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MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT POWERPOINT
CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4
Chesapeake Chesapeake Colonies in Colonies in
the the Seventeenth Seventeenth
CenturyCentury
Diseases ravaged the people in the Diseases ravaged the people in the ChesapeakeChesapeake
Low life expectancy Low life expectancy
The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 1600s The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 1600s and mostly from new immigrants from Europe, and mostly from new immigrants from Europe, not natural birthnot natural birth
Most immigrants were single men Most immigrants were single men
BY THE EARLY 1700S MANY MORE FAMILIES BY THE EARLY 1700S MANY MORE FAMILIES HAD TAKEN HOLD AND ILLNESS BECAME HAD TAKEN HOLD AND ILLNESS BECAME LESS FREQUENTLESS FREQUENT
The Chesapeake good for tobacco but it ruined the soil
Settlers moved inland for more new land, thus pushing the Indians further west and causing increased conflicts.
As production of tobacco increased, the price dropped, causing farmers to grow more to remain profitable.
This increased the need for more labor, and with the price of slaves very high, the need for indentured servants grew.
Indentured servants Indentured servants were white English farmers were white English farmers displaced by the enclosure movement displaced by the enclosure movement They voluntarily mortgaged their labor for They voluntarily mortgaged their labor for
several years to get a transatlantic passage and several years to get a transatlantic passage and “freedom dues” after their time was up (a few “freedom dues” after their time was up (a few barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small piece of land) piece of land)
The The headright system headright system encouraged indentured encouraged indentured servants to come:servants to come: for every indentured servant for every indentured servant who was brought over the master, or payer, who was brought over the master, or payer, would receive 50 acres of land. This led to a would receive 50 acres of land. This led to a rapid expansion of indentured servitude and rapid expansion of indentured servitude and the need to push settlers further West for the need to push settlers further West for more land.more land.
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion In 1676 1,000 Virginians, most former In 1676 1,000 Virginians, most former
indentured servants who had moved indentured servants who had moved west to the Piedmont area for available west to the Piedmont area for available land, rebelled. Led by Nathaniel Baconland, rebelled. Led by Nathaniel Bacon Resented Governor Berkeley’s relations Resented Governor Berkeley’s relations
with the Indians and how he monopolized with the Indians and how he monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the the fur trade with the Indians in the Chesapeake Chesapeake • He also refused to retaliate for Indian He also refused to retaliate for Indian
attacks on frontier settlementsattacks on frontier settlements
Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion Rebels attacked the Indians Rebels attacked the Indians Governor Berkeley was driven from Governor Berkeley was driven from
Jamestown and rebels burned the city Jamestown and rebels burned the city Bacon suddenly died of disease Bacon suddenly died of disease After they lost their leader, Gov. After they lost their leader, Gov.
Berkeley crushed the rebellion and 20 Berkeley crushed the rebellion and 20 rebels were then hung as punishment rebels were then hung as punishment for their actions. for their actions.
Rebellion exposed resentment between Rebellion exposed resentment between the frontiersman and the rich gentry on the frontiersman and the rich gentry on their their TidewaterTidewater coastal plantations coastal plantations
The rich planters searched for The rich planters searched for workers less likely to rebel and this workers less likely to rebel and this led to large-scale use of African led to large-scale use of African slavesslaves
Before this most slaves had been Before this most slaves had been transported to the British West Indies transported to the British West Indies and the Caribbeanand the Caribbean
The Atlantic Slave Trade before BaconThe Atlantic Slave Trade before Bacon
In 1619 slaves first introduced in In 1619 slaves first introduced in JamestownJamestown
By 1670 slavery was still only a small %By 1670 slavery was still only a small %
Reason few slaves were imported is Reason few slaves were imported is because struggling white colonists could because struggling white colonists could not afford $ for slaves who might die not afford $ for slaves who might die soon after arrivalsoon after arrival
White indentured servants were far White indentured servants were far less costly than Africansless costly than Africans
During the 1680s, changes in Europe During the 1680s, changes in Europe and America led to African enslavementand America led to African enslavement Rising wages in England so less Rising wages in England so less
people were willing to sell themselves people were willing to sell themselves as indentured servants as indentured servants
Large planters were fearful of large Large planters were fearful of large numbers of former servants (as numbers of former servants (as demonstrated by Bacon’s Rebellion)demonstrated by Bacon’s Rebellion)
Established planters now had income Established planters now had income to spend on slavesto spend on slaves
As slaves increased, white colonists acted to As slaves increased, white colonists acted to put down any possible racial threat put down any possible racial threat
““Slave codes” were adopted, setting strict Slave codes” were adopted, setting strict conditions of slavery conditions of slavery • blacks (and their children) became blacks (and their children) became
property (“chattels”) for the life of their property (“chattels”) for the life of their white masters white masters
• Some colonies made it a crime to teach Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to read or writea slave to read or write
• Even conversion to Christianity did not Even conversion to Christianity did not qualify a slave for freedom qualify a slave for freedom
Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were few of them few of them
In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred in In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred in which 12 whites were killed and 21 blacks which 12 whites were killed and 21 blacks were executed as revenge.were executed as revenge.
In 1739, the In 1739, the Stono Rebellion Stono Rebellion in South in South Carolina occurred Carolina occurred Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish
Florida and freedom but were stopped by the Florida and freedom but were stopped by the white militia white militia
Southern SocietySouthern Society At top were rich plantation owners with large At top were rich plantation owners with large
tracts of landtracts of land Second were small landowners who owned Second were small landowners who owned
one or two slaves (these were the majority of one or two slaves (these were the majority of colonists)colonists)
Third were the poor, non-landowning, non-Third were the poor, non-landowning, non-slave owning whites who worked for other slave owning whites who worked for other whites whites
Fourth were indentured servants Fourth were indentured servants Black slaves were at the lowest level Black slaves were at the lowest level
Southern Society vs. New England SocietySouthern Society vs. New England Society
Southern society revolved around the Southern society revolved around the plantation so few cities developed plantation so few cities developed
an urban professional class (like an urban professional class (like lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge Poor roads meant that most transportation Poor roads meant that most transportation
was done over waterways was done over waterways
New England enjoyed a much healthier New England enjoyed a much healthier climate than the South climate than the South Clean water and cool temperatures Clean water and cool temperatures
stopped the growth of disease stopped the growth of disease
Better transportation system because Better transportation system because of better roads and navigable water of better roads and navigable water ways.ways.
New Englanders generally migrated as New Englanders generally migrated as familiesfamilies Population grew from natural Population grew from natural
reproduction reproduction Early marriage and women had Early marriage and women had
children every 2 years until children every 2 years until menopausemenopause
The typical woman would have 10 The typical woman would have 10 children (with 8 surviving past children (with 8 surviving past infancy) infancy)
Many women died during childbirth Many women died during childbirth and women came to fear pregnancy and women came to fear pregnancy
Southern women’s rights were more Southern women’s rights were more advanced because men frequently died advanced because men frequently died young and there were fewer of them young and there were fewer of them Women in the South were allowed to keep Women in the South were allowed to keep
separate rights to property (from their husbands) separate rights to property (from their husbands) and to inherit their husband’s estate and to inherit their husband’s estate
New England women gave up property rights New England women gave up property rights upon marriageupon marriage Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and
women in marriage based on property women in marriage based on property WidowsWidows did have secure rights to property (in did have secure rights to property (in
contrast with England) contrast with England)
The Scarlet The Scarlet LetterLetter
Life in the New England TownsLife in the New England Towns
Towns with over 50 families were Towns with over 50 families were required to provide an elementary required to provide an elementary educationeducation
1/2 adults were literate in New England1/2 adults were literate in New England In 1636, In 1636, Harvard CollegeHarvard College was was
established to train local boys for the established to train local boys for the ministry ministry The first college (William and Mary) was The first college (William and Mary) was
not established in Virginia until 1693 not established in Virginia until 1693
The Half-Way Covenant The Half-Way Covenant and the and the Salem Salem Witch TrialsWitch Trials
In the mid 1600s, religious enthusiasm began In the mid 1600s, religious enthusiasm began to die down:to die down: To combat this, Puritan preachers began using the To combat this, Puritan preachers began using the
“jeremiad”, “jeremiad”, or strong calls to repentance and or strong calls to repentance and stronger faith values stronger faith values
In 1662 In 1662 the Half-Way Covenant the Half-Way Covenant introduced introduced
Weakened the purity of the original settlementsWeakened the purity of the original settlements
Eventually, Puritan church was opened to all, Eventually, Puritan church was opened to all, purity was sacrificed for wider participationpurity was sacrificed for wider participation
The Salem Witch trials began in 1692 in Massachusetts :
Young girls claimed to be possessed by older women who they claimed were witches
In the ensuing “witch hunt”, 20 people were killed, 19 by hanging; 1 by pressing; 2 dogs were also hanged
Causes of Salem reflected the widening of economic classes in New England and fear that Puritanism was being corrupted by commercialism
Most of the accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s growing market economy in town
The accusers came mostly from subsistence farming poor families
Key is it is based on economic jealousy
The Geography of Witchcraft: The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692Salem Village, 1692
By 1693, the witchcraft hysteria had By 1693, the witchcraft hysteria had ended in Salemended in Salem
The Massachusetts governor acted The Massachusetts governor acted (because of accusation against his (because of accusation against his wife) and prohibited further trials and wife) and prohibited further trials and pardoned convicted witches pardoned convicted witches
20 years later, state legislature annulled 20 years later, state legislature annulled the convictions of accused witches and the convictions of accused witches and paid reparations to their heirspaid reparations to their heirs
New England differences with South New England differences with South
Difficult farming because of rocky soilDifficult farming because of rocky soil Back-breaking work shaped strong character Back-breaking work shaped strong character Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not
attracted to farms or harsh religious life)attracted to farms or harsh religious life) Climate led to diversified agriculture and industry, Climate led to diversified agriculture and industry,
instead of relying on a few staple crops instead of relying on a few staple crops Mostly small farms due to geographyMostly small farms due to geography Because slavery was not profitable on small farms Because slavery was not profitable on small farms
the colonists relied less on slave labor. the colonists relied less on slave labor. Used harbors for shipping and commerce, leading Used harbors for shipping and commerce, leading
to shipbuilding and the use of foreststo shipbuilding and the use of forests
Most immigrant colonists were middle classMost immigrant colonists were middle class Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe
(“Dukes don’t emigrate”)(“Dukes don’t emigrate”) Poor lacked money to emigrate Poor lacked money to emigrate
Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions Society much more egalitarian than Europe, especially Society much more egalitarian than Europe, especially
northern and middle coloniesnorthern and middle colonies
Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes occurred, such as Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestant occurred, such as Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestant rebellion (1676), Leisler’s Rebellion (1689 – 1691) NYCrebellion (1676), Leisler’s Rebellion (1689 – 1691) NYC
KEYS TO THE CHAPTERKEYS TO THE CHAPTER
Head right SystemHead right System Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion Middle PassageMiddle Passage Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant Differences between Northern and Differences between Northern and
Southern coloniesSouthern colonies
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