multilingualism for all: european language policy & frisian language planning
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Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning
Language Vitality – Multilingualism and
Language Planning
September 17, 2012
Alex RIEMERSMA
Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning
www.mercator-research.eu
Overview of presentation
- Linguistic Diversity
- Scope of European Language Policies
- Language Vitality
- Frisian in Education
- Language Policies & Planning
Linguistic Diversity
Globe: 6,000 Languages (in oral use) 600 à 700 Languages
with basic infrastructure: Orthography, Dictionary, Grammar Book
475 Languages with complete Bible translation +1,240 languages with New Testament +823 languages with (small) part of Bible
Linguistic Diversity
United Nations (195 member states): 6 working languages
Council of Europe (47 member states):6 working languages> numerous minority languages
European Union (27 member states):23 official languages> 60 Regional and Minority Languages > 175 Immigrant Languages
Kaart fan NOS
Language versus Dialect
Linguistic Distance in terms of:vocabulary, phonology, morphology, syntax
Language infrastructure such as:legislation, provisions, organisation
Language planning:Corpus planningStatus planningPlanning of Transmission / Education
Unesco Language Vitality (2003)
What makes Frisian / Valenciana vital language ?
Language Vitality Planning
Balance of community language will and infrastructure / programmes on:
Corpus planning / standardisation
Status planning / legislation
Language transmission / learning
Fryske Akademy – 1938
Wurdboek - Dictionary
Fryske Akademy / Linguistics
Language Databases
Scientific Dictionary Frysk – Dutch Standardisation:
orthography and grammar
Frysk-Frysk dictionary = Frisian monolingual dictionary
Survey on Frisian language
Frisian Language Vitality Language command of all 640.00
inhabitants province of Fryslân:
94 % Understanding
74 % Speaking
65 % Reading
26 % Writing-------------------------------------------------
54 % Frisian Mother tongue (350.000)
Frisian in Education Pre-school: > 100 Frisian medium &
bilingual provisions
Primary school: obligatory subject> 100 schools use “clil” > 43 trilingual schools: integrated Dutch, Frisian & English
Secondary education: obligatory subject; optional exam subject
Frisian in Education Secondary education:
obligatory subject optional exam subjectconcept of multilingual clil
Teacher training (pabo): additional special courses (7 ECTS; 9 ECTS)
Teacher training (secondary): regular bachelor & master training
Frisian in Education Development from
transitional bilingualism > “full bilingualism, biliteracy” (Fishman)
Results:awareness and language attitudeequal command Dutchmuch better command Frisian self confidence in English
EU Language Policies
EU shall respect Linguistic Diversity:“all languages are equal and equally treated”
23 official languages, but in fact …3, 2 or 1 working language
Education: Mother tongue + two,but in fact national language + one
EU Language Policy
EU programs in favour of English Principle of “subsidiarity”
is in favour of national languages
Process of “mainstreaming”prevents EU Language Policy & discourages vitality of RMLs & IMLs
RML + IML citizens in EU
> 10% of EU population = 45 – 50 million plurilingual people
Present in all member states = Multilingual societies >>>
Co-responsibility for language planning of EU/Coe, national and regional level
Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (CoE / 1998)
25 ratifications (< 47 CoE member states)
13 ratifications (< 27 EU member states)
Key words: To protect and to promote
Part II: General objectives:Non-discriminationright on language transmission
Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (CoE / 1998)
Part III: Menu-system of undertakings in the Domains: education (pre-school … higher education) justice / public services / media / culture / economic and social life /cross border exchanges
EU Language Policy
EU shall respect … linguistic diversity
European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of the Council of Europe (1998)
used as entry exam for new EU member states (2004; 2007)
Unesco Language Vitality (2003)
Language Vitality factors (6)
Intergenerational transmission
Absolute number of speakers
Proportion of speakers within total population
Trends in existing domains
Response to new domains & media
Materials for Education and Literacy
Language Vitality factors (3)
Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes & Politics
Community Member’s Attitudes towards their own languages
Documentation (& corpus planning)
Degrees of Endangerment 5: safe
The language is used by all ages, from children up. 4: unsafe
The language is used by some children in all domains; it is used by all children in limited domains.
3: definitively endangered The language is used mostly by the parental generation and up.
2: severely endangered The language is used mostly by the grandparental generation and up.
1: critically endangered The language is used mostly by very few speakers, of great-grandparental generation.
0: extinct There exists no speaker.
Language Vitality Planning
Balance of community language will and infrastructure / programmes on:
Corpus planning / standardisation
Status planning / legislation
Language transmission / learning
EU Parliament Resolutions
1981 Arfé > EBLUL 1982 – 2006
1983 Jaak Vandenmeulenbroecke) > earmarked budget line € 1,2 million
1987 Willy Kuijpers > Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners (80 % funding)
2004 Michael Ebner > EU Agency onLinguistic Diversity (failed)
EU Commission Actions
Budget line for EBLUL 1982 – 2006;
Budget line for Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners
Action Programme (2004-2006)
2001: European Year of Languages
2005: Feasibility Study > Networks
EU Commission Actions
2007: High Level Group Multilingualism+ on line consultation
2008: EU Communication 2008: Amin Maalouf Report
A Rewarding Challenge (adoptive language)
2011: Civil Society Platform on Multilingualism
EU funded Networks
2008-2011: Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity (NPLD): 11 regional authorities & 16 NGO’s
2009-2011: Mercator Network
2009-2011: RML2future
2010-2012: European Network of Universities on Multilingualism (EUNoM)
Coherent EU Language Policy
Legal base / treaty partner to European Charter for RML
Vitality & empowerment of all languages Co-responsibility in stead of “subsidiarity” Incentive to inclusiveness of RML / IML Partnership to permanent networks of
stakeholders for regular strategic review
EU fitting Programmes
Linguistic Diversity as a priority
Co-operation between EU and the Council of Europe & ECML (= European Centre for Modern Languages in Graz)
National EU Agencies to raise awareness and assist endangered language communities to apply
Research Agenda
Eurobarometer on Languages to include:Mother tongue + father tongue
Multilingual education: continuity & common standards
Media >>> Social media
Plurilingual Literacy
Application of CoE instruments
Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR): - can do – statements for L1, L2, Lf - parallel assessments of L1, L2, Lf
European Language Portfolio:- electronic - plurilingual approach
Common Standards Education
Mercator Analysis & Recommendations (2007):- Informed choice & access- Educational goals- Teaching time (subject & medium) - Teaching materials- Teacher training- Inspectorate
Plurilingual Teacher Training
Subject & medium
Continuity of teaching & learning
School as centres of excellence
Plurilingual language pedagogy
Minor (30 ECTS) in bachelor
Master (60 ECTS) on Multilingualism and multilingual education
• Eskerrik asko
• Mange Takk
• Diolch
Tankewol
• Trugarez
• Grazia
• Graciis
• Dankscheen • Mercé plan
• Kiitos
• Dz'akuju so
• Köszönöm
• Hvala
• Multumesc
• Merci
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