more on genetics. ______________________- use desired traits to produce the next...

More on Genetics

______________________- use desired traits to produce the next generation-example-selectively breeding dogs,horses,plants

______________________crossing dissimilar individuals—often useful in plants

________________________-continued breeding of of individuals w/similar characteristics

Selective breeding hybridization

inbreeding

Mutations are a source of genetic variation DNA extraction-add chemicals that cause DNA

to uncoil from histones and burst out of nucleus

________________________________-making changes in the DNA code of an organism

_________________________________are used to cut DNA into fragments and gel electrophoresis is used to compare ____________________,or gene composition

Genetic engineering

Restriction enzymes

genomes

________________________-DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

__________________In the process of transforming bacteria,the foreign DNA is joined to this small,circular DNA

_____________________-contain genes from other species---used for making insulin….

A _____________is a member of a population of genetically identical cells from a single source

___________________________is a picture of chromosomes arranged in ordered pairs

Recombinant DNA

plasmids

transgenics

clone

karyotypes

Recognition sequences

DNA sequence

Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end

Section 13-2

Restriction Enzymes

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Recognition sequences

DNA sequence

Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end

Section 13-2

Restriction Enzymes

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DNA plus restriction enzyme

Mixture of DNA fragments

Gel

Power source

Longer fragments

Shorter fragments

Section 13-2

Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis

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Fluorescent dye

Single strand of DNA

Strand broken after A

Strand broken after C

Strand broken after G

Strand broken after T

Power source

Gel

Section 13-2

Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing

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Human Cell

Gene for human growth hormone

Recombinant DNA

Gene for human growth hormone

Sticky ends

DNA recombination

DNA insertion

Bacterial Cell

Plasmid

Bacterial chromosome

Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone

Section 13-3

Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA

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Recombinant plasmid

Gene to be transferred

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Cellular DNA

Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells

Plant cell colonies

Complete plant is generated from transformed cell

Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome

Section 13-3

Figure 13-10 Plant Cell Transformation

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Cloning

Section 13-4

Flowchart

A body cell is taken from a donor animal.

An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.

The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.

The nucleus is removed from the egg.

The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.

The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.

The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

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A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor

Nucleus

These two cells are fused using an electric shock.

Fused Cell

The fused cell begins dividing normally.

EmbryoThe embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.Foster

Mother

The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly

Cloned Lamb

Egg Cell

An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.

The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.

Section 13-4

Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal

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karyotypes

_______________________-chart that shows a relationship within a family,usually tracking one trait

pedigree

A circle represents a female.

A square represents a male.

A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage.

A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.

A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait.

A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait.

A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait.

Section 14-1

Figure 14-3 A Pedigree

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HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS- Rh-single gene w/2 alleles---+ and

-/+ is dominant ABO blood groups – genes---

IA,IB,and I or A,B,O

Phenotype(Blood Type Genotype

Antigen on Red Blood Cell

Safe Transfusions

To From

Section 14-1

Figure 14-4 Blood Groups

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Autosomal Disorders-Albinism,Cysytic Fibrosis,Galactosemia,PKU,Tay-Sachs

Achondroplasia,Huntington’s.hypercholesterolemia,Sickle-cell disease

23 pairs of human chromosomes Xx=female and xy=male

Sex-linked genes:

colorblindness is on x chromosome-rarely expressed in females

hemophilia on x muscular Dystrophy

Chromosomal Disorder:

___________________-homologous chromosomes fail to separate

__________________-trisomy 21 Turners-only x Klinefelter’s xxy,xxxy,xxxxy

nondijunction Down syndrome

Chromosome # 7

CFTR gene

The most common allele that causes cystic fibrosis is missing 3 DNA bases. As a result, the amino acid phenylalanine is missing from the CFTR protein.

Normal CFTR is a chloride ion channel in cell membranes. Abnormal CFTR cannot be transported to the cell membrane.

The cells in the person’s airways are unable to transport chloride ions. As a result, the airways become clogged with a thick mucus.

Section 14-1

Figure 14-8 The Cause of Cystic Fibrosis

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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Meiosis I:Nondisjunction

Meiosis II

Section 14-2

Nondisjunction

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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Meiosis I:Nondisjunction

Meiosis II

Section 14-2

Nondisjunction

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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Meiosis I:Nondisjunction

Meiosis II

Section 14-2

Nondisjunction

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Father(normal vision)

ColorblindNormal vision

Mother (carrier)

Daughter(normal vision)

Son(normal vision)

Daughter(carrier)

Son(colorblind)

Section 14-2

Male

Female

Figure 14-13 Colorblindness

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Father(normal vision)

ColorblindNormal vision

Mother (carrier)

Daughter(normal vision)

Son(normal vision)

Daughter(carrier)

Son(colorblind)

Section 14-2

Male

Female

Figure 14-13 Colorblindness

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DNA fingerprinting

Restriction enzyme

Chromosomes contain large amounts of DNA called repeats that do not code for proteins. This DNA varies from person to person. Here, one sample has 12 repeats between genes A and B, while the second sample has 9 repeats.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into fragments containing genes and repeats. Note that the repeat fragments from these two samples are of different lengths.

The DNA fragments are separated according to size using gel electrophoresis. The fragments containing repeats are then labeled using radioactive probes. This produces a series of bands—the DNA fingerprint.

Section 14-3

Figure 14-18 DNA Fingerprinting

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Normal hemoglobin gene

Bone marrow cell

Chromosomes

Genetically engineered virus

Nucleus

Bone marrow

Section 14-3

Figure 14-21 Gene Therapy

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Human Genome project-analyze human DNA sequence

Last blank is stem cells