moodle - programming language generations
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8/3/2019 Moodle - Programming Language Generations
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Evolution and History of Programming LanguagesSoftware/Hardware/System
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Software Programming Language
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History Timeline
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Machine languages
Assembly languages
Higher-level languages
To build programs, people use languages that are similar
to human language. The results are translated into
machine code, which computers understand.
Programming languages fall into three broad categories:
The Evolution of Programming Languages
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Machine languages (first-generation languages) are the
most basic type of computer languages, consisting of
strings of numbers the computer's hardware can use.
Different types of hardware use different machine
code. For example, IBM computers use different
machine language than Apple computers.
Student task 1: Find out the type of processor in your
computer. What instruction set is used to program it?
The Evolution of Programming Languages -
Machine Languages
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Assembly languages (second-generation languages)
are only somewhat easier to work with than machine
languages.
To create programs in assembly language, developers
use cryptic English-like phrases to represent strings
of numbers.
The code is then translated into object code, using a
translator called an assembler.
The Evolution of Programming Languages -
Assembly Languages
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Assembler
Assembly
code
Object code
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Third-generation languages
Fourth-generation languages
Fifth-generation languages
Higher-level languages are more powerful than assembly
language and allow the programmer to work in a more
English-like environment.
Higher-level programming languages are divided into
three "generations," each more powerful than the last:
The Evolution of Programming Languages -
Higher-Level Languages
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FORTAN C
COBOL C++
BASIC Java
Pascal ActiveX
Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to
use true English-like phrasing, making them easier
to use than previous languages. Also termed
procedural languages
3GLs are portable, meaning the object code created
for one type of system can be translated for use on a
different type of system.
The following languages are 3GLs:
Higher-Level Languages -
Third-Generation Languages ± Imperative
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FORTAN C
COBOL C++
BASIC Java
Pascal ActiveX
Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to
use true English-like phrasing, making them easier
to use than previous languages. Also termed
procedural languages
3GLs are portable, meaning the object code created
for one type of system can be translated for use on a
different type of system.
The following languages are 3GLs:
Higher-Level Languages -
Third-Generation Languages
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1st Generation - Machine code -
Low-level also called machine- oriented
2nd Generation - Assembly languages ± use an
Assembler to create object code. Low-level also called
machine- oriented
3rd
generation are intended to solve problems ± termed problem-oriented languages. Sometimes
termed procedural.
All of these are termed imperative languages ±
Student Task 1 - Find out what this means ? (5mins)
The Generations of Programming Languages recap
Object code
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Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are known as
declarative languages, such as Prolog and SQL
They define what is to be computed rather than how
it is to be done as seen below on SQL
CREATE TABLE Persons(LastName varchar(255),FirstName varchar(255),Address varchar(255),City varchar(255))
SELECT Address FROM Persons WHERE LastName =µSmith¶
Fourth-Generation Languages
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Summary
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Past Exam Questions on 3.2.1
Fundamentals of Computer Systems
January 2009 - Question 2
January 2009 ± Question 3b)
January 2010 ± Question 4a)
January 2010 ± Question 6
June 2009 ± Question 2
June 2009 ± Question 3
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