollectedforhouseholdsthatowntheirdwelling.InthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,housingmarketsandrentalmarketsarenotwell-developed.Inruralareastheyarevirtuallynon-existent.Estimatesofthevalueofthedwellingareimportantforestimatingtheexpendituresandsocio-economiclevelofthehouseholdbutitmaybeverydifficultorimpossibleforhouseholdstoanswerthesequestions.Fieldtestsshoulddeterminewhetherthesequestionscanbeaskedtoallhouseholdsorifadditionalquestionsandskippatternsmustbeintroduced,sothat,forinstance,onlyurbanhouseholdsareaskedtoestimatearentalvalue.

IntheSovietUnion,dwellingshousesandapartmentscouldbeowned.Adistinctionwasmadebetweenproductiveandnot-productivecapital.Privateownershipwasonlyforbiddeninthecaseofproductivecapitallandandfactories.Eachfamilycouldownonlyonedwelling.Eachmemberofthatfamilywouldberegisteredtoliveinthatresidence.Itwasrareanddifficult,thoughnotunheardof,forpeopletoliveinplacesdifferentfromwheretheywereregistered.Peoplecaughtlivingwithoutregistrationcouldbesenttoprison.Privatizationprogramssinceindependencehavevariedfromcountry

tocountry.Often,eachfamilywasprovidedwithcouponsthatcouldbeusedtopurchasethedwellingtheywerelivingin.

"Cooperativearrangements"describethesituationinwhichagroupofpeoplehaveformedacooperativecounciltocollectmoneyfromseveralpeoplewhoareinterestedinpurchasinganapartment.WiththemoneycollectedandaloanfromtheState,thecooperativecouncilconstructedanapartmentbuilding.Overthecourseofseveralyears,residentsmakepaymentstothecooperativecouncilandthecooperativecouncilpaysofftheloantotheState."Swapped"describesthefairlycommonoccurrenceoftwofamiliesgoingtothelocalauthoritiesandreportingthat,forexample,sincethechildrenoffamilyAhavegrownandlefttheapartmentandfamilyBisgrowingandmoreinneedofalargerapartment,thetwofamilieswouldliketoswapapartments.Thechangeofresidencewouldthenbenotedofficiallyinthepassportsofbothfamilies.

Ifrentisoftenpaidordenominatedinwesterncurrency,thenthisshouldbenoted.Theresponsecategoriesmayvaryfromcountrytocountry.Ifwesterncurrenciesareneverusedthenthispartofquestion13couldbedropped.Ontheotherhand,ifthepracticeexists,butisillegal,thenthequestionmaybeextremelysensitiveandrequiresomemodification.

Forallhouseholds,questionsareaskedcoveringthewater,bathing,toilet,lighting,cooking,heatingandtelephone.Availability,typeoffacility,andqualityofserviceofutilitiescanhavean

6Answercode1toquestion8isASBESTOSSHEETS.ThisanswerontheRussianversioncouldbetranslated,slate,butthesamewordreferstocorrugatedasbestossheets.Slate-roofedhousesareextremelyrare.

Page14

importantimpactonthehealth,timerequirementsandgenerallivingstandardsoftheindividualsinthehousehold.Questionsshouldbedroppedoraddedtoreflecttheconcernswithinthesurveycountryregardingquality,availabilityandregularityofservice.Ifavailabilityofelectricityorwaterisrestricted,thenitmattersintermsofinconvenience,costandhealthriskifitisrestrictedtoafixedperiodeachdayoriftheperiodsofnon-availabilityareunpredictable.Italsomatterswhetherthequantityandqualityaregood,consistent,predictablyvariableorunpredictablyvariable.Itisnotsufficienttoknowwhetherserviceisperfectorimperfectbecausedifferenttypesofimperfectionsrepresentdifferentlevelsofinconvenienceandrequiredifferentexpendituresandposedifferenthealthrisks.

InmostsizablecitiesinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,hotwaterisproducedinafactoryoutsidethecenteroftownandpipedthroughthecitytoprovideheatthroughradiatorsandhotwatertotheindividualdwellingsandbusinesses.Abanyaisaroomdedicatedtobathing.Normally,thebanyacontainsastoveforheatingtheroomandhotandcoldwateravailableeitherthroughpipesorincisterns.Theroomcontainsacoupleofbenchesandthereisadraininthemiddleofthefloor.Thewordbanyacouldalsorefertoasimpleroomintowhichpeoplegowithabuckettoshower.Aholeinthewallnearthefloorallowswatertodrainoutofthebuilding.Asaunaislikeabanyawiththestovebutthereisnorunningwaterinasauna.Publicbanyascanbeverylargeestablishmentsthatincludesaunas,hotpools,coolpools,showers.Notallresidencesandbusinesseshavephones.Itiscommoneveninthecitiesforpeopletorelyonneighborstopassonphonemessages.Othertimespeoplerelyonphonesinnearbybusinesses.Intownstherearepublicphonesinthepostofficeandtelephoneserviceoffice.

Part2Balsocollectsinformationontheamountofmoneyspentforthelastmonthforeachofthehouseholdutilities.Ifthecostsofthese

serviceshasvarieddramaticallyoverthe12monthsbeforethesurveyandifthesevariationshavedifferedfordifferentpartsofthecountry,thenitmaybenecessarytoasknotonlyforthelastmonthbutamonthlyaverageforthelastyear.

Section3.Education

Schoolingisoftenanimportantobjectiveofpublicpolicy.Schoolingisalsooftenfoundtobeanimportantdeterminantofindividualandhouseholdbehavior.Theeducationsectioncontainsthreeparts:attainmentandexpenditures,careofchildrenandtraining.InPartAself-reportedliteracyandnumeracy,yearsofschoolingcompleted,highestdegreeattained,attendanceandexpenditureoneducationarecollectedforeachindividual7yearsandolder.Thecutoffof7yearsmaybeloweredifsixorfiveyearoldchildrenoftenattendschool.Responsecategoriesforquestions1and10shouldbespecifiedtoreflecttheimportanceofvariouslanguagesinthesurveycountry.Questions1-3mayberedundantorpoliticallysensitivedependingonthesituationinthesurveycountry.Forquestion3,literacyinanylanguagemaybesufficient.Ontheotherhand,languageofliteracyandinstructionmaybeanindicatorofthequalityofinstruction.Itwillbenecessarytofindanacceptablewordingsothattheinformationmaybegatheredwithoutgivingoffense.

SincethedissolutionoftheSovietUnion,thenumberofchildrenwhodonotattendschoolorwholeaveschoolearlyisbelievedtobeincreasing.Question13and25askthereasonsfornonattendance.Alsosinceindependence,thestructureofeducationalinstitutionsisdiversifying.Questionsmayneedtobeaddedormodifiedinordertocapturenewaswellasoldstructures.

Page15

ThesecondpageofPart3Aasksfortheamountspentbyitemforeachindividualinthelast12months.Detailedschoolingexpendituresarecollectedtoensurecompleterecallofallexpenditures.Italsopermitsanalysisofthecomponentsofeducationexpenditureanddistributionofhouseholdexpenditureonschoolingamongchildreninthehousehold.Informationonthedistancetoschooliscollectedbecausethecostintimeandmoneyoftravellingtoschoolcanaffectenrollmentandattendance.

Anotherpost-independencechangecommoninthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,isthelossofemployer-providedchildcare.Part3Bcollectsinformationonuseofchildcarefacilitiesandontheamountspentonchildcareinthelastmonthforeachchildundertheageof7inthehousehold.

Part3Cgathersinformationforallhouseholdmembersage16andolderonthetypeofandamountspentfortrainingotherthanformalschooling.ThequestionsinthissectionshouldreflectthetypeoftrainingprogramsofferedbytheMinistryofLaborandotherinstitutionsandelicittheinformationnecessaryforevaluatingcoverage,usage,applicabilityoftheexistingprogram.

Onallquestionsconcerninglabor,labortrainingandjobclassification,itisverydifficulttomakeWesterndistinctionsmakesense.IntheSovietUnion,allpeopleareeitherclerks,workersorpeasants."Clerk"isextremelybroadandincludesbankers,functionaries,hairdressers,electricaltechniciansandsalesclerks.ItisextremelydifficulttophraseaquestionsothattheDeputyPresidentoftheBankcanbedistinguishedfromthesecurityguard,telephoneoperatororcleaner.Thatistosaythatdegreeofresponsibility,autonomyandphysicallaborcannotbeinferredfromtheanswertoasinglequestion.

IntheSovietUnion,workersofalllevelsandprofessionstook

trainingcoursesinordertoobtainahigherqualification.Thegovernmentchauffeurandthefactoryaccountantwouldbothrespond"togetahigherqualification"whenaskedwhatwasthepurposeofthelasttrainingcoursetaken.Itseemsthatinmanycasesthetrainingdidn'tfocusonparticularskills.Itisnotclearthatrespondentswillunderstandthedistinctionbetweenprofessionalskillsandtechnicalskills.(Workerswhoweldalltheirlivesareprofessionalweldersandiftheyfollowacoursetolearntoweldbetterthentheyhaveimprovedtheirprofessionalskills.)

Section4.Health

Likeeducation,healthisaprimaryconcernofpublicpolicyandaveryimportantindicatorofthestandardoflivingofindividuals.Thepurposeofsection4isascertaingenerallevelofhealthofhouseholdmembers,theutilizationofhealthfacilities,andthelevelofexpenditureonconsultations,medicines,treatmentandhospitalization.Section4containsfourparts:chronicillnessanddisability,recentillnessorinjury,generalhealth,andactivitiesofdailyliving.Chronicillnessanddisabilityareincludedinaseparatesectionbecausechronicillnessaffectsdemandforhealthservices,expenditureonhealthservicesandstandardoflivingdifferentlyfromacuteorshort-termillnessorinjury.

Theinformationrequestedhereisnotintendedtomeasureallhealthcareutilizationortomeasuretheincidenceofillnesses.7Theinformationisintendedtoanalyzetheuseofhealthcare

7Thelatterpointisespeciallyimportant.Ingeneral,LSMSsurveyscover20005000households.Therelativelysmallsamplesizehasmanyadvantagesandonlyafewdrawbacks.However,oneofthosedrawbacksis

(Footnotecontinuedonnextpage)

Page16

facilities.Onlyoneillnessorinjuryisrecorded,althoughanindividualmayhavehadmorethanoneinthelastfourweeks.Thequestionnairecontainsquestionsonthefirstapplicationforcare,onasecondapplicationforcareandafewquestionsonadditionaltreatmentandhospitalization.Ifshorteningthequestionnairewereahighprioritythenquestionscouldbelimitedonlytothefirstconsultation.Whilethismaynotbeanimportantlimitationincountrieswherehealthfacilitiesarenotnumerous,itmaybeaseriouslimitationincountriesoftheformerSovietUnionwherethereisalargenumberandvarietyofhealthfacilities.

InthetransitionalhealthsystemoftheformerSovietUnionmanystatehealthfacilitiesareindisarrayandprivatehealthenterprisesarenotwidespread.Forinstance,patientsrequiringanoperationaregivenalistofmedicinesandsuppliesneeded.Whenthepatientobtainseverythingonthelistthenthesurgerycanbeperformed.Theremaybenochargefortheoperation,butinfactagreatdealmayhavebeenspenttogetputonthescheduleandobtainallthesupplies.Thishasbeenreflectedinthewordingoftheexpenditurequestionsinthissection.

Itisverycommonforhealthprofessionalsandhealthfacilitiestodemandinformalpaymentorcashorinkindevenforservicesthatare,inprinciple,tobeprovidedfreeofcharge.Themostcommonsituationobservednowistohavehealthcareworkersinstatefacilitiesmakinginformalchargestothepatientsinordertoprovidethemselveswithasalary.Sometimesthesepaymentsarequitesmallandoptional;evenbeforeindependence,peoplewouldoftentakesmallgiftssuchasaboxofteawiththemwhentheygotothedoctor.Inothercases,thepaymentisquitehighandactuallyabribethatmustbepaidinordertoreceivesomeserviceanythingfromanappointment,toaprescription,tocleanbedsheets.Facilitiesarenotsufficientlysupportedandoperatewithlittleornoequipment.

Responsecodesinquestion6and7(and16and17)shouldbeadjustedtoreflecttheexistingoptionsforhealthcareinthesurveycountry.Notethatquestionsregardingemployerprovidedhealthanddentalbenefitsareaskedintheeconomicactivitiessectionofthequestionnaire.Ifprivatehealthinsurancethatisnotemployer-relatedexists,questionsofmedical/dentalinsuranceexpendituresshouldbeaddedtotheexpendituresectionandquestionsofcoverageofexpensesbyinsuranceshouldbeaddedtothehealthsection.

(Footnotecontinuedfrompreviouspage)

thatwhileeventsthataffectarelativelyhighproportionofthepopulation,forexampleschoolenrollment,canbeestimatedwithprecision;eventsthataffectaverysmallproportionofthepopulation,forexampleincidenceofacertainillness,cannotbeestimatedwithacceptableprecision.ForafullerdiscussionofsamplesizeinLSMSsurveys,seeGroshandMuñoz,1996.

Page17

Box3.TermsintheHealthsection.

Doctorsmuststudyatleast5yearsattheInstituteandobtainadiplomaofsuperioreducation.

Nursesstudyatasecondaryspecializedschoolfor4yearsafter8yearsofsecondaryschool.

Feldshersstudy4yearsatasecondaryspecializedschoolafter10yearsofsecondaryschool.Theyareabletodomostofthethingsdoctorsdo,treatillness,prescribemedication,dominorsurgery.Theydonothavetherighttodospecializedsurgery.

Ahealermeansatraditionalhealer.

Apolyclinicprovidesgeneralhealthserviceandisthefirstpointofaddressformosthealthproblems.Thedoctorsthenreferpatientstohealthcenters,hospitalsandclinics.Alltypesofdoctorsandtherapistscanbefoundatpolyclinics.Polyclinicshavefacilitiesforminorsurgerybutthereisnoin-patientcare.

Afeldsherpostservesthepurposeofapolyclinicinavillagetoosmallorremotetosupportapolyclinic.Afeldsherpostisgenerallyverysmall,perhapsoneroom,andstaffedbyafeldsherwhomayormaynotbeassistedbyanurse.Firstaidandgeneralmedicalcareareprovided.Forspecialsurgeryandothertreatmentinvolvingspecialequipmentorspecially-trainedhealthcareprofessionals,areferralismadetoanotherhealthfacility.

Awoman'sconsultationislikeapolyclinicbutconcernsonlywomenwhoarepregnantorsufferingfromillnessesofthefemaleorgans.Thereisnoin-patienttreatment.Abortionsatlessthan5weeksareperformedinthewoman'sconsultation.

Amaternityhomehasin-patientfacilitiesforwomentogivebirth.Surgeryonfemaleorgansisalsoperformedatthematernityhome.

Abortionsafterthe5thweekaredoneinmaternityhomes.

Ahealthcenter(dispenserinRussianbutnotdispensaryinEnglish)providescareforaspecifictypeofseriousillnesssuchascancer,sexualdiseases,orlungproblems.Careisgivenbydoctorsandnursesandtherearefacilitiesforin-patientcare.

Ahospitalisbiggerthanahealthcenterandprovidescareandsurgeryforallmaladies.

Aclinicprovidesexperimentaltreatmentandconductsscientificexperiments.Forinstance,cancerpatientsmaygotoaclinictoparticipateinatrialofthelatesttreatmenttechniques.

Asanatoriumisacombinationhospital/nursinghome/healthspa.Eachsanatoriumisdevotedtothecareofaspecifictypeofhealthproblem.Holisticcareisprescribedincludingmedication,diet,exercise,useofnaturalspringsandothernaturalphenomenabelievedtohavecurativepowersinthetreatmentofthespecificdisease.Onlylong-term(usually24days)in-patientcareisavailable.

Section5.EconomicActivities

TheeconomicactivitiessectionoftheLSMSquestionnaire,whichcontainstenparts,isoneofthelongestandmostcomplicated.Thecomplexityarisesfromtheneedtocaptureaccuratelytheoccupation,benefitsandearningsofallhouseholdmembersincludingthosewhoareself-employedorinvolvedininformallaboractivities.

Page18

Allrespondents7yearsorolderaretoanswerpartA.8Respondentswhohaveworkedinaprofitablebusiness,arelative'senterprise,orathuntingoragriculturalactivitiesinthelast7daysproceedfrompartAtopartC.Respondentsnotinvolvedinthoseactivitiesinthelast7daysbutwhowereinvolvedinthelast12monthsproceedtopartE.Respondentswhodidnotworkinthelast12monthsbutwholookedforajobinthelast7daysproceedtopartBforquestionsonjobsearchandthentopartIforquestionsonothertimeuse.RespondentswhodidnotworkanddidnotlookforworkansweraquestiononthereasonfornotlookingforworkandthenproceedtopartI.

Part5Cisthelongestandcontainsquestionsonhoursofwork,earningsfromwork,salaries,benefitsandotherrenumerationincashandinkind,andworkconditionsforthemainworkinthepast7days.TwocharacteristicsofemploymentinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnionarereflectedinthequestionsinthissection.Thefirstisthat,intheSovietUnion,aperson'splaceofemploymentservedasthepointofcontactbetweenthegovernmentandtheindividual.Benefits,includingchildandbreadallowances,weredistributedthroughenterprisesaspartoftheindividual'spaycheck.Theenterprisewasthesourceofawiderangeofmaterialbenefitsincludingchildcare,maternityleave,healthcare,sanatoriumandvacationvouchers,reducedpricefoodstuffs,eventicketstotheoperawouldoftenbedistributedthroughtheenterprise.Benefitsandresourceswouldbeallocatedamongenterprisesbythegovernmentandthenitwaslefttotheenterprisestoallocatethosebenefitsamongitsemployees.Enterprisesreceivedacertainallotmentofdaysinresthomesandsanatoriafortheiremployees,theseweregiventotheemployeesandconstitutedareduced-price(sometimesfree)stayataresort.Itwasalsotheenterprisethatwouldberesponsiblefortheallocationofsicklists.9Sincethebreak-upoftheplannedeconomy,manyenterprisesarenolongerabletoprovideallofthesebenefits

becausethegovernmentisnolongerprovidingthem.

Inadditiontothedeteriorationofthesebenefits,manyenterprisesrunwagearrearsanditiscommonforemployeestobepaidinoutputfromtheenterprise.Thequestionsinthissectionhavebeendesignedtocaptureboththemagnitudeofnon-wagebenefitsreceivedandtheextenttowhichemployeeshavelostbenefits.

Part5Dcollectsinformationonhoursworkedandtypeofactivityofadditionalworkundertakeninthelast7days,ifrespondentansweredyestoquestion61inpart5C.Respondentswhoworkedinthelast7daysandthosewhoworkedinthelast12monthsthenanswerthequestionsinpart5Eonsearchforadditionalemployment.

Part5Freplicatesthequestionsinpart5Conworkhours,conditionsandrenumerationforrespondentswhoworkedinthelast12monthsbutnotinthelast7daysandforrespondentswhosemainjobinthelast12monthsdifferedfromtheirmainjobinthelast7days.Part5Gasksquestions

8Again,thechoiceofcutoffagewillreflectatrade-off.Itisunnecessarilytime-consumingtoaskquestionsofhouseholdmemberswhoarenotinvolvedinthelaborforce.Ontheotherhand,itisimportantthatallcontributionstohouseholdlaborincomearecaptured.Thefieldtestshouldusethelowestreasonableage,thecut-offagecouldthenbeadjustedupwardiftheresultsofthefieldtestshowthatnochildrenbelowagivenageareworking.9Asicklistisabluepieceofpaperprovidedbythedoctortothepatientindicatingtheillnessandtheprescribedperiodoftreatment.Presentationofasicklistentitledtheworkertodaysoffwith100%payforthespecifiedtime,usually3daysatfirst,withthepossibilityofextensionsto30daysandlongerinexceptionalcases.

Page19

onemploymenthistory,5Honadditionalworkinthelast12months,5Ionotheractivitiesand5Jonotherincome.ThetypesofincomelistedinPart5Jreflectthemonetarybenefitsthatareearnedbyindividualsbutarenotrelatedtoemployment.Thislistshouldbelengthenedtoincludeallbenefitsthatmaybeavailabletoindividualsinthesurveycountry.Anybenefitsthatarenolongerpaidshouldbeexcluded.InformationonhouseholdincomethatdoesnotaccruetoanysingleindividualisgatheredinSection14.

OtherthanthelistofitemsinPart5J,Section5shouldnotrequiresubstantialrevision.However,questionsinPart5C,andthoseinPart5G,shouldincludeallrelevantjobbenefitsandrenumerationandcurrentlegislation.Forexample,iftherewerenominimumwagelawthenquestion52wouldnotberelevant.

Section6.Migration

Questionsinthemigrationsectionareaskedofallhouseholdmembersage15andolder.Migrationofyoungerhouseholdmembersispresumedtobelinkedtothemigrationoftheirparents.However,itispossiblethattheiraremanychildrenmovingawayfromtheirparents'householdintoarelative'shousehold.Ifsuchapracticewerecommoninthesurveycountrythenloweringtheagecutoffforthemigrationsectionshouldbeconsidered.

Governmentpolicycanhavedirectandindirecteffectsoninternalandinternationalmigrationandmigrationisoneofthewaysahouseholdcanimproveitsstandardofliving.Ontheotherhand,migrationmayhavebeenforcedandactuallyresultinasignificantdropinstandardofliving.Theinformationgatheredinthissectioncanaidtheanalysisoftheimpactofvariouspoliciesandconditionsonmigrationofthepopulationandofthelaborforce.

Thissectionincludesquestionsonthesizeoftheplaceofbirth,

registrationatcurrentplaceofresidence,reasonforleavingplaceofbirth,reasonforcomingtocurrentplaceofresidenceandnumberofplaceslivedduringrespondent'slife.ResidentsoftheSovietUnionwererequiredtoberegisteredintheirplaceofresidence,movementamonghousesandamongtownswasrestricted.Accesstoemployment,healthandotherpublicserviceswouldbelimitedforpeoplewhowerenotproperlyregistered.TheimportanceofregistrationandtherangeofservicestiedtoregistrationisnowlikelytovaryamongthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

Conditionsinthesurveycountrywilldeterminethenationalitiesspecifiedinquestion1andthereasonslistedinquestions8and12.

Section7.RespondentsforRoundTwo

TheLSMSquestionnaireisdesignedtobeadministeredintworoundstwoweeksapart.Thisstructureservesseveralpurposes:itallowsforomissionsandinconsistenciesintheanswersprovidedinthefirstroundtobeclarifiedanditestablishesaclearreferenceperiodthatwillbeusedintheconsumptionmodule.Thepurposeofsection7istoidentifytherespondentswhowillbeinterviewedinthesecondround.Themostknowledgeablehouseholdmemberisaskedtoidentifyanyrefugeesordisplacedpersonsinthehousehold,thememberofthehouseholdwhoismostknowledgeableregardingagriculturalactivities,otherhouseholdenterprises,businesses,shoppingforfood,andhousehold

Page20

expensesandincome.Finally,inquestion12theinterviewerselectsonewomanfromamongthewomenofthehouseholdbetweentheagesof15and50torespondtoSection13onfertility.

Section8.DisplacedPersonsandRefugees

ThedissolutionoftheformerSovietUnionhasresultedinlargescalemovementofpopulationinmanyplaces.DuringtheSovietUniontherewasagreatdealofforcedmigrationofvariousethnicitiesfromoneregionoftheUSSRtoanother.Peoplehavetakenadvantageofthebreakuptoreturntotheiroriginalplaceofresidence.FightingandwarsinAzerbaijan,Tadjikistanandelsewherehavecreatedrefugeepopulations.AspecialquestionnairesectiononDisplacedpersonsandrefugeeswillnotbenecessaryinmostofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,butinsomecountriesrefugeesmakeupalargeproportionofthepopulationandareofsignificantpublicpolicyimportance.

ThequestionsinPart8Acovertheamountofcontactbetweentherefugeesandtheircommunityfromtheplaceoforigintodetermineifthatcommunitystructurecanbeusedintheorganizationofsocialservices.Therearealsoquestionsontheamountandtypeofassistancethatthesehouseholdmembersarecurrentlyreceiving.Thisisimportantintheevaluationofhouseholdeconomicsituation.Questionsonsourceandtypeofassistancemustbetailoredaccordingtothereliefprograminthecountry.

Part8Baskswhichhouseholdassetswererefugeesabletobringwiththemandwhichtheyexpecttobeabletorecoveriftheyreturn.Thesequestionscanprovideimportantinsightsintothecurrentlivingsituationandneedsoftherefugeepopulationsandintotheirneedsiftheyweretoreturn.Therelevanceofthesequestionsandthewaytheyshouldbephrasedwilldependonthecauseofmigrationandvaryfromonecountrytothenext.

Section9.Agro-PastoralActivities

Theagriculturalsectionisverylongandcomplicatedreflectingthefactthatagriculturalassetsareanimportantstoreofwealthaswellasbeingasourceofincome.ThesectionisfurthercomplicatedbythevarietyofagriculturalentitiesinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.LandownershipisaverycontentiousissuethroughouttheSovietUnion.Manyplaceshavebegunprivatizationoflandbutitisthelongtermrightstousetheland,notthelanditself,thatcanbebought,soldandowned.Thelawsthatapplytoownershipofhousesandapartmentsdifferfromthosethatapplytolandbecauseofthedistinctionbetweenproductiveandnon-productivecapital.

IntheSovietUnion,allfarmingwasdonebySovhozes(statefarms)andkolhozes(collectivefarms).Sovhozesaregenerallymuchlargerthankolhozesandtheyarerundifferently.SovhozesareanalogoustoStateenterprises.Inadditiontothecropsandanimalstherewouldbesomeindustrialproductionfacilities,forexample,acheesefactorywithadairyfarm.SovhozesweremanagedbyadirectorappointedbytheState.Kolhozeswerefarmercollectives.Thefarmerselectedapresidenttorunthefarmbutmanydecisionsregardingproductionandthedivisionofworkweremadebyacounselofthefarmers.Kolhozesexercisedsomedegreeofautonomy.Landwasfarmedtogether,vehicles,buildings,fuelwerepurchasedandownedjointly.Inadditiontothelandthatwasjointlyfarmedbythecollective,eachmemberwasallottedlandforagardenplotandaccesstograzingland.Theworkofthefarmerswasveryspecialized.Somefarmersoperatedthetractors,otherswereresponsiblefor

Page21

irrigation,othersforweeding.AllbusinessandmarketingdecisionsweredelegatedtotheRegionalCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyandtheMinistryofAgriculture.

Theentireagriculturalsectionwillneedtobeadaptedtoreflectthestateofprivatizationandagriculturalreforminthecountry.Forexample,ifthereisnoprivateownershipofland,thenquestions2through6fromPart9Ashouldbeexcluded.

Section10.Non-farmSelf-Employment

Section10includesquestionsthatcoverworkingconditions,assets,expendituresandrevenuesforuptothreetrades,businesses,productionandprofessionalservicesthatmembersofthehouseholdownorrun.Thepurposeistomeasurenetincomeofthehouseholdfromnon-farmbusinessesrunorownedbymembersofthehouseholdandtoprovideanestimateofthevalueoftheassetsofthosebusinesses.

Thereferenceperiodforexpendituresandrevenuesisleftopenfortherespondenttospecifyanamountandatimeframe.Forexample,therespondentcouldreportspending$10aweekor$520ayear.Theflexibilityisadvantageousbecauseifatimeframeisspecified,thentherespondentisrequiredtodosomementaldivisionormultiplication.Thespecificationofashorttimeframealsoopensthepossibilitythatsometypesofexpenditureswillbemissed.Ontheotherhand,inconditionsofinflationitmaybenecessarytoknowwhenthelastexpenditurewasmade.

Section11.ExpendituresandDurableGoods

Oftenhouseholdconsumptionexpenditureisusedineconomicanalysisratherthanhouseholdincomeasanindicatorofhouseholdeconomicwell-beingbecauseconsumptionexpenditureislessvolatile.Expenditureamountsarecollectedinseveralpartsofthe

questionnaire:housingandutilityexpendituresarecollectedinSection2,educationexpendituresinSection3,healthexpendituresinSection4,andfoodexpendituresinSection12.Section11collectsamountofexpenditureondailyitems(Part11A)andotherannualexpenses(Part11B).

Part11Aasksforamountspenton14categoriesofdailyuseitems.Thereferenceperiodis''sincemylastvisit"whichisintendedtobetwoweeks.Ifadifferentfieldworkscheduleisusedthenthereferenceperiodmustbeamendedsothatitrepresentsthesamelengthoftimeforeachhousehold.

AnnualexpensesaregatheredinPart11B.Asinglerecallperiodof12monthsisused.Inconditionsofhighinflation,itmaybenecessarytouseashorterrecallperiod.Ashorterrecallperiodwouldhavetheadditionaladvantageofincreasingtheaccuracyoftheresponses,asitisadmittedlydifficulttoestimatetheamountspentinthelastyear.Useofashorterrecallperiodmeansthatinfrequentlypurchaseditemsareoftenmissed.Inestimatingaverageexpenditureacrosshouseholdsthiswouldnotposeaproblembutitdoesposeaproblemintryingtocalculateexpenditurefiguresthatarecomparableacrosshouseholds;ahouseholdthatpurchasedacarwithinthetwoweeksbeforethesurveywouldlookmuch"richer"thanotherhouseholdswhentheexactoppositemaybethecase.

Part11Cgathersinformationonthetype,valueandyearofpurchaseof19typesofdurablegoods.Withthisinformation,analysisusingthedatacanincludeownershipofcertaindurablegoodstocontrolforwealthofthehousehold.Itisalsopossibletocalculateause-valueofthedurablegoodsthat

Page22

areownedbythehouseholdandimputeduse-valuecanthenbeaddedtohouseholdexpendituretocapturemorecompletelytheeconomicpositionofthehousehold.OftenusersofLSMSsurveysaremoreinterestedindistinguishingpoorfrommoderatehouseholdsratherthanrichfromveryrichhouseholdsandthelistofdurablegoodsinPart11Creflectsthatpropensity.

InmanyofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnionthesaleofhouseholddurablegoodshasbecomeacommonwayofsupportingconsumptionespeciallyamongpensioners.Inordertomeasuretheimpactofthisinsurveyhouseholds,questionshavebeenincludedinPart11Ctogatherinformationonitemssoldandmoneyearnedfromdurablegoodsalesinthelast12months.ThereportedamountscanbecomparedtothosereportedinSection14.

Value,yearofacquisition,resalevalue,andrentalincome,ifany,forRealEstateAssetsotherthanthedwellingandagriculturaluselandarecollectedinPart11D.Theapplicabilityandcontentofthissectionwilldependonthelegalsituationinthecountryofthesurvey.

HouseholdexpenditureonmoneyandgoodssentasremittancestoindividualswhoarenotmembersofthehouseholdisincludedinPart11E.Questionsareincludedtoidentifytheindividualinthehouseholdwhoisthesourceoftheremittanceandthetypeofrelationandsizeoftownoftherecipient.

Section12.FoodExpenditureandConsumption

Measuringfoodconsumptionofhouseholdsisveryimportantformanyreasons.Foodoftenaccountsforalargeshareoftotalhouseholdexpenditure,especiallyinpoorerhouseholds.Also,thehealthandwell-beingofindividualsdependsonthetypesandamountoffoodthatarebeingeateninthehousehold.InmanyofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,foodpricestoconsumersarestillsetor

supportedbythegovernment.Measuringconsumptionpatternsisimportanttotheanalysisoftheincidenceofsuchsubsidies.Fifty-sevenfoodcategorieshavebeenincluded.Itisimportanttocapturethemostimportantitemsinthelocaldiet,avarietyoffoods,andthosefoodsthataresubjecttopublicpolicy.Thecontentofthelistmayneedtobeadaptedforthesurveycountry.

Box5.TermsintheFoodCategories

Groatscontainsbuckwheatandoats.

TheRussianwordforcategory20istranslatedvegetablemarrowwhichincludespumpkins,squash,zucchini,etc.butnotcantaloupeorothermelons.

GrapescanbeconsideredberriesandnotfruitinRussian.

Watermelonsandmelonsarealsonotconsideredfruit.

Otherfruitswouldincludepeaches,pears,plums.

Section13.Childbearing

PopulationgrowthandfertilityarenotusuallyproblemsofthesamemagnitudeinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnionastheyareinmanycountriesinAfricaandAsia.PopulationgrowthwasquitelowintheSovietUnionanditremainslowamongtheethnicRussianpopulationsinmanyoftheindependentcountries.Atthesametime,fertilityandpopulationgrowthamongthenon-Russian

Page23

populationsisoftenhigher.Also,infantmortalityisahealthprobleminmanyofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

Section13containsthecompletelistofthelivebirthsofthewomanchoseninSection7fromamongallofthewomeninthehouseholdage15to50torespondtothequestionsonfertility.Therearealsoquestionsonwhenshebegansexualrelations,thenumberofmiscarriagesandabortionsshehasexperiencedandonthebreastfeedingofhermostrecentchild.

InalmostallcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,accesstomodernmeansofcontraceptionisverylimited.IntheSovietUnionabortionwasthemostwidely-usedmeansoflimitingorspacingbirths.Forthisreason,questionsonuseofbirthcontrolarelimitedtotwoquestionsinSection4Congeneralhealth.Iffamilyplanningandcontraceptionaretheobjectofcurrentgovernmenteffortorconcernoriftherehasbeenapublicorprivatefamilyplanninginitiative,thenthequestionnairecouldbemodifiedtoincludeamorethoroughsetofquestionsonknowledge,availability,anduseofvariousmethodsofcontraception.

Section14.OtherSourcesofIncome

IncomefromemploymentandindividualgovernmentpaymentsisgatheredinSection5,fromagricultureinSection9,fromhouseholdbusinessesinSection10,fromthesaleofhouseholdassetsinSection11.IncomereceivedbyhouseholdmembersasremittancesfromindividualswhoarenothouseholdmembersiscollectedinPart14A.Part14Bcollectsinformationonincomereceivedfromothersourcesincludinginheritance,insurance,interestonloanstootherpeople,gifts,rentalofpropertyandaidfromnon-governmentalorganizations.Foreachtypeofincomerespondentsareaskedtoprovideanestimateoftheamountreceivedinthelast12monthsincashandthevalueoftheamountreceivedinkind.Again,ifthesurveycountryis

experiencinghighinflationduringthesurveyperiodthenitmaybenecessarytoshortentherecallperiodortoaskthequestionsintwoparts--theamountreceivedwithinthelasttwoweeksandtheamountreceivedinthelastyear.

Section15.LoansandSavings

Thepurposeofthissectionistomeasurethenetdebtofthehousehold.Itcanbeimportantinexplainingdiscrepanciesbetweenincomeandexpenditure.Italsoprovidesinsightintotheextenttowhichformalandinformalcreditmarketsareavailabletohouseholds.Thisinformationis,byfar,themostsensitiveofanycollectedinthehouseholdquestionnaireandforthisreasonithasbeenplacedattheveryendofthequestionnaire.Interviewersareinstructedtorespectthesensitivityofthesequestionsandtoaskthequestionsinprivatetothebest-informedperson.Ifprivacyisnotpossible,thentheinformantcanbeaskedtowritedowntheamountwhereonlytheinterviewercanseeit.

Page24

5AdaptingthePopulationPointandPriceQuestionnaireThehouseholdquestionnairecollectsinformationonhouseholduseofseveralpublicservicessuchashealthcare,schooling,andemploymentservices.Toanalyzetheimpactofpublicpolicyintheprovisionofthoseservices,itisnecessarytoknowwhatservicesareavailabletoeveryone,notonlytothehouseholdsthatdidusethem.Thisinformationiscollectedinthepopulationpointquestionnaire.

Ingeneral,thepopulationpointquestionnairewillrequirelessmodificationthanthehouseholdquestionnaireastheitemscoveredareofamoregeneralnature.Nevertheless,considerationofthesectionsandthequestionsinlightofexistingconditionsandpolicyconcernsofthesurveycountryisworthwhile.

EthnicgroupsmustbespecifiedinSection1.DemographicInformation.Asitis,Section1containsonegeneralquestiononnetimmigration.Largechangesinthepopulationofsomecommunitiesisafeatureoflifeinmanyofthenewlyindependentcountries.Additionalquestionscouldeasilybeaddedtospecifythenumberwhohaveemigratedorthetypesofpeoplewhohaveemigratedorthedestinationofmostemigrants.

Similarly,morespecificquestionscouldbeaskedregardingemploymentandindependenteconomicactivityinSection3,orregardingspecificeducationorhealthconcernsinsections5and6.Perhapsclosureofhealthfacilities,orrunningtwoorthreeshiftsinschoolsiscommon.Questionsshouldbeincludedtodeterminetheextenttowhichthepopulationpointwasaffected.IftheMinistryofAgriculturewasconsideringanassistanceschemethatwouldprovideveterinaryservicesforallanimalsbutonlyinpopulationpointswhere

horsesweregrown,thenaquestionshouldbeaddedtodeterminewhetherornotthepopulationpointwouldbeapartofthatscheme.Endlessexamplescouldbeimagined.Thequestionnairedesignerwillwanttoconsidereachsectionkeepinginmindthequestionsthatthedatashouldbeabletoaddress.

Section8containsaninventoryofpublicinstitutions.Forthissectionandsection2onInfrastructure,thelistofinstitutionsandservicesthatwillbeaskedcanbemodified.Cautionshouldbeusedinremovinginstitutionsbecause"almostevery"populationpointhasone.Forexample,existenceinthepopulationpointofadentistbecomesanimportantindicationofstandardoflivingpreciselyifthereareveryfewpopulationpointsthatdonothaveadentist.

Section9isthepricequestionnaire.Thepricequestionnairecontainsalistoffoodandnon-fooditems.Informationonlocalpricesisimportantincomparinglivingstandardsacrosshouseholdsandacrossregionsofthecountry.Thepricequestionnaireiscompletedineachareaatthesametimeasthehouseholdsurvey.Pricesshouldbecollectedforfrequentlypurchaseditems,itemsavailableinruralandurbanareas,pricesofspecialpolicyinterest,andfoodstaplesincludedintheconsumptionsection.

Manycountriesalreadycollectpriceinformation.Itisstillimportanttoadministerthepricequestionnaireatthesametimeasthehouseholdquestionnaire.Thisisespeciallytrueduringhighinflation.Evenwheninflationisnotanimportantconcern,pricesarenotlikelytobecollectedineverypointandtheabilitytolinkhouseholdstothepricesatthatplaceandtimeisveryusefulduringanalysis.

Page25

InsomeLSMSsurveys,facilityquestionnairesareusedtocompileextensiveinformationonthequalityservicesineachpopulationpoint.Inthesesurveys,eachmedicalfacility,forexample,isinterviewedtocollectinformationonprice,quality,andavailabilityofawidevarietyofservicesandsupplies.Facilityquestionnaireshavebeenusedtosurveyhealthfacilities,familyplanningfacilitiesandeducationfacilitiesinconjunctionwithLSMSsurveysinvariouscountries.

Page26

6ConclusionThispaperappliesthesubstantialexperienceofLSMSsurveysinthecontextofthenewlyindependentstates.TheLSMSquestionnairesprovidedherearedesignedtobeofassistancetothoseattemptingtoconducthouseholdsurveysonstandardoflivingorlivingconditionsintheRussian-speakingcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

However,thequestionnaire,asitis,isnotreadyforuse.Significanttimeandeffortwillberequiredinlengthydiscussionswithgovernmentauthoritiesandpolicymakers.Eachsectionmustbetailoredtoreflectexistinginstitutions,lawsandcustomsspecifictoeachcountry.Iftheexistinginstitutionsarenotreflectedthesurveywillbefrustratingtointerviewersandrespondents.Itwillalsofailtoprovideaccuratedata.

Justasimportantly,questionnairewritersmustunderstandtheimportantpolicyquestionsthatthedatawillbeexpectedtoaddress.Discussionamongpolicymakersanddataanalystswilldeterminethevariablesthatareneededtoaddressquestionsempirically.Failuretoconsultsufficientlywiththepolicymakersanddataanalysts,willsignificantlydecreasetheusefulnessofthedata.

LSMSexperiencehasshownthattimespentinquestionnairedevelopmentisusuallywell-repaid.Thequestionnaireiseasierforinterviewerstoadminister,anditismoreinterestingandmorestraightforwardforrespondentstoparticipate.Thosefactorsthencontributetoensuringthatthequestionnairescontainfewermistakesandareasmallerburdenforthedataentryoperators.Datathatarecleanerandmorerelevanttopolicyandcontributetomoreusefulandmorewidelyusedanalysis.

Page27

LSMSHouseholdQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

Page28

Page29

Page30

Page31

Page32

Page33

Page34

Page35

Page36

Page37

Page38

Page39

Page40

Page41

Page42

Page43

Page44

Page45

Page46

Page47

Page48

Page49

Page50

Page51

Page52

Page53

Page54

Page55

Page56

Page57

Page58

Page59

Page60

Page61

Page62

Page63

Page64

Page65

Page66

Page67

PART51.OTHERACTIVITIES

Page68

PART5J.OTHERINCOME

Page69

Section6.Migration

Page70

Section7.RespondentsForRoundTwo

Page71

Page72

ROUNDTWOEXPLAINAGAINTHEOBJECTIVESOFTHESURVEYANDTHECONFIDENTIALITYTHEDATA.READTHELISTOFHOUSEHOLDMEMBERS

DisplacedPersonsAndRefugees

PART8AMOVEMENTANDASSISTANCE

Page73

PART8B.PROPERTYOFDISPLACEDPERSONSANDREFUGEES

Page74

Section9.Agro-PastoralAcivities

PART9A.LAND

Page75

PART9B.CROPS

Page76

PART9B.CROPSContinued

Page77

PART9B.CROPSEnd

Page78

PART9C.CROPINPUTS

Page79

PART9C.CROPINPUTSEnd

Page80

PART9D.FOODPRODUCTSPRODUCEDFROMCROPSGROWNBYTHEHOUSEHOLD

Page81

PART9E.LIVESTOCK

Page82

PART9F.ANIMALPRODUCTS

Page83

PART9G.VETERINARYSERVICE

Page84

PART9I.HANDINSTRUMENTS

Page85

PART9K.AGRICULTURALCREDIT

Page86

Section10.Non-FarmSelfEmpoyment

Page87

Section10.Non-FarmSelfEmpoymentContinued

Page88

PART10BASSETS

Page89

PART10CEXPENDITURE

Page90

PART10DREVENUES

Page91

Section11ExpendituresAndDurableGoods

Page92

PART11BANNUALEXPENSES

Page93

PART11CDURABLEGOODS

Page94

PART11DREALESTATEASSETS

Page95

PART11EEXPENSESFORREMITTANCES

Page96

Section12FoodExpenditureAndConsumption

Page97

Section12AFoodExpenditureAndConsumptionContinued

Page98

Section12AFoodExpenditureAndConsumptionContinued

Page99

Section12FoodExpendingAndConsumptionEnd

Page100

Section13.Childbearing

Page101

Page102

Section14.OtherSourcesOfIncome

Page103

PART14B.INCOMEFROMOTHERSOURCES

Page104

Section15.LoansAndSavings

PART15A.MONEYANDGOODSLENTANDBORROWED

Page105

PART15B.LOANSRECEIVEDBYMEMBERSOFTHEHOUSEHOLD

Page106

PART15C.SAVINGS

Page107

LSMSPopulationPointQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

Page108

Page109

Page110

Page111

Page112

Page113

Page114

Page115

Page116

Page117

Page118

Page119

LSMSWorkingPapers

No.1

Chander,Grootaert,andPyatt,LivingStandardsSurveysinDevelopingCountries

No.2

Visaria,PovertyandLivingStandardsinAsia:AnOverviewoftheMainResultsandLessonsofSelectedHouseholdSurveys

No.3

UnitedNationsStatisticalOffice.MeasuringLevelsofLivinginLatinAmerica:AnOverviewofMainProblems

No.4

Scott,deAndre,andChander,TowardsMoreEffectiveMeasurementofLevelsofLiving,andReviewofWorkoftheUnitedNationsStatisticalOffice(UNSO)RelatedtoStatisticsofLevelsofLiving

No.5

Scott,deAndre,andChander,ConductingSurveysinDevelopingCountries:PracticalProblemsandExperienceinBrazil,Malaysia,andthePhilippines

No.6

Booker,deAndre,andChander,HouseholdSurveyExperienceinAfrica

No.7

Deaton,MeasurementofWelfare:TheoryandPracticalGuidelines

No.8

Mehran,EmploymentDatafortheMeasurementofLivingStandards

No.9

Wahab,IncomeandExpenditureSurveysinDevelopingCountries:SampleDesignandExecution

No.10

SaundersandGrootaert,ReflectionsontheLSMSGroupMeeting

No.11

Deaton,ThreeEssaysonaSriLankaHouseholdSurvey

No.12

Musgrove,TheECIELStudyofHouseholdIncomeandConsumptioninUrbanLatinAmerica:AnAnalyticalHistory

12 UrbanLatinAmerica:AnAnalyticalHistory

No.13

Martorell,NutritionandHealthStatusIndicators:SuggestionsforSurveysoftheStandardofLivinginDevelopingCountries

No.14

Birdsall,ChildSchoolingandtheMeasurementofLivingStandards

No.15

Ho,MeasuringHealthasaComponentofLivingStandards

No.16

Sullivan,Cochrane,andKalsbeek,ProceduresforCollectingandAnalyzingMortalityDatainLSMS

No.17

Grootaert,TheLaborMarketandSocialAccounting:AFrameworkofDataPresentation

No.18

Acharya,TimeUseDataandtheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy

No.19

Grootaert,TheConceptualBasisofMeasuresofHouseholdWelfareandTheirImpliedSurveyDataRequirements

No.20

Grootaert,Cheung,Fung,andTam,StatisticalExperimentationforHouseholdSurveys:TwoCasesStudiesofHongKong

No.21

WoodandKnight,TheCollectionofPriceDatafortheMeasurementofLivingStandards

No.22

GrootaertandCheung,HouseholdExpenditureSurveys:SomeMethodologicalIssues

No.23

Ashenfelter,Deaton,andSolon,CollectingPanelDatainDevelopingCountries:DoesitMakeSense?

No.24

Grootaert,MeasuringandAnalyzingLevelsofLivinginDevelopingCountries:AnAnnotatedQuestionnaire

No.25

GrootaertandDubois,TheDemandforUrbanHousingintheIvoryCoast

No.AinsworthandMuñoz,TheCôted'IvoireLivingStandardsSurvey:Design

No.26

AinsworthandMuñoz,TheCôted'IvoireLivingStandardsSurvey:DesignandImplementation

No.27

Grootaert,TheRoleofEmploymentandEarningsinAnalyzingLevelsofLiving:AGeneralMethodologywithApplicationstoMalaysiaandThailand

No.28

DeatonandCase,AnalysisofHouseholdExpenditures

No.29

Glewwe,TheDistributionofWelfareinCôted'Ivoirein1985

No.30

Deaton,Quality,Quantity,andSpatialVariationofPrice:EstimatingPriceElasticitiesfromCross-sectionalData

No.31

Suarez-Berenguela,FinancingtheHealthSectorinPeru

No.32

Suarez-Berenguela,InformalSector,LaborMarkets,andReturnstoEducationinPeru

No.33

vanderGaagandVijverberg,WageDeterminantsinCôted'Ivoire

(tablecontinuedonnextpage)

(tablecontinuedfrompreviouspage)

No.34

AinsworthandvanderGaag,GuidelinesforAdaptingtheLSMSLivingStandardsQuestionnairestoLocalConditions

No.35

DorandvanderGaag,TheDemandforMedicalCareinDevelopingCountries:QuantityRationinginRuralCôted'Ivoire

No.36

Newman,LaborMarketActivityinCôted'IvoireandPeru

No.37

Gertler,Locay,Sanderson,Dor,andvanderGaag,HealthCareFinancingandtheDemandforMedicalCare

No.38

Stelcner,Arriagada,andMoock,WageDeterminantsandSchoolAttainmentamongMeninPeru

No.39

Deaton,TheAllocationofGoodswithintheHousehold:Adults,Children,andGender

No.40

Strauss,TheEffectsofHouseholdandCommunityCharacteristicsontheNutritionofPreschoolChildren:EvidencefromruralCôted'Ivoire

No.41

Stelcner,vanderGaag,andVijverberg,Public-PrivateSectorWageDifferentialsinPeru,198586

No.42

Glewwe,TheDistributionofWelfareinPeru198586

No.43

Vijverberg,ProfitsfromSelf-Employment:ACaseStudyofCôted'Ivoire

No.44

DeatonandBenjamin,TheLivingStandardsSurveyandPricePolicyReform:AStudyofCocoaandCoffeeProductioninCôted'Ivoire

No.45

GertlerandvanderGaag,MeasuringtheWillingnesstoPayforSocialServicesinDevelopingCounties

No.Vijverberg,NonagriculturalFamilyEnterprisesinCôted'Ivoire:A

No.46

Vijverberg,NonagriculturalFamilyEnterprisesinCôted'Ivoire:ADescriptiveAnalysis

No.47

GlewweanddeTray,ThePoorduringAdjustment:ACaseStudyofCôted'Ivoire

No.48

GlewweandvanderGaag,ConfrontingPovertyinDevelopingCountries:Definitions,Information,andPolicies

No.49

ScottandAmenuvegbe,SampleDesignfortheLivingStandardsSurveysinGhanaandMauritania/PlansdesondagepourlesenquêtessurleniveaudevieauGhanaetenMauritanie

No.50

Laraki,FoodSubsidies:aCaseStudyofPriceReforminMorocco(alsoinFrench,50F)

No.51

StraussandMehra,ChildAnthropometryinCôted'Ivoire:EstimatesfromTwoSurveys,1985and1986

No.52

vanderGaag,Stelcner,andVijverberg,Public-PrivateSectorWageComparisonsandMoonlightinginDevelopingCountries:EvidencefromCôted'IvoireandPeru

No.53

Ainsworth,SocioeconomicDeterminantsofFertilityinCôted'Ivoire

No.54

GertlerandGlewwe,TheWillingnesstoPayforEducationinDevelopingCountries:EvidencefromRuralPeru

No.55

LevyandNewman,Rigiditédessalaires:Donnéesmicroéconomiquesetmacroéconomiquessurl'ajustementdumarchédutravaildanslesecteurmoderne(inFrenchonly)

No.56

GlewweanddeTray,ThePoorinLatinAmericaduringAdjustment:ACaseStudyofPeru

No.57

AldermanandGertler,TheSubstitutabilityofPublicandPrivateHealthCareoftheTreatmentofChildreninPakistan

No.Rosenhouse,IdentifyingthePoor:Is''Headship"aUsefulConcept?

No.58

Rosenhouse,IdentifyingthePoor:Is''Headship"aUsefulConcept?

No.59

Vijverberg,LaborMarketPerformanceasaDeterminantofMigration

No.60

JimenezandCox,TheRelativeEffectivenessofPrivateandPublicSchools:EvidencefromTwoDevelopingCountries

No.61

Kakwani,LargeSampleDistributionofSeveralInequalityMeasures:WithApplicationtoCôted'Ivoire

No.62

Kakwani,TestingforSignificanceofPovertyDifferences:WithApplicationtoCôted'Ivoire

No.63

Kakwani,PovertyandEconomicGrowth:WithApplicationtoCôted'Ivoire

No.64

Moock,Musgrove,andStelcner,EducationandEarningsinPeru'sInformalNonfarmFamilyEnterprises

No.65

AldermanandKozel,FormalandInformalSectorWageDeterminationinUrbanLow-IncomeNeighborhoodsinPakistan

No.66

VijverbergandvanderGaag,TestingforLaborMarketDuality:ThePrivateWageSectorinCôted'Ivoire

(tablecontinuedonnextpage)

(tablecontinuedfrompreviouspage)

No.67

King,DoesEducationPayintheLaborMarket?TheLaborForceParticipation,Occupation,Occupation,andEarningsofPeruvianWomen

No.68

Kozel,ThecompositionandDistributionofIncomeinCôted'Ivoire

No.69

Deaton,PriceElasticitiesfromSurveyData:ExtensionsandIndonesianResults

No.70

Glewwe,EfficientAllocationofTransferstothePoor:TheProblemofUnobservedHouseholdIncome

No.71

Glewwe,InvestigatingtheDeterminantsofHouseholdWelfareinCôted'Ivoire

No.72

PittandRosenzweig,TheSelectivityofFertilityandtheDeterminantsofHumanCapitalInvestments:ParametricandSemiparametricEstimates

No.73

Jacoby,ShadowWagesandPeasantFamilyLaborSupply:AnEconometricApplicationtothePeruvianSierra

No.74

Behrman,TheActionofHumanResourcesandPovertyonOneAnother:WhatWeHaveYettoLearn

No.75

GlewweandTwum-Baah,TheDistributionofWelfareinGhana,198788

No.76

Glewwe,Schooling,Skills,andtheReturnstoGovernmentInvestmentinEducation:AnExplorationUsingDatafromGhana

No.77

Newman,Jorgensen,andPradhan,Workers'BenefitsfromBolivia'sEmergencySocialFund

No.78

Vijverberg,DualSelectionCriteriawithMultipleAlternatives:Migration,WorkStatus,andWages

No. Thomas,GenderDifferencesinHouseholdResourceAllocations

No.79

Thomas,GenderDifferencesinHouseholdResourceAllocations

No.80

Grosh,TheHouseholdSurveyasaToolforPolicyChange:LessonsfromtheJamaicanSurveyofLivingConditions

No.81

DeatonandPaxson,PatternsofAginginThailandandCôted'Ivoire

No.82

Ravallion,DoesUndernutritionRespondtoIncomesandPrices?DominanceTestsforIndonesia

No.83

RavallionandDatt,GrowthandRedistributionComponentsofChangesinPovertyMeasure:ADecompositionwithApplicationstoBrazilandIndiainthe1980s

No.84

Vijverberg,MeasuringIncomefromFamilyEnterpriseswithHouseholdSurveys

No.85

DeatonandGrimard,DemandAnalysisandTaxReforminPakistan

No.86

GlewweandHall,PovertyandInequalityduringUnorthodoxAdjustment:TheCaseofPeru,198590

No.87

NewmanandGertler,FamilyProductivity,LaborSupply,andWelfareinaLow-IncomeCountry

No.88

Ravallion,PovertyComparisons:AGuidetoConceptsandMethods

No.89

Thomas,Lavy,andStrauss,PublicPolicyandAnthropometricOutcomesinCôted'Ivoire

No.90

Ainsworthandothers,MeasuringtheImpactofFatalAdultIllnessinSub-SaharanAfrica:AnAnnotatedHouseholdQuestionnaire

No.91

GlewweandJacoby,EstimatingtheDeterminantsofCognitiveAchievementinLow-IncomeCountries:TheCaseofGhana

No. Ainsworth,EconomicAspectsofChildFosteringinCôted'Ivoire

No.92

Ainsworth,EconomicAspectsofChildFosteringinCôted'Ivoire

No.93

Lavy,InvestmentinHumanCapital:SchoolingSupplyConstraintsinRuralGhana

No.94

LavyandQuigley,WillingnesstoPayfortheQualityandIntensityofMedicalCare:Low-IncomeHouseholdinGhana

No.95

SchultzandTansel,MeasurementofReturnstoAdultHealth:MorbidityEffectsonWageRatesinCôted'IvoireandGhana

No.96

Louat,Grosh,andvanderGaag,WelfareImplicationsofFemaleHeadshipinJamaicanHousehold

No.97

ColombeandDemery,HouseholdSizeinCôted'Ivoire:SamplingBiasintheCILSS

No.98

GlewweandJacoby,DelayedPrimarySchoolEnrollmentandChildhoodMalnutritioninGhana:AnEconomicAnalysis

No.99

BakerandGrosh,PovertyReductionthroughGeographicTargeting:HowWellDoesItWork?

No.100

DattandRavallion,IncomeGainsforthePoorfromPublicWorksEmployment:EvidencefromTwoIndianVillages

(tablecontinuedonnextpage)