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i
ABSTRACT
Wireless communication has been and will always continue to be making profound
success. Wireless technologies are evolving with standardizations that define how
wireless communication devices interact and soon will allow the creation of a global
wireless network that will deliver a wide variety of services. Wireless networking has
been allowing businesses to develop WAN (Wide Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan
Area Network) and LAN (local Area Network) without a cable plant. This development
is in a way credited to IEEE from standardization point of view.
Communication, which is the process of sharing ideas, information and messages with
others in a particular time and space, remains a vital element for project management
team. A reliable wireless communication network infrastructure that could be sustained
over time remains a necessity for industries. Project management techniques, methods
and tools will be explained in relation to wireless network infrastructure deployment. In
this project, how the activities, milestones and resources could be keyed in the simplest
and quickest techniques and tools will be considered. The Internet (internetwork of
computers) and software application (for example, Microsoft Project software) as key
elements of wireless network communication infrastructure provides solutions to
problems associated with demands on effectiveness and efficiency among industry
practitioners.
ii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this work was carried out by Mr. Sylvester Arimokwu in
Department of Management Information Systems Technology (M.I.S.T), Institute of
Sciences, Cyprus International University Haspolat, Lefkosia, Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus (T.R.N.C) Via Mersin 10. Turkey.
-----------------------
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ruhsan Onder
(Supervisor)
Department of Computer Engineering,
Cyprus International University.
iii
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to my father, the Almighty God for making me a true
testimony of success and for sparing my life hitherto.
iv
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
In all, I cannot but express my profound thanks to the Most High God who has made all
things work together for good.
Sincerely, I undoubtedly appreciate the relentless effort, care, support, prayers and
funding of this work, fetched from my dear, awesome, incomparable and indispensable
family, whom I cannot but always remember as food to my strength in accomplishing
this fabulous, long dreamed achievement.
My special thanks to my indispensable, humble and friendly supervisor, Asst. Prof. Dr.
Ruhsan Onder, for her assistance, guidance and for broadening my horizon in carrying
out this work and, research generally. I also appreciate the effort and priceless
contribution of Instructor Nidai Kordal in accomplishing this project. In light of my
achievement in this work, I truly appreciate the head of institute, Asst. Prof. Dr.
Mehmed Ali Egemen and all other lecturers in the institute for they are more than
resourceful to me and I must confess I am not the same as I was when I first found
myself in this institution.
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Qos Quality of Service
ICT Information and Communication Technology
PERT Program Evaluation and Review Techniques
CPA/CPM Critical Path Analysis/Critical Path Method
PMI Project Management Institute
WAP Wireless Access Point
1G First Generation
2G Second Generation
2.5G Second Generation Interim
3G Third Generations
4G Fourth Generations
5G Fifth Generations
AMPS Advance Mobile Phone System
MHz Megahertz
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
vi
ITU International Communication Union
CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000
CDMA2000 1X-EVDO Code Division Multiple Access 2000 Extended Evolution
Optimizer
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access/High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Mbps Megabits per Seconds
TV Television
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
WiMAX World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
LMDS Local Multipoint Distributed System
MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distributed System
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
GHz gigahertz
IPv6 Internet Protocol Version Six
3D Three Dimensional
PM Project Management
PMBOK Project Management Body of Knowledge
VBA Visual Basic Application
vii
Cat5 Category Five
WEP Wireless Encryption Protocol
MAC Media Access Control
IPv4 Internet Protocol Version Four
NAT Network Address Translation
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
IP Internet Protocol
SA Security Association
SPI Security Parameter Index
TLA Top Level Aggregators
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background to the Study........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Time Saving .................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Comparability of project Results ................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Personnel Flexibility ...................................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Standardization .............................................................................................. 4
1.2.5 Simplification of Communication ................................................................. 5
1.3 Task of Project Management ................................................................................. 5
1.3.1 Planning ......................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2 Controlling ..................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 Team Leadership ........................................................................................... 7
1.3.4 Organization and communication ................................................................. 8
1.3.5 Means of Project Information ........................................................................ 8
ix
1.4 Statement of the Problems ..................................................................................... 8
1.5 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Project related communication ............................................................................ 10
2.2 Computer supported communication ................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Fixed wireless ...................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Mobile wireless technology ......................................................................... 13
3.1.3Wireless Network Evolution ........................................................................ 14
3.1.4 Satellite Communication ............................................................................. 16
3.1.5 Wireless Standards ...................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Fibre Optics ................................................................................................. 17
3.2.2 Wide Area Network and System Architecture ............................................ 18
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Research Analysis ................................................................................................ 23
4.1.2 Brainstorming .............................................................................................. 23
4.1.3 Fishborne Diagrams .................................................................................... 24
4.1.4 Critical Path Analysis-CPA (Flow Chart or Diagram) ................................ 25
4.1.5 P.E.R.T(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) ................................ 27
4.2 Gantt Charts ......................................................................................................... 28
4.2.1 Microsoft Project Software.......................................................................... 31
x
4.2.2 Comparative Studies .................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................. 51
5.1 Wireless Network Infrastructure Deployment ..................................................... 51
5.2 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)....................................................................... 52
5.2.1 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) Problems and Limitations .................... 52
5.2.2 Deployment State of IPv6 ........................................................................... 53
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 58
6.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 58
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 61
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Management Cycle [23]
2 .Connection of wireless computers to a network using WAP( Wireless Access
Point)[11]
3. A placement site plan for Wi-Fi components [19]
4. Wide Area Network showing wireless components.[7]
5. A usage model of WiMAX services. [6]
6. Matrix key of four project management techniques.
7. Showing a fishborne diagram[14]
8. Showing a typical CPA diagram.[15]
9. PERT Chart [15]
10. Showing a sample Gantt Chart of IPv6 deployment activity in written form.
11. A screen shot of IPv6 deployment activities showing main task and subtasks on
Gantt Chart.
12. A continuation of figure 11 showing the remaining acivities in Gantt Chart layout
and milestones.
13. A network styled layout of the activities of the project team.
14. Showing a continuation of network styled activity .
15. Showing network diagram of further activities on main task and subtask(
continuation)
16. A continuation of calender of activity.
xii
17. A screen shot of network diagram showing main task and subtask proceeding from
previous figures.
18. Showing non critical path of main task.
19. Shows main task and subtask having the features of critical path within the bordered
lines.
19. Calendar interface continues.
20 Showing project management tools and Techniques. [20]
21. Using Microsoft project to build and execute a Grid based workflow[21] .
22. Schedule obtained by the built-in resource-allocation procedure of Microsoft
Project (screenshot)
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Given the separate successes of wireless infrastructure deployment, operators and
equipment (off-the-shelf) vendors are shifting focus towards various data applications
and wireless access to the Internet. Apparently, with the use of project management
techniques and tools, a clear connectivity can be provided. However,
consumers/industrial practitioners‟ preferences are strongly influenced by cost, ease of
access, maintenance, speed and many other demanding factors. Hence, it is believed
that increasing data rates will also be required in the deployment of wireless network
systems. To support high data rates with wide area coverage at a low cost, it would
consequently require substantial planning and technological advances. Relaying
techniques could also be used to increase coverage for high data rates, and bandwidth
requirements can be improved to a more efficient exploit -varying channel condition
while meeting quality of service (QoS) requirements. In parallel, alternative project
management techniques and wireless network technologies are frequently discussed. By
exploiting multiple radio access technologies and existing wireless networks, an
affordable wireless access is envisaged. Application of Gantt Chart and Critical Path
Analysis on wireless deployment will be demonstrated.
The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. A general background for the study is
first presented in section 1.1, including an overview on the development of wireless
infrastructure network, demand for wireless access services, project management tools,
and constraints associated with wireless network infrastructure deployment will follow.
An overview of prior work related to project management techniques and tools and their
application to the deployment of wireless network infrastructure will follow. The main
research problems addressed within the respective area are defined and the outline of
the research is presented and contributions are listed (per chapter of the study).
In chapter three, wireless communication systems will be discussed, and many
components of wireless technologies will be covered to provide a fine-grained
2
understanding of wireless technology prior to its deployment. The content will
definitely show wireless usability since wireless network often faces signal
deteriorations, user feedback and why system upgrade are being required. Important
classifications and usefulness of such classifications are demonstrated in this chapter.
This work will show the application of Gantt Chart method with critical path analysis
on wireless network deployment. Research has shown these are the techniques that are
best suitable for ICT (Information and Communication Technology) related projects.
Other techniques apart from Gantt Chart and CPA/CPM (Critical Path Analysis/Critical
Path Method ) are Fishborne or, Cause and effect Diagram, Brainstorming, PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) analysis, but they are only named or
mentioned in this project. Industry supported and favored these techniques in the
standardization bodies, in that some are so popular as a result of their ease of use. This
ease of use feature makes them to be found within standardization bodies, for example,
PMI (Project Management Institute). Findings have been shown that a sound knowledge
is needed for the usage of these project management techniques within the framework
of potential workforce and practicing workforce. So, applying these techniques and
tools to the field of wireless network infrastructure deployment is well found.
Critical Path Analysis or Method (CPA/CPM) is typically used industry wide but is
based on unique areas of project planning. Fishborne Chart or Cause and Effect, is
another technique that will be addressed in this project as it will show where it is
needed. Brainstorming as a technique is inevitably required in many cases of project
planning but has its limitation; hence its application in project management is
acknowledged. Gantt chart is a default tool found in Microsoft project software launch,
and its benefits will be the focal point of this project because of its simplicity and
quickness in project resource planning and management. PERT (Program Evaluation
and Review Technique) is one of those tools or techniques that have gain attention in
the industry; its benefits and limitations will be addressed. These tasks cannot be
generally accomplished in conventional hierarchical line organizations. The
organization structures are changing from being function oriented and fixed to be
flexible project team oriented. In recent times, project demands present more of holistic
3
approach to optimize problem solving. Competitive conditions are getting more
challenging and most tasks are characterized with growing complexity and extended
interdisciplinary aspects. For example, new wireless technologies are evolving in
project durations, which are getting shorter and shorter, while business requirements
and development costs are increasing [23].
Project management has many important ingredients that includes planning, monitoring
and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all those involved in it, in
order to achieve the project objectives within agreed criteria of time, cost and
performance.[1] This could be achieved through a number of methods , procedures and
techniques that has been developed with the general management and people skills. It
enables the project manager to meet the set criteria of time, performance, and quality in
the most effective way. This will reflect in further content as I proceed in this project.
1.2 Significance of the Study
For an example, a company reported in 2001 that 31% of all information technology
projects were canceled before completion, that only 16% of projects were completed
successfully, and that 88% of all projects were budget, over schedule or both. The
company also reported an average cost overrun of 189% and an average time overrun of
222% of original estimates.[2] One of the reasons for this high failure rate is that many
companies don‟t have process for selecting the project manager or they have little idea
what management skills and personality traits are needed for the project manager to
succeed in I.T related project management.[23]
By the time a professional project management is employed, it will show these results
or improvements:
Deadline delays will be decreased
Quality cost will be decreased
Production cost will be decreased
Contentment of the project managers will be increased
4
The introduction of project management methods brings many advantages. An
overview of many achievements will be given in what follows.
1.2.1 Time Saving
By structured planning of tasks, time can be utilized more efficiently. For example, if
all tasks are assigned in details to the project team members at the beginning, there is
not much coordination effort needed afterwards and no tasks are carried out twice. In
addition, good project management makes team members a part of project. Each
member feels responsible for project success which leads to efficient time utilization.
1.2.2 Comparability of project Results
Since a project is a unique undertaking, it may be assumed that project may not be
compared at all. But projects are usually subdivided into several work packages or
activities, which indeed can be compared to equal or similar work packages of other
projects. This is mainly the case if many companies run many projects parallel. For
instance, the comparability of the results is a requirement for the project progress
statistics.[23]
1.2.3 Personnel Flexibility
Project management provides project transparency with project documentation,
therefore it is easier to add or change personnel.[23] Thus, the period of vocational
adjustment for new project members is decreased. Besides, all members bring in their
special skills to the team. This variety of knowledge is especially valuable within
interdisciplinary projects especially software engineering. Though, it can be shown in
other disciplines or studies where application of many activities and tasks supports
flexibility.
1.2.4 Standardization
Workflows, terms, documentations, forms protocols etc can be handled more efficiently
due to standardization by project management methods. With each project, each task are
getting more and more routinely.[3][4][23]
5
1.2.5 Simplification of Communication
Due to membership of a project team, communication between its members is greatly
improved. All participated persons and departments benefit from integrated
communication enhanced by project management.
Usually, the emerging cost of
introducing systematic project management methods are over compensated by cost
reduction and accelerated project realization.[4]
1.3 Task of Project Management
Project management can be divided into universally valid management functions.
Various studies on management skills and good personalities of a competent project
manager shows that a competent project manager has the following characteristics:
excellent communication skills-knowing when and to whom to communicate; strong
leadership skills–leading teams; love of work-embracing the challenges; clear vision-
communicating ; strong team building skills-setting positive tones; structure and
alignment-creating the environment and direction and discipline .[2][23] To achieve the
project goals with project teams, a project has to be planned, controlled and organized.
6
Figure 1. Management cycle: [23]
In Figure 1, the function of planning, controlling and organizing is visualized, thereby
showing how various functions are interconnected within the context of management.
This is applicable within the framework of project management.
1.3.1 Planning
Planning is directed into the future, preparing decisions and actions thinking ahead and
gathering information about the future is an important part of planning. If defaulted, in
the middle of the project has to be kind of make –shift (substitute) leading to
uncertainty whether the project ends with success or failure. [23]
Planning includes: [5]
Clarify and define project requirements
7
Define schedule and cost
Identify quality approach
Organize staff
Identify risks
Develop plans
1.3.2 Controlling
This is different from planning, controlling always takes in the present and relies on the
cognitions of the past. Controlling ensures that all tasks are accomplished as planned
and adequate counter measures are established if any disruption occurs. Controls
implement the management solution, and it thus includes [5]:
Measuring project performance
Managing requirements and configuration
Taking corrective action
Reporting performance information
1.3.3 Team Leadership
Working in teams brings some advantages such as increased creativity, productive
competition and accelerated information spreading. Although, teams have to be created
and guided, and decisions have to be made.
Team leadership include: [1]
Project member selection.
Encouragement of goal acceptance, development and cooperation of the team members
(motivation, coaching, dealing with conflicts within the team).
8
Initiating changes and advancement of working conditions
Participating decisions.
1.3.4 Organization and communication
In project life time, tasks are relevant and their importance is often underestimated. This
part of project management includes: [2][1][23]
Informing
Atmosphere creating
Distributing
Communicating
1.3.5 Means of Project Information
The formation of efficient project information is getting more and more important
during flexible collaboration in organizations. They are becoming one of the most
critical success factors of projects. Means of project information cover all activities and
instruments which support exchanging project related data and therefore foster
collaboration between the persons who are involved in the project.
1.4 Statement of the Problems
Frequently experienced problems regarding project management are:
The involved project team members talked at cross purposes, for example, they interpret
same terms differently. The project teams are making decisions without informing the
regarding persons. Insufficient information about the project status, project strategy, and
the unsettlement of team members. All team members get every project report and are
9
overwhelmed by the vast amount of information. Thus, relevant details for individuals
are difficult to examine.
1.5 Objectives of the Study
By planning all information flows in a project knowingly it can be assured that all
project members get the information they need in order to achieve their work. This
information should be available in time, included all needed details and clearly
structured. In addition, this part of project management includes establishing preferably
short and direct information – communication channels. Independent from the whole
organization, project members need their own specific information exchange
possibilities increasing decision making and project cycle. Such a system should also
provide project team members with a concise access to all information regarding the
project. The visibility of this information and the progress of the project are vital to
project success. A possible approach will be [1][23]
Definition of the recipient of the project information
Arrangement of types and frequency of project meetings
Declaration of rules which regard relaying information within the project team
Determination of type and frequency concerning written reports
Establishing a common document project system for the project
10
CHAPTER TWO
COMMUNICATIONAL ASPECTS
2.1 Project related communication
To identify the meaning of communication, we have to understand what communication
is and what it is not. Communication can be understood in various contexts, cultures,
channels and media, as it focuses on how people use messages to generate meanings.
Communication is rather a combination of sending information by the sender and the
receiving and understanding this information by the recipient. As long as the recipient
does not understand the transferred data, communication has not been established. [23]
The project team members, especially the project manager needs the ability to
communicate. To be efficient, you have to put yourself in the position of the
communication partner. For example, you have to communicate to some one in the
language he can understand.
Many problems arise in the course of project because of defective communication
between the persons involved in the project. Efficient communication definitely
increases the success potential of the project. A vital part of good communication
politics is to regularly announce the challenges and achievements of the project. Team
members need this information to be proud of their efforts. Informed team members are
much more motivated than uninformed ones.[1]
Communication aspect of project management covers three „C‟s: Communication,
coordination and collaboration.
Communication is transfer and exchange of information between communication
partners. This aspect serves as the basis for coordination of the processes and the
collaboration of the project members.
To reach efficient collaboration, the communication processes must lead to well
coordinated tasks and a project-wide agreement on common goals with the project
team.
11
The communication network in a project should satisfy the following tasks. [1][5]
Exchange of information: Everybody knows something, altogether know more
whether information of the project manager or any other member, project internal
communication should allocate every useful piece of information to anyone who could
need it.
Exchange of experience: Everybody has skills to achieve something, all together can
achieve almost everything. If any problem is encountered, it may be possible that
someone in the company, organization or project team, already dealt with such a
problem. These experiences can be shared and much time and money can be saved.
Mutual assistance and help: Many developments of project teams can be reused in
other. Something that is difficult to accomplish in one team, maybe no problem for
another one. If the needs of the project are communicated properly with available
knowledge resources, the project will benefit.
Coordination between the project team: Coordination is based on communication
and essential for successful time scheduling, resource planning and controlling
aspects[23].
2.2 Computer supported communication
The computer evolved from a technical marvel in its early days to a practical assistance
nowadays. First, the computers were used for calculations, and then utilized for
information systems such as database and computer networks. Today, computing is
beginning to rejuvenate communication. This change away from conventional
communication methods towards new information infrastructures will affect our lives,
but in which way is not known in detail yet. Experiences from earlier major
technological developments may presume complex consequences. The build up of local
computer based information infrastructure is underway and irreversible. Computer
supported communication causes shift in the things we do and in our way of thinking,
too. These new forms of communication have the ability to alter personal relationships
and the manner how people communicate with each other. For example, the dependence
12
of personal relationships is getting more and more unimportant. Instead of personal
relationships, loyal dependencies are getting more relevant. [23] These dependencies are
based on common aims such as implementing a new software product, for instance. For
this reason, it is very important that communication partners who are possibly
anonymous can trust each other. Therefore, computer supported communication will
increase human to computer and decrease human to human dialogues. [3][2]
Within this context, wireless network communication plays a lot role. The deployment
process requires a lot of rigors in project management perspective. Further analysis on
the infrastructure of communication networks shows LAN‟s, MAN‟s and WAN‟s
requirement constraints for a project manager and his team could be made. These
constraints can be technological, social, political, or economic. The network
infrastructure needs to be designed to meet three high level goals:
It should be designed to provide timely, reliable, secure data transport
It should be adaptable to satisfy ever changing-application demands
The cost of future growth needed for business or information expansion should
be appropriate to the extent of the required changes
A carefully planned task is a necessity for all stakeholders to avoid the trouble with
wireless communication system. The issue of pre-work for deployment, feasibility
study, definition of requirements, and constraints will be addressed in the subsequent
chapters.
13
CHAPTER THREE
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
In wireless communication networks, there are many component technologies that
ought to be understood by potential project manager or project management team that is
going to be deployed. It is necessary for the project management team to know the
evolution for wireless technologies prior to the deployment in any given project
scenario. The managerial skill, concept and human skill are required by the potential
project managers. In wireless technology, we have fixed wireless, mobile wireless and
component technologies associated with it. There are also technological services that
are required to be known by the project team.
3.1 Fixed wireless
This is a variant of wireless broadband, where a radio link is used instead of cable for
the transmission of data and voice.[10] It has advantages which is low installation costs,
and simpler . It has the possibility of broadband to access and many users in that it
provides a high data rate connection to the internet. This is different from the traditional
dial-up access. There are different kinds of fixed wireless which is point to point –
based on large based stations, multipoint to multi-point user equipment functions as
mini base station.
3.1.2 Mobile wireless technology
It refers to any wireless technology that uses radio frequency spectrum in any band to
facilitate transmission of text data, voice, video or multimedia services to mobile
devices with freedom of time and location limitation. [10] Mobile wireless technologies
uses public stations, antennas, wireless access points that are connected to wired
network in a building or public area to give a way of access for web resources and
communication for mobile wireless communication technologies users. Examples of
mobile wireless technology components are PDA‟s, mobile wireless PC‟s, handheld
devices, and mobile wireless phones.
14
Figure 2: Connection of wireless computers to a network using WAP (Wireless Access
Point) [11]
In Figure 2, wireless devices connected to wireless access points is shown which makes
it a representation of both fixed wireless and mobile wireless technologies.
3.1.3Wireless Network Evolution
A sound knowledge of this technology evolution on services that is being offered to
consumers in the industry is expected to be on the knowledge of the project
management team. The inability of not knowing how this technology works will not
guarantee a successful wireless network infrastructure deployment.
The evolution of both fixed and wireless communication comes in many generational
progresses:
15
First Generation Wireless Technology (1G): This is based on analog
technology or AMPS advance mobile phone system, and it was designed to
carry voice traffic only. It uses 150 MHz frequency up ward.
Second Generation Wireless Technology (2G): This is based on digital
technology, and it offers increased voice quality and capacity over first
generation. Delivered data at the slow rate of 9.6 Kbytes/sec. Its GPRS (General
Packet Radio Service) can provide data rate from 56kbits up to 115kbits. The
second generation system (2G) is being replaced by second generation interim-
2.5G network and third generation network. The 2G interim provides improved
data rate through packet data service, and is based on digital technology. It has
been implemented as GPR-general packet radio.
Third Generation Wireless Technology: This is based on digital technology. It
offers increased voice capacity and improved data rate than 2G and 2.5G
networks. According to ITU(International Communication Union), CDMA2000(
Code Division Multiple Access2000),CDMA2000 1X-EVDO(Code Division
Multiple Access Extended Evolution Data Optimizer, WCDMA( Wideband
Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
Service) and HSDPA(High Speed Downlink Packet Access)/HSUPA(High
Speed Uplink Packet Access).[11] On its interim, it offers between 7.2 and
14.4Mbps on cell phones. Its basic speed is 2mbps.
Fourth Generation Wireless Technology (4G): This is on the proposing stage
or is still on then research. No Frequencies has allocated on it. Although it has
the potential to deliver high speed wireless network, and it will support
100Mbps peak rate in wide area coverage.
Fifth Generation Wireless technology(5): The idea came from fourth
generation. The following evolution will be based on 4G that will boost the
dream of having real wireless world. 5G will provide better services than 4G.
16
3.1.4 Satellite Communication
This is an artificial satellite stationed in the space for telecommunication technology,
and is used for fixed services (point-to-point), and it provide a microwave relay
technology complementary to that of submarine communication cables. They are also
used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and
hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other
technologies, such as cable, cannot be used.
3.1.5 Wireless Standards
In wireless communication network, there are standards that has been developed by
IEEE (Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers). They are also known as Wi-Fi
technologies, and they conform to 802.11 a,b,g , 802.16 and many more as well as
Bluetooth technologies. It is required for potential project managers to know the pros
and cons of theses technologies prior to their inclusion in the deployment. The different
bandwidth rate that is applicable in all the standards. It will help in making educated
network building decision. How they can be included in the designs, specifications and
cost estimation will help in making the applied project management techniques and
tools successful.
Wi-Fi ( Wireless Fidelity)
Is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency to send data through the air. It stands
for Wireless Fidelity, and it represents any of the 802.11 networks, and 802.16 as well
as others. The main focus on this techno logy is the speed at which it uses to transmit
data, the distance at which it can withstand signal fading, the security capabilities
between each standard. It has been stated to be using 1 and 2Mbps initially. A pictorial
view of a site plan where Wi-Fi technology components are mounted will be shown in
the figure below:
17
Figure 3. A placement site plan for Wi-Fi components [19]
In figure 3, Wi-Fi components are paced on site that are being planned for wireless
network deployment , this is more of a layout design on where the wireless access
will be mount during installation. This is in line with the details given about IEEE
802 wireless standards that are mostly used for wireless LANs.
3.2.1 Fibre Optics
This technology uses light diodes for communication and wave lengths. The
predominant use of optical technology is as very fast “electric wire”. Optical fibres
replace electric wire in communications systems and nothing much else changes. [12]
18
3.2.2 Wide Area Network and System Architecture
WANs cover a large geographical area, may require the crossing of public right – of –
ways, and it consist of number of interconnected switching nodes.[2] It requires a lot of
human effort to implement in the context project management. The system architecture
in this case describes the wireless technology network functions, protocols, and how
they are spread over a large number of technical documents which contain many details
with some of the critical issues. A topology of wide area network showing wireless
components is exemplified in the exhibit below:
Figure 4. Wide Area Network showing wireless components.[7]
In Figure 4, it talks about wireless communication, and many technologies that are in
high demand industry wide. For example, GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication), WiMAX (World wide Interoperability for Microwave Access
requires a lot of engineering techniques in the context project management. The
deployment of theses technologies requires a lot of human and material resources. The
drawbacks associated with these technologies cannot be compromised anymore in that
19
it has motivated many scholars to be researching on how proper planning could be
initiated prior to the deployment to minimize risks and uncertainties. The efficiency of
network service in any given network scenario gives competitive edge for the
stakeholders. A usage diagram of WiMAX service is shown in this diagram as well as
the diagram below:
Figure 5. A usage model of WiMAX services. [6]
In Figure 5, Considering the usage model diagram of WiMAX services, it shows that
the technology can deliver wireless broadband anytime, anywhere. Wireless broadband
is high-speed Internet and data service delivered through a wireless local area network
(WLAN) or wireless wide area network (WWAN).
20
As with other wireless service, wireless broadband may be either fixed or mobile
wireless which was mentioned earlier. A fixed wireless service provides wireless
Internet for devices in relatively permanent locations, such as homes and offices (as
shown in the figure above). Fixed wireless broadband technologies include LMDS
(Local Multipoint Distribution System) and MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint
Distribution Service) systems for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct
from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius. The service
is similar to that provided through digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable modem but the
method of transmission is wireless. A mobile broadband service provides connectivity
to users who may be in temporary locations, such as coffee shops. Mobile broadband
works through a variety of devices, including portable modems and mobile phones, and
a variety of technologies including WiMAX.
Mobile WiMAX based on IEEE 802.16e standard has been developed for high-speed
data rate applications especially in mobile environments compared with other IEEE 802
series standards( as mentioned in the WiFi standard ). The first standard was published
two support communication in the 10-66GHz frequency band. A revised version
introduced in 2003 was introduced to provide additional physical layer specification for
2-11 GHz frequency band. Because of scarce frequency resources, it is unavoidable to
interfere the neighboring commercial mobile networks when mobile WiMAX system is
deployed [26].
Hence, all these are reflected in the figure titled wireless broadband
anytime, anywhere which shows WiMAX services.
21
CHAPTER FOUR
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS
In the preceding chapters, project management overview was given and communication
aspect of it was discussed in the same light as benefits of human efforts in project
related management or alike. Although the concept was more of managerial outlook but
it is necessary to include it in this research because is ICT (Information and
Communication Technology) related. There are a lot of techniques and tools in project
management that has proven to be helpful in planning and completion of projects across
diverse industries.
In the context of this project,four project management techniques have been chosen and
one of them (GANTT CHART) is used to demonstrate the logic through the Microsoft
project management software , which by default launches Gantt Chart . This makes it
scientific, engineering in applicability (the real time software interaction with the user,
the visual effects on the software platform and many features makes it engineering or
scientific). Each technique and tool is unique in its application and process. For the sake
of this research, I focus on Microsoft project software, that is, Ms Project which is a
computer software application based technique or tool. Information could be keyed on it
from Gantt chart layout, as a lot of studies has shown that. The methods and tools that
project manager‟s use can be helpful for everyone, and task does not necessarily have to
be called a „project‟ in order for project management methods to be very useful in its
planning and implementation.
There are four project management tools or techniques, which are brainstorming,
Fishborne/Ishikawa Diagrams, Critical Path Analysis Flow Diagram, and Gantt Chart.
Theoretically, the methods and techniques are not restricted to this four mentioned. In
addition to this four, another one to be included is PERT (Program evaluation and
Review Technique) and many of these are listed in a sample of related study. Each of
these tools has their strengths and purposes as which will be analyzed.
22
A matrix key of them is shown in figure 6:
B F C G
Project brainstorming and initial concepts, ideas,
structures, aims, etc
*** **
Gathering and identifying all elements, especially
causal and hidden factors * *** **
Scheduling and timescales ** ***
Identifying and sequencing parallel and interdependent
activities and stages * *** *
Financials - costing, budgets, revenues, profits,
variances, etc * * ** ***
Monitoring, forecasting, reporting * ** ***
Troubleshooting, problem identification, diagnosis and
solutions ** *** ** *
'Snapshot' or 'map' overview - non-sequential, non-
scheduled ** ***
Format for communications, presentations, updates,
progress reports, etc
* * ***
Figure 6. Matrix key of four project management techniques.
The matrix shows how important how the information is, in comparison to other tools.
The Matrix key represents the following:
23
B= Brainstorming ***-main tool
F= Fishborne **- optional/secondary
C= Critical part analysis Flow Diagrams
G= Gannt * - sometimes useful
4.1 Research Analysis
In this context, the usefulness of all the mentioned project management techniques is
shown in figure 6 and whatever project that is set to achieve a goal can apply anyone
found suitable. The problem associated with wireless technology in industry wide is
mostly signal deterioration, which has been its drawback, and it has been motivating
many professionals in the ICT to improve on such problems.
Prior to deployment of wireless network infrastructure, a lot of resources are required to
be put in place, and this could cover human and capital resources. The humans are both
project members and management they work with, while capital is the tool, machine
that is applied for pre-installation of the technology. This is reflected in the analysis of
the technique applied in this project and related studies.
4.1.2 Brainstorming
This is different from most management skills and methods, and its first stage is ideally
a free thinking and random technique. It can be overlooked by many people because is
not a natural approach for many people whose main strength are in systems and
processes. Result wise, the stage of the project planning process can benefit from being
facilitated by a team member able to manage such a session, specifically to help very
organize people to think randomly and creatively.
24
4.1.3 Fishborne Diagrams
This technique is mostly used in quality management fault detection, and in business
process improvement, in the case of manufacturing and production but the model is
very useful in project management and task planning and task management generally.
Within project management, Fishborne diagrams are useful for planning. For instance,
is use during brainstorming. It is said to be not good for scheduling or showing
interdependent time critical factors. Fisborne diagrams are called „cause and effect‟
diagrams or Ishikawa diagram after Kauro Ishikawa, a Japanese Professor, who
specializes in engineering and quality management. The diagram looks like a Fish bone
that is why it is called „fishborne‟.
In analysis, Fishborne diagram can support any category that makes sense in project
deployment. Typically, Fishborne has six or more main bones feeding into the spine.
The categories mentioned include environment, management, systems, training, legal
and others. It is said to be an effective model and tool for mapping of an entire project
operation. Where a Fishborne diagram is used for project planning, the effect is shown
as an aim or outcome or result, and not a problem.
25
Problem
Statement
Figure 7. Showing a fishborne diagram[14]
In Figure 7, Fishborne diagram which is one of the project management techniques is
demonstrated through the arrows moving towards various directions . The underlying
analysis helps in understanding how proper planning and management of resources
could help in solving problems already foreseen.
4.1.4 Critical Path Analysis-CPA (Flow Chart or Diagram)
This is a logical and very effective method for planning and managing complex
projects. It is normally shown as flow diagram (organized in a line). Another name for
critical path analysis is critical path method, abbreviated as CPA, CPM. They enable a
plan to be scheduled according to timescale. It also enables costing and budgeting but as
26
easily as Gantt Chart. They also help planners to identify casual factors or elements but
not as easily as Fishborne diagram.
The critical path analysis example below shows just a few activities over a few minutes.
It is possible for one to use MS Excel or similar spreadsheet to show critical path
analysis, which allows financial totals and time totals to be planned and tracked.
Although, there are various specialized project management software that can enable
the same thing. It can require no computer training at all in that you can put 90% of the
thinking and structure in place.
CPA flow diagram example:
Figure 8. showing a typical CPA diagram.[15]
In Figure 8, the diagram on CPA demonstrates how it functions in the above paragraph.
I am going to talk about the benefits and limitations of CPA, which is stated below:
27
Provides graphical view of the project.
Predicts the time required to complete the project.
Shows which activities are critical to maintaining the critical and which are not.
For limitations of CPA, it was said to be easy to understand and use. It does not
consider the time variations that can have a great impact on the completion time of a
complex project. CPA was developed for complex but fairly routine projects with
minimum uncertainty in the project completion times. For less routine projects there is
more uncertainty in the completion times, and this uncertainty limits its usefulness. [15]
All these explanations are found in the sampled activities mentioned above.
4.1.5 P.E.R.T(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
For (PERT) which stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique, is a network
model that allows for randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in
the 1960‟s for the United States Navy‟s Polaris project having thousands of contractors.
It has the potential to reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project. [15]
It was briefly mention in my CPA analyses but a broad detail about it in this session
will be given. It is typically represented as an activity arc network. In which the
activities are represented on the lines and milestones on the nodes. Diagrammatically:
Figure 9. PERT Chart[15]
In figure 9,the milestones generally are numbered so that the ending node of an activity
has a higher number than the beginning node. Incrementing the numbers by 10 allows
for new ones to be inserted without modifying the numbering of the entire diagram. The
28
activities in the above diagram are labeled with letters along with the expected time
required to complete the activity.[15]
Considering its benefits, it has the following:
Expected project completion time
Probability of completion before a specified date
The critical path activities that directly impact the completion time
Activities start and end dates
For the limitations, it includes the following:
Activity time estimate is prone to bias as the group or person conducting the
activity could use personal judgment that could lack objectivity
The underestimation of the project completion time due to alternate paths
becoming critical is perhaps the most serious
4.2 Gantt Charts
These are extremely useful project managemmet tools. The Gantt Chart is named after
U.S engineer and consultant Henry Gantt”(1861-1919) who devised the techniques in
the 1910s. Gantt Chart are excellent models for scheduling and for budjeting, and for
reporting and for presenting and communicating project plans and progress easily and
quickly. As a rule, Gantt Chart is not as good as critical part analysis flow Diagram for
identifying and showing interdependent factors, or for „mapping‟ a plan from and /or
into all the detailed casual or contributing element. Gantt Chart can be constructed using
similar spreadsheet activities including timeline for the duration of the project. You can
schedule review and insert break points. At the end of each line, you can show as many
cost columns for the activities as you need.
The case example shows a lot of activities that will be carried out using the Gantt Chart
technique and microsoft project managenent as atool that is inseparable in the conetxt of
29
this project. Gantt Chart are probably the most flexible and useful of all project
management tools, but remember they do not very easily or obviously show the
importance or interdependence of related parallel activities,and they don‟t show the
necessity to complete one task before another can begin.
Gantt Chart Usage Case Example:
In a case of wireless network deployment scenario where IPv6(Internet Protocol version
6) is being considered for deployment, it could be shown in tabular activity format.
Thus:
Activity Code Activity Duration in
days
Depends
on/Predecessors
A. Main Task
Subtask
Technical Specification
Contact with Hardwofare
vendors
Get information about the
Hardware
14 2,4
3( subtask)
B. Main Task
Subtask
Specification analysis
Analysis by Hardware
group
Analysis by Software
group
Check for compatibility of
Hardware and Software
site survey report
Review by technical team
approval by the HR
11 1,5
7,8
11(Subtask)
C. Main Task Installation approval
Cost estimation
Budget Approval
6
14
30
D. Main Task
Subtask
Deployment of
equipment
Power equipments
Network devices
software packages
6 15
E. Main Task
Subtask
First Installation
Commencement
UPS & electrical devices
Routers & switches
workstations
4 19
9
21(Subtask)
F. Main Task
Subtask
Installation of network
components
WAN network devices
installed
LAN network devices
5 15
(Subtask)
G. Main Task
Subtask
Installation of software
Utility
Firewalls installation
inbtw LAN/WAN
Anti-virus on workstations
LAN
4 10
28(Subtask)
H. Main Task
Subtask
Verification and
validation
Testing between LANS
3 29
(Subtask)
I. Main Task Performance evaluation 2 31
Subtask Feedback
Figure 10. Showing a sample Gantt Chart of IPv6 deployment activity in written form
31
In Figure 10, a tabular representation of Gantt Chart is shown. Gantt Chart is the
quickest and simplest method for formal planning. The analysis does not end with what
is displayed in figure 10, the software tool will be used as we proceed to demonstrate
deeply all variables associated with the deployment. It can be very useful in planning
project with a limited number of tasks and the chart shows activities in horizontal lines,
whose length depends on the time needed to completed the activities. The lines could
show how much activity that has been completed.
So, drawing a Gantt Chart requires informaion on the following areas:
The logic of the tasks
The duration of the task
The resources available to complete the task
4.2.1 Microsoft Project Software
It is one of the most widely used software packages for project management. It can be
used for resource constraints projects in that the package applies a priority –based
procedure using a specific schedule generation scheme. Studies have shown that
computational results for a set of 1320 project from the standard test set indicate that the
result- allocation capabilities of Microsoft Project comparable to those of the best
performing softwares packages. [13]
Task of Project Management software
- Scheduling: It helps in scheduling series of events or taskand the
complexity of the schedule can vary considerably depending on how the tool
is used.
- Providing Information: Project planning software can be expected to
provide information to various people. For example, task list of people,and
allocation schedules for resources.
Approaches to project management software
- Desktop: It has the capability to run on desktops if implemented in such
platform. And it has the ability to collaborate with nother users.
32
- Web based: It can be implemented as a web applcation , people can access
it through internet, intranet and extranet using web browser.
- Collaborative: A collaborative system is designed to support muliple users
modifying different sections of the plan at once.
- Integrated: An integrated system combines many project management or
planning, with many aspect of the company file.
There are many benefits associated to using this Microsoft project management
software, it is listed in details:[16]
- Familiar and intiutive: With the use of favorite tools and graphical menus,
it create a familiar experience that will help you reporting your project.
- Save time and effort: The functions helps in making your task faster , and
you put less effort in running many applications like text wrapping,
zooming, copy and paste features make collaboartion with other microsoft
office applications possible.
- Flexible and powerful: This could be exemplified by saying that it works
with summary of data initially or shift to a more detailed approach when it‟s
convenient. It helps in making information available through note reminders.
- Easier to see and share: This feature helps in clearer view of tasks and
milestones. Important dates could be shared among project team.
- At -a –glance: It provides the mix of people and resources. It also helps in
resolving conflict derived from a task schedule.
- Control and deliver: This stands for quick view of budjet comparison, in
cases of actual budjet, forecasted values to measure initiatives progress with
flexibility.
- Evaluate possibilities: This case helps in evaluating scenarios and you
considering options. You can esily experiment with your project planning
using what – if-analysis tool.
- Collaborate with others:This option aids collaboration with other microsoft
utilities like Microsoft Sharepoint which could be useful between project
33
members. You can send your files in this sharepoint sites for your team
members get communicated plans of the project.
- Grow capabilities: It helps in delivering end-to-end capabilities to help
organizations prioritize investments and optimize resources, gain control of
all types of work, and visualize performance by using powerful
dashboards.[16]
- Enhance performance: It has the capacity to handle very large project and
program as it shares compatibilty with other project management tools like
project server 2007 and many utilities.
This resource allocation also could involve or could be used in the context of ICT
projects planning, designing, and maintaining all the resources that is needed for a
successful wireless network infrastructure deployment.
Moreover, the use of this software as a project management tool is not restricted to the
benefits mentioned above. It can be divided into three sections, which are planning,
communicating, analyzing and tracking. It will increase the effectiveness of project
managers in any given project. This software utility which comes with a default Gantt
Chart has the advantage of multi-level task undo that makes planning to be flexible. It
will enhance effectiveness and productivity of a potential project manager.
34
Figure 11. A screen shot of IPv6 deployment activities showing main task and subtasks
on Gantt Chart.
In Figure 11, the left pane of the microsoft project software windows environment
shows a Gantt Chart activity of the deployment process of IPv6 in a given scenario.
The columns and rows represents different resources and variables required by the
project team. This involves the task pane, duration of the task ,start and finish dates, the
predecessors which represents the dependencies between each activity, and resource
names. It shows nine main tasks and subtasks under each main tasks. The activities in
days and weeks are shown through a displayed 3-D Gantt Chart formation or
milestones. Thus, showing interdependencies of each task prior to completion by the
project management team. It means that there is no task that is completely independent
in this scenario.
35
Figure 12. A continuation of figure 11 showing the remaining acivities in Gantt Chart
layout and milestones.
In figure 12 , the first miletsone is shown in gray coloured Gantt Bar followed by
subtask that are coloured in blue. The drop down arrows indicate the dependencies
inbetween the main tasks and subtasks or the link between tasks. These dependencies
started as a result of assigned resources names whose actions determines the next action
of other names, and they come in form of team members playing ther official roles in
order to come out with a result.The resource names are human resources/technical ,
management approved, logistics,site activity I,site activityII, core site activity, comment
and results.
36
Figure 13. A network styled layout of the activities of the project team.
In Figure 13, each activity has a blue colored box to show the migration process and
the start date as well as the finishing dates. It shows interconnectivity of task ,that is ,
critical in path anaylsis. The blue lined layout shows where the subtasks joins each
other thereby reflecting the kind of job done as well as time duration. It starts from
technical specification main task through contact for software,contact with hardware
vendors. From the figure, we have technical specification , contact with hardware
vendors, contact for the software, get information about the hardware and generate
report on technical specification.
37
Figure 14. Showing a continuation of network styled activity .
In Figure 14, it start with specification analysis with critical path indication because it
has red lined borders , then followed by analysis on hardware group, check for
compatibility, then it moves to UPS and electrical devices. We have the remaining five
activities below the upper part following the chain.
38
Figure 14 continued
In the same Figure 14, a continuation of the previous activities showing fully a
connection between the networked tasks, it shows interconnection the previous subtasks
to a last subtask of routers and switches, they afre all blue lined.
39
Figure 15. Showing network diagram of further activities on main task and subtask(
continuation)
In figure 15, a continuation of the main tasks as conducted by the project team as shown
in the networked portions of the activity blocks. The ones with blue lines represents non
critical activities as conducted by the project team. It shows less intensity of the tasks
being executed. From the contact of the hardware vendors through get information
about the hardware, and generate report on technical review.
40
Figure 16 A screen shot of network diagram showing main task and subtask proceeding
from previous figures.
In Figure 16, we have nine networked activities showing both main tasks and subtasks.
In cases where there is no interconnect occurs as result of the timing as designed by the
project team which makes the activity or task to be independent from the previous
activity in the network activity. The subtask of feedback is bordered with a red line and
it shows critical nature of the task.
41
Figure 17. Showing more of network diagram of tasks
In Figures 17, illustrate the start date and finishing dates within the main task and
subtasks. The networked path starts from the Anti virus on workstations LANs and
moves to verification and validation and testing between LANs. This critical path shows
a great deal of work by the project teams thereby indicating durations and task
dependencies but is not reflected in this figure. The task dependencies relies on the
main tasks which specification analysis in this diagram.
The performance evaluation is the main task while the feedback is the subtask. The task
in them is said to be critical because we can calculate the changes that occurs between
the original task and the subsequent tasks. It is obvious to note that feedback got a high
intensity of tasks as it shows red linings on it.
42
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Contact with HW vendors, 3 days
Cnact for the Software, 5 days
Figure 18.Calender Interface.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Generate report on technical Specifications, 3 daysAnalysis by HW group, 3 days Check for compatibility of HW and SW, 8 days
Analysis by SW group, 3 days
site survey report, 6 days
Review by technical team, 7 days
Installation Approval, 4 days
Cost estimation, 2 days Budget Approval, 2 days
Figure 19. Calendar interface continues.
43
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Check for compatibility of HW and SW, 8 days
approval by the HR, 3 days
Deployment of Equipment, 10 days
Network devices, 6 days First Installation Commencement, 3 days Routers & switches, 2 days
Figure 19 continues
In Figures 18 and 19 the calendar of previous figures aligns. It helps to knowing the
week and month duration of tasks in calendar format, in this case we will know which
month all the task was executed as well as the days of the week.
This calender interface shows the beginning of the tasks pictorial format which will
help the project team in creating effective report on the job done. Each 3-D Gantt bar
represents the task name and the number days it was conducted.This covers two
subtasks , but the individual subtask on Technical specification is covered for 14 days
and from the Gantt bar layout we have it as three while the fourth one is Specification
Analysis which has 11 days from the Gantt bar layout.
Limitations
The constraint in this project case comes in all activities or subtasks shown on the Gantt
Chart case analysis. From technical specifications to the last activity – performance
evaluation, they all have their own degree of constraints. It occurs mostly in the
technical specification subtask and the installation approval subtask. The case of
technical specification is a rigorous task to implement because a lot issues has to be
addressed, brainstorming among project team has to occur before technical
specification.
44
Although there could be budgetary constraint but that could be handled by the
management over time. Moreover, it is bound to happen and the critical path layout will
go along way in helping the project management team measurement of various tasks as
variances occurs. With this view, the project management team can communicate the
information provided by the tool. The Gantt bar shows a nucleated form of all the
calendars and task names assigned to it.
A wide range of computerized systems softwares now exist for project management and
planning. There are many methods in the industry but the focus of this project will be
Ms Project utilization for sustaining wireless network infrastructure deployment. Prior
to the deployment, proper planning is required with proprietory computerized softwares,
managing and maintaining the wirless network infrasturcture and resources allocation is
required over time calls for this MS project software understanding .
4.2.2 Comparative Studies
A lot of studies have been found successful where PM tools assure project success. In a
project scenario, where a technology – intensive work was carried out, a project
management framework that includes a PM Plan, project organization, PM tools and
techniques, and performance monitoring, measurement control, where integrally
applied.
The use of these project management techniques conform with the globally accepted
model called PM framework which is PMI (Project Management Institute) and PMBOK
Guide (2008) which is a Project Management Body of Knowledge.[20]
45
Figure 20: Showing project management tools and Techniques. [20]
46
In Figure 20, shown in the study of Angelo Bernard Pinheiro, on the tabulation of
different Microsoft project management techniques, for instance, PERT and CPM was
shown in the list and it was applied by the authors. In the work of Gregor von
Laszewski and Leor E. Dilmaniane it provided a rich environment with powerful
visualization capabilities. This case of the project management tools was used in e-
science project and experimented with Microsoft project. The objective was based on
Cyberaide framework for simplifying the development of advanced Cyber-
infrastructure or e-science applications. Much of the framework allows integrating
various components through drag and drop components directories. The component
includes access to social networking services. Though this integration is rich set of
functionality addressing the development, deployment and execution of e-science
application is available to the end user. [21] The result was that it helps the end user for
workflow modeling and design tool in Grid computing, and the intention of the project
(related study) is not just to create an interface to Grid back-ends. The full potential of
Cyber aide becomes apparent [21].
The reason for the adoption of Microsoft project software was its ease of use by many
professionals, and the collaborative features that supports planning, workflow
composition, execution, documents publication; notification information sharing may be
conductive to the scientific discovery and review process.
47
Figure. 21. Using Microsoft project to build and execute a Grid based workflow[21].
In Figure 21, it shows a workflow and highlights the well known features of Microsoft
in the Gantt Chart view. Also, in the study of Gregor von Laszewski and Leor E.
Dilmaniane.
In the study of Norbert Trautmann, Philipp Baumann where this technique was applied,
studies have shown that computational results for a set of 1320 project from the
standard test set indicate that the result- allocation capabilities of Microsoft Project
comparable to those of the best performing softwares packages.
A case of Microsoft Project which generates some initial schedules by sampling various
priority rules, and improve each of these schedules by iterative –backward
passes.[13]This software tool work on RCPSP( Resource-Contraint Project Scheduling
Problem), and how resource could be allocated on the software platform. A sample Ms
Project screen shot will be shown below:
48
Figure 22. Schedule obtained by the built-in resource-allocation procedure of Microsoft
Project (screenshot)[13]
In Figure 22, from the screenshot, the Gantt Chart portion could be seen as default task
pane which contains task name, duration, start, finish etc. It was actually used for
resource allocation heuristically. The new heuristic renders the resource-allocation
capabilities of Microsoft Project competitive with those of the best-performing project
management software packages; this holds in particular for large-sized projects. The
iterative backward/forward scheduling technique decreases the average deviation from
the critical-path based lower bound from 37.91% (default priority values, without
iterative backward/forward) to 31.77% (best-choice priority values, with iterative
backward/forward).[13]
Hence, the iterative capabilities of Microsoft Project shows a lot of activity inputs in a
given project that was numbered up to 1320( One Thousand Three Hundred and Twenty
) , and the result was gotten. The Microsoft project software was used under VBA (
Visual basic Application). Computational results for a standard test set consisting of
49
1320 projects indicate that the presented heuristic improves the resource-allocation
capabilities of Microsoft Project considerably.[13] This is considered the result of the
study because it was more of comparison. .The underlying idea, skill or concept of this
resource allocation also could be involved or could be used in the context ICT
(Information and Communication Technology) projects planning, designing, and
maintaining all the resources that are involved for a successful wireless network
infrastructure deployment.
In the study of Wei jia, which is on construction project management, techniques and
tools of project management where applied. The technique was named „Matrix
Organization Structure‟, which conforms to the logic being portrayed by the topic of
this research. [22] It goes to demonstrate how this technique is being applied, and the
result gotten was as follows:
Clearly define the project objective
Divide and sub-divide the project scope into work packages
Define the specific activity that needs to be performed by each work packages
Graphically portray the activities in the form of a network diagram
Make a time schedule for how long it will take to complete each activity
Make a cost estimate for each activity
Calculate a project schedule and budget to determine how long the project will
take [22]
All these are reflected in the Microsoft project software as a tool applied within the
context of this project. In this case, there were no numerical results in form of figures
but were more of theoretical findings as listed in the bulleted points above.
In line with the same comparative studies, some topics where the project management
techniques and tools are applied could be stated further. They are all shown in this sub-
heading of comparative studies, in the case of Norbert Trautmann, Philipp Baumann on
an Iterative Backward/Forward Technique for the Scheduling of Resource-Constrained
Projects using Microsoft Project [13], they provided a comparison of Microsoft project
with other software packages or state-of the-art methods for scheduling of resource -
50
constrained project, and they claimed that Microsoft Project performed poorly unlike
other software. But they presented a trial and error (heuristic) study for Microsoft
Project which generates some initial schedules by sampling various priority rules, and
improve each of these schedules by iterative backward-forward passes. The result
shows that the calendar constraints in the Microsoft project, through the trial and error,
employs only Microsoft projects schedule- generation scheme.
The final result on this study was gotten from a computational result for a set 1320
projects from the standard test which indicate that the presented trial and error
(heuristic) renders the resource – allocation capabilities of Microsoft project comparable
(similar) to those of the best performing packages.
Gregor von Laszewski and Leor E. Dilmanian, on e-Science Project and Experiment
Management with Microsoft Project, which uses visualization capabilities of the project
management software in managing the grid workflow Wei Jia on Application of
Project Management Techniques in Construction Management, which applied project
management techniques .
51
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Wireless Network Infrastructure Deployment
In this session, wireless network using Internet Protocol Version six(IPV6) was used as
a point of focus or technology for analyses. Wireless networks are becoming more and
more afordable and easier to adopt than ever. A wireless infrastructure can make it
easier to recognize your office space growth and changes. When you take into account
productivity gains, both inside the office and at public "hot spots," going wireless is an
obvious choice, especially when compared to the cost of running a Cat 5 network LAN
cable throughout a building.[18]
In this case, some steps could be considered; it can stand as the pre-installation or pre-
deployment task in a given scenario, or comprehensively, the feasibility study prior to
deployment, like these ones:
Understand it: There are a lot of benefits associated to wireless in that it can
help your business to be more productive. In comparison to wired networks,
wireless networks are a viable and affordable alternative that offers the benefit
of making your environment more flexible. On the other hand, wired networks
can be an inefficient network medium.
Plan it: It involves consideration of benefits you could get after installation or
prior to the integration of wireless in your infrastructure. Some advantages like
reduced cost of installation, flexibility, convenient information access. Further,
evaluation of your future networking needs and current one should be kept in
mind prior to deployment.
Do it: This has to deal with actually setting up wireless network after it must
have been planned. Once the equipments are noted down, like the wireless
clients and access points, installation process that will meet your network needs
begins. For instance, testing, environment, network compatibility, number of
users should be considered.
52
Use it: This has to deal with recommending some wireless specification
measures to ensure that your wireless communication network is secure. For
example, WEP security control, MAC addressing scheme, and many more.
Support it: This involves using third party professionals to support your
network as it grows over time because the dynamics of wireless network utilities
will definitely call for problems and upgrade.
Going through IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version Six) wireless network infrastructure
deployment in North America, a lot of resources were required. As a case study I will
use to implement the simplest and quickest technique (GANTT CHART) through its
default launch on Microsoft project software platform. There are issues that we need to
address:
Where are we with deployment?
Where do we go next?
Good news predictions for years ahead!
What are the business drivers for this technology?
5.2 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
Is defined as the network layer protocol for the internet, and is one of the pillars which
support the internet. IPv6 is designed to solve the problems of IPv4. It does so by
creating a new version of the protocol which serves the function of IPv4, but without
the same limitations of IPv4. IPv6 is not totally different from IPv4: what you have
learned in IPv4 will be valuable when you deploy IPv6. The differences between IPv6
and IPv4 are in five major areas: addressing and routing, security, network address
translation, administrative workload, and support for mobile devices. IPv6 also includes
an important feature: a set of possible migration and transition plans from IPv4. [17]
5.2.1 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) Problems and Limitations
There are many problems associated with the use of IPv4 which are:
53
Running out Internet Addresses: This limits the internet growth for existing
users and hinders use of the internet for existing users. It also makes internet
routing to be inefficient. It forces users to use translation, that is, Network
Address Translation (NAT).
System Management Costs: It is labor intensive, complex, slow and error
prone. It has inconsistent level of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol) support in clients. It calls for renumbering of networks. There is the
issue that causes address space shortage when choosing a more competitive ISP
(Internet Service Providers).
Considering the limitations and problems associated with IPv4, results from various
researches has provided IP version that will perform beyond such limitations and
problems, which is IPv6.
5.2.2 Deployment State of IPv6
This consists of the following: Core standards defined within a specified time frame;
Initial network pilots on internets and labs; Base network products and platforms in the
market; Requirement definition for IPV6; Internet Service providers begin
infrastructure deployment; Application development heterogeneous platform and
Complete IPV6 networks and systems.
Where is this Network Infrastructure Located?
At the client network which is found within LAN computers and has web
browsers thereby receiving and requesting information over the network. At the
provider network involves company‟s that provides internet services to
customers or on the other hand, it could be an organization that provides
bandwidth by direct backbone to customers, and at the applications point of
service network.
54
Deploying Network Infrastructure for Mobile IPV6 Network must be a
priority
Mobile IPv6 networks further complicate the infrastructure planning process,
but imperative [17].This is because many mobile users need it , for example,
the soldier in military operation needs it for his communication gadgets, as well
as typical scenarios.
What are the Components for Network Infrastructure with Mobile IPv6?
Network Access Operation which provides access to other network users, that is,
components with the internetwork that plays such role. Network Provider Operation
involves firms working as ISP‟s (Internet Service Providers) to multiple subscribers
or end users. Network Management involves skill professionals in the field of
managing network components within organizations.
Points of Network Infrastructure( Geography)
Packets over local link which is the transmission of data over LANS that falls
within communication control protocol. There is Packets over site which is
transmission of data between routing topologies or different locations ( WAN)
that has been configured to use IPv6; Packets over intranet occurs when data
transmission is within an organizations or a company‟s (internal) network ;
Packet over Internet occurs when data is being transmitted between computers
in the inter network; Packets over mobile IPv6 Network (wireless) is when the
data moves between network components using IPv6; Packets from IPV4
network through IPV6 cloud to IPV4 network this talks about compatibility
between the services IPv4 and IPv6 .
55
Points of Network Infrastructure (Nodes)
This involves the following: Clients which are computers that shares resources
with other computers in a network. Servers are the computer machines that host
information and resources for other computers. Routers are network devices
used as gateways between multiple networks. Switches are network devices
used within local area networks, Printers, Gateways are devices that support
computers and other electronics within a network, Firewalls are devices that are
used to protect networks organizations, they provide many features within
intranet and internet. Proxies are any network device or applications platform
that can serve other machines on the network; Management Nodes (For example
Network, Security, Mobility, QoS);Any Node supporting Transition
Mechanisms.
Points of Network Infrastructure (Software)
Network Management and Utilities involves the software that is being used
within local area networks of a company or intranet of an organization, for
instance, firewalls; Network Internet Infrastructure Applications involves data
communication between networks of computers within the internet
infrastructure. Network Systems Applications involves applications that run
within servers and other edge computing services.
Infrastructure Deployment Hot Spots
Wireless Communications and integration with Wire line (Broadband) Communications
-The hotspot that requires wireless services components does not fully rely on wireless
component rather integration of the both wireless component devices and wired devices
is required in the deployment process.
56
Mobile IPv6 for Wireless Handoffs and Mobile Ad--Hoc Routing – This talks about
routing capabilities for a mobile user or host to roam outside their home network with
the capabilities of IPv6. Research findings has shown that IPv6 was designed to replace
IPv4, considerations for introducing new functionalities and improving on IPv4 where
taken into account. IPv6 routers have built-in functions eliminating the need for a
foreign agent. Triangular routing and tunneling required for IPv4 can now be avoided
through IPv6 routing headers. Security problems are intrinsically solved with improved
addressing architecture and scalability issues are overcome with its 128-bit address
space [27].
Application Porting Methodology- In this context, porting application to 32-bit
operating system to 64-bit applications or operating systems shows compatibility
functions of IPv6 with many application that will be deployed within a network
infrastructure hotspot. Whatever issue that is found in this case will be handled the
methodologies employed in application process by the engineers.
Tunnels around IPv4 encryption –The devices that cannot be upgraded to IPv6
immediately and performance of that tunnel will require encryption in that the data
passing through the devices will be secured. It will help to avoid possibility of spoofing
between within both tunnels of IPv4 and IPv6. The concept of the tunnel consisting of a
pair of unidirectional security association (SA) at each end of the tunnel that specify the
security parameter index (SPI) , destination IP address, and security protocol employed.
Then, through Security Authentication, an IP tunnel can be provide the following
functions of privacy (via encryption), content integrity (via data authentication), and
sender authentication (via data origin authentication) [28].
IPv6 Security infrastructure requirements- This requires best practices on installation of
the communication equipment that will forestall security standard and protecting the
network infrastructure hotspot where the IPv6 applications will run. IPv6 Intrusion
Detection- This shows the data management capabilities in IPv6 network in comparison
to IPv4 network in that Routing is one of the banes of the current Internet architecture.
57
The propagation of routes and, in particular, the lack of use of aggregation by major
ISPs means that routing tables are huge and growing. IPv6 was designed from the
beginning to be class-less and in particular the address allocation scheme means that
you will no longer be able to take a bit of the address space and carry it with you. There
will be Top Level Aggregators (TLAs) which will delegate parts of their huge address
space as need be. Another significant enhancement is the complete lack of checksum in
the header. In the current IPv4 protocol there are lots of redundant checksums: In IPv6
the idea is that if you really need a checksum then you want a cryptographically strong
checksum. Otherwise there is no point in wasting both space and compute time [29]
.
Training, Porting applications, and Hardware Upgrades for some nodes will have cost –
The deployment hotspot requires training of the onsite users in areas of handling
security issues and other issues hardware upgrades and usage within a span of time.
Network Management of new IPv6 infrastructure and points of transition- The point of
transition here will require network management of the new technology deployed which
is IPv6 especially, the point of transition from IPv4.
All these categories listed will be required by any project team deploying these
technologies. Before planning, knowledge of what you desire is a necessity, because
you could face a hitch. A necessity requirement of the network edges will permit true
end-2-end security and operational trust model.
58
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Project management from the forgoing can be applied in any field, that is, any
profession requires project management techniques, and the analysis in this project is
not based on a small project. It is centered on ICT (Information and Communication
Technology) related based project with high risk and demand. Planning,
communicating, analyzing in project management helps project team to be effective in
task delivery.
I have found it necessary to elaborate on project management theories, concepts and
practices in the preceding chapters, for instance, Gannt Chart which is project
management technique or tool was proposed by Henry Gannt .Henry Gannt is famous
for his theory on the use of Gannt Chart tool as a planning and control techniques in
complex engineering projects. The project content will not be richly acknowledge if I
did not go into communicational aspect of project management where these resources
are being debated, supported and promoted. In trying to demonstrate the application of
project management techniques to wireless network deployment, it is imperative to
come up with fine-grained analysis of what wireless communication system stands for
in overview. Understanding the underlying technologies is very important for potential
project managers, and its‟ industry best support has come of age.
The developing economies of the world with special reference to Africa have
demonstrated the need for these technologies through telecommunication evolution in
their industry. For instance, telecommunication industry in Nigeria and other African
countries are on the rise to deliver high –end telecommunication services through
upgrade of analog to digitalization of wireless communication infrastructure, which led
to 2G, 3G and the „G‟ technologies that is prevalent today. Most human resource
professionals has found it necessary to be including a knowledge and skill of project
management , as a prerequisite for potential or would be employees in the process of
recruiting job within multinational companies. The recognition it got from
59
standardization bodies like Project Management Institutes (PMI) has demonstrated the
need for scholars to be researching deeply on how project management techniques and
tools could be improved.
The use of these techniques (Gannt Chart, Brainstorming, and Fishborne) is not limited
to ICT alone, but many other areas like construction projects, and other engineering
disciplines. The planning, designing, implementing, managing and maintaining a
wireless network infrastructure, that worth millions of dollars cannot be based on paper
work anymore –web collaborative tools is now a necessity. The oil and gas sector has
found it worthwhile in using this project management technique to enhance their
performance in the context of budget, resource allocation and accountability, thereby
aiding efficient use of resources. All these became possible as a result of the flexibility
and collaboration feature of the software – ease of use.
A point of recommendation goes to project management theories to be mastered by all
professionals in the field of management and information technology. The project
management techniques and tools require proper mastering of both in that it will aid
efficient and effective utilization resources. This has been a hallmark of professionals in
skill and theory of project management in all industries.
In the case of deployment of wireless network infrastructure, a lot high risk is involved
and the use a simple and quick project management tool like Microsoft project
guarantees effectiveness, productivity and efficient use of resources. The complexity of
wireless network deployment calls for the need of this project management techniques
(Gannt Chart, Fishborne and Brainstorming) because a successful outcome is required
by the stakeholders.
However, knowing the best project management software in the world cannot guarantee
you success in project planning, rather having a sound knowledge of these tools and
techniques. The logic it portrays helps project managers and non project managers to
achieve effective results. By the tools and skills, Fishborne diagram, PERT analysis,
brainstorming, Gantt chart and Critical path analysis.
60
The efficiency of these tools and techniques has gotten a wide range of support and
recognition by academicians and industry practitioners which calls for its inclusion or
drafting into academic curriculums. In recent times, we have project management as a
course of study in many institutions of learning, and this shows that what I set to
achieve in this project is not only logically bounded within the content of this research,
rather an open-ended proposition is thrown to us, to see project management, skills,
methods, tools and techniques as a potential area for knowledge building, research and
development, efficient and effective use of resources that could enhance productivity.
61
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