module 2 introduction to cyberbullying (1) mona o'moore, conor mc guckin, lucie corcoran, niall...

Module 2

Introduction to Cyberbullying(1)Mona O'Moore, Conor Mc Guckin, Lucie Corcoran, Niall Crowley

(2)Juan Calmaestra, Rosario del Rey, Rosario Ortega (3)Joaquín A. Mora-Merchán

(1)Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), (2)University of Cordoba (Spain), (3)University of Seville (Spain)

Module 2: Introduction to Cyberbullying

Objectives and envisaged learning outcomes

Understanding the connection between traditional bullying and cyberbullying

Definition of cyberbullying

Gain understanding of the nature of cyberbullying

Getting an overview about the various methods used to cyberbully

Recognising the potential effects of cyberbullying

Cyber-bullying

Definition of cyberbullying and differentiation from traditional bullying

Some data about cyberbullying

Forms (Internet / Mobile)

Impact / Potential consequences

Victims, perpetratorsand bystanders

Traditional bullying

Definition

A student is being bullied when another student, or a group of students

• Say mean and unpleasant things or make fun of him or her or call him or her mean and hurtful names;

• Completely ignore or exclude him or her from their group of friends or leave him or her out of things on purpose;

• Hit, kick, push and shove around, or threaten him or her;

• Tell lies or false rumours about him or her or send mean notes and try to make other students dislike him or her;

(Olweus, 1993)

Definition

Bullying has 3 main criteria:

intention to cause harm to the victim;

repetition of the abusive behaviour over a period of time;

imbalance of power between the victim and bully/bullies.

However, one particularly severe incident, which creates an ongoing sense of intimidation can also be considered bullying.

Definition

Systematic victmisation

Physical aggression

Verbal abuse

Gestures – often threatening

Exclusion

Extortion

Is there a typical victim?

Anyone can become a victim!

Risk factors:

an anxious, sensitive, shy, insecure and cautious temperament;

few good friends;

low self-esteem;

a passive, non-aggressive, or non-assertive manner;

an emotionally reactive manner;

and clumsy behaviour when attempting to enter or join a peer group

reflecting a difference, e.g., accent, religion, culture, race, special needs

Characteristics of a typical bully

Bullies often display specific characteristics, such as:

a need to dominate others; low self-control; an impulsive nature; low anxiety; a tendency to blame the victim; tough poise; a positive attitude towards aggression; a lack of sensitivity and empathy; a tendency towards other anti-social behaviour; a loud manner; and sometimes they have also been victims themselves.

Why do children bully (traditional/cyber) others?

O'Moore believes that bullying is an attempt to manipulate relationships with the aim of meeting one's psychological needs.

Examples of such needs include:

a desire to control;

a need to assert one’s dominance;

attention seeking;

desire to show off;

or desire to improve one's social status.

What happens during bullying?

Bullying creates stress

o if stress continues over a period of time, illness is a common consequence

Bullying has been linked to a number of negative effects, including:

o low self-esteem;

o educational underperformance;

o anxiety, bedwetting, abdominal pain, and feeling tense;

o depression, self-harming and suicidal thoughts.

The distribution of roles in bullying

Distribution in % Perpetrators 8%

Assistants 7%

Reinforcers 20%

Victims 12%

Defenders 17%

Outsiders 24%

Others 12%

Salmivalli et al. (1996) were able

to identify clear roles within the

process of bullying for 88% of

the school children surveyed.

The results were replicated in a

study in German comprehensive

schools (Schäfer & Korn, 2004).

Fellow pupils have an important role in the process of bullying. Therefore, it is sensible to begin an intervention at the class level.

Role of bystanders

Bystanders who witness cyberbullying often act in diverse ways:

Some join in

Some cheer on the bully

Others watch but don‘t participate

Some leave

Some object to others or to the bully

Some try to help the victim

Some report to someone who might help

1. Has your child ever been a victim of bullying or cyberbullying? (yes/no)

2. Have you ever been targeted? (yes/no)

3. Imagine your child is being cyberbullied. Who would you contact first?

o School/teacher

o School social worker

o Information centres

o Other

4. Do you think bullies should be prosecuted / Do you think we need an additional law regarding cyberbullying? (yes/no)

Getting started: cluster

Cyberbullying - Definition

Cyber-bullying

Definition of cyberbullying and differentiation from traditional bullying

Cyberbullying

“Cyberbullying is any behaviour performed through electronic or

digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedly

communicates hostile or aggressive messages intended to inflict

harm or discomfort on others.“

(Tokunaga 2010)

Cyberbullying - Definition

Cyberbullying

The transition between “school bullying” and cyberbullying is fluid.

Cyberbullies can also bully using traditional, direct tactics.

Cyberbullying means that bullying is no longer restricted to the area of the school - it can be continued anywhere and at any time.

Research has shown that there is an overlap between traditional bullying and cyberbullying.

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying – The problem

Cyberbullying can sometimes be extremely severe for a number of reasons.

Although a cyberbully may post a humiliating photo / video clip only once, it can be viewed by a huge audience.

Power can takes a different form in cyber space, such as anonymity or superior technological skills.

Technology allows a bully to attack their victim 24 hours a day in almost any location.

Cyberbullies are often not able to see or hear their victim’s reaction to the abuse. This can reduce feelings of empathy or guilt which might put a stop to bullying in the real world.

Cyberbullying – The problem

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying - Forms

Cyber-bullying

Forms (Internet / Mobile)

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying can be categorised based on the type of behaviour:

Flaming Harassment Denigration Impersonation Outing Trickery Exclusion Cyber stalking

Alternatively, it can be categorised on the type of media … (cp. next slides)

Forms of Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying – Forms

Mobile

Repeated anonymous calls

SMS (threats, intimidation, insults)

Humiliating pictures/videos distributed online

Instant Messenger

• Sending cruel messages,images,videos

• Using someone else‘s account to send unpleasent messages etc.

Cyberbullying

Chat rooms

Sending cruel, threatening messages

Ignoring a person/people in a group

Making friendships under false pretences

E-Mail

Sending cruel, threatening messages

Sending inappropriate content (videos, images)

Access a personal account (e.g., in order to forward, delete personal e-mails)

Cyberbullying

Webcams

Recording inappropriate content

Posting private recordings online (e.g., following a relationship break up)

Social networks

Publishing cruel images, comments

Accessing someone else‘s account and abusing it

Hategroups

Creating a fake profile and acting in the name of the bullied victim

Cyberbullying

Video/Photo sharing websites

Publishing embarrassing or humiliating videos or images

Posting private recordings online, e.g., after a relationship breaks up

Gaming Websites (e.g., World of Warcraft)

Experienced players seek out weak players and repeatedly kill their characters

Targeted exclusion of individuals from group activities and events

Cyberbullying

Activity

Source: http://old.digizen.org/cyberbullying/fullfilm.aspx M2.24

How do you feel after watching the clip?

What is your first impression?

Lightening Feedback

Activity

Video: Let‘s fight it together

What forms of cyberbullying were used?

How did Joe feel?

Would you have done something different if you were Joe's mother or father?

Activity

Cyber-bullying

Cyberbullying

Source: EU Kids Online report

Cyber-bullying

Impact /Potential consequences

Cyberbullying

Poor self-esteem

Feelings of frustration

Sadness, hopelessness

Loneliness and depression

Inability to concentrate at school

Staying offline

Victims feel suspicious of others

Self-harm

Suicidal thoughts

Impact of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying

Impact of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying isn‘t a game

- Examples -

Cyberbullying

Coping with cyberbullying

Cyberbullying

Aggressive coping: e.g., ‘I threaten to beat him/her up’

Helpless coping: e.g., ‘I don't know what to do’

Cognitive coping: Victims try to address the problem themselves, using a diplomatic approach. They attempt to reason with the bully or to understand the bully's motive;

Technical coping: e.g., ‘I switch off my computer’, ‘I change my email address or nickname and only give them to people I can trust’, and ‘I show the messages to a grown-up.’

Coping strategies(Riebel, Jäger, & Fischer, 2009)

Cyberbullying

Other coping strategies

Reactive coping Avoidance

Acceptance

Justification

Seeking social support

Preventive coping Talk in person

Increased security and awareness

No way to prevent cyberbullying

Cyberbullying

Avoidance

deleting messages

blocking contact

ignoring the problem completely

Cyberbullying

Examples

Reactive coping

Acceptance

accepting cyberbullying as part of life and concentrating on the positive

Cyberbullying

Examples

Reactive coping

Justification

The victim focuses on reasons why the cyberbullying should not upset them

These students often felt that cyberbullying should not be taken seriously

Examples

Reactive coping

Cyberbullying

Seeking social support

looking to others for help

getting advice from others

asking someone with authority to put a stop to the bullying

Examples

Reactive coping

Cyberbullying

Talk in person

students talk to someone in person, as opposed to talking in cyberspace

this would help them to avoid misperceptions due to lack of intonation, something which can often occur in cyberspace

Examples

Preventive coping

Cyberbullying

Increased security and awareness

cyberbullying can be prevented when students take safety precautions (e.g., protect their password)

when students have general awareness about security (e.g., knowing which websites might be unsafe).

Examples

Preventive coping

Cyberbullying

Module 2: Introduction to cyberbullying

Conclusions

Cyberbullying is a relatively new phenomenon and researchers have yet to reach a consensus on many aspects of this issue.

There are differences and similarities between bullying and cyberbullying.

Cyberbullying can be classified in two ways: by the medium/media through which the abuse occurs, (SMS, MMS, phone calls, etc.) and by the nature of the abuse itself (harassment, denigration, impersonation, etc.).

The prevalence of cyber victimization in Europe is estimated to be around 10%.

Cyber victimization has been linked to negative outcomes.

Cyberbullying

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