national and regional programs to reduce ozone transport metropolitan washington air quality...
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National and Regional Programs to Reduce Ozone Transport
Metropolitan Washington Air Quality Committee
April 27, 2005
• Background
• Need for Multipollutant Controls
• Approaches
• Comparison of proposals
• Timeline for reductions
Outline
• EPA adopts Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR).
• Congressional and State legislative initiatives have stalled.
• OTC developing regional strategy (CAIR Plus).
Background
Need for Multipollutant Controls
• Large portions of the eastern US designated non-attainment for 8-hour ozone and fine particulate standards
• For many regions, transport of NOx and sulfur dioxide (SO2) plays a large role in non-attainment
• States need assistance to further reduce transport, and passage of multipollutant legislation is uncertain
Regional solutions required to reach attainment.
8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Areas in the United States
Source: U.S. EPA
Clean Air Interstate Rule
2-step regulatory approach reduces NOx and SO2 in 2009/2010, again in 2015
2-step regulatory approach reduces NOx and SO2 in 2009/2010, again in 2015
States submit SIPs outlining compliance method within 18 months of final rule
States submit SIPs outlining compliance method within 18 months of final rule
Cap and trade implementation recommended but not required. States may issue permits.
Cap and trade implementation recommended but not required. States may issue permits.
Discourages states from seeking additional federal help with transport relief
Discourages states from seeking additional federal help with transport relief
Ozone Transport Commission Proposal
Proposes NOx and SO2 reductions believed to be consistent with attainment of upcoming 8-hour and PM 2.5 standards
Proposes NOx and SO2 reductions believed to be consistent with attainment of upcoming 8-hour and PM 2.5 standards
Reductions are larger and occur earlier than in other proposals
Reductions are larger and occur earlier than in other proposals
Supports cap and trade programSupports cap and trade program
Encourages addition of large industrial boilers to program
Encourages addition of large industrial boilers to program
Major Differences
Timing of Reductions
Size of Reductions Geographic scope
Pollutants Addressed
Summary of Pollutants Addressed
NOx SO2 Hg CO2
CAIR*
OTC
Yes Yes No No
Controls
Yes Yes Yes No
* EPA has issued a separate Mercury Rule.
Geographic Scope
Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR): 28 states
Ozone Transport Commission Strategy: National
OTC Region = 13 States.
OTC Proposed Cap = National.
Comparison of Benefits
Summary of Benefits
NOx Emission Caps
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2008 2009 2010 2012 2015 2018
Year
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns
Cap
(m
illi
on
to
ns) Clean Air Interstate
Rule (CAIR)
Ozone TransportCommission (OTC)
Note: OTC = National Cap. CAIR = 28 States.
Summary of Benefits
SO2 Emission Caps
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2008 2009 2010 2012 2015 2018
Year
SO
2 E
mis
sio
n C
ap (
mill
ion
to
ns)
Clean Air Interstate Rule(CAIR)
Ozone TransportCommission (OTC)
Note: OTC = National Cap. CAIR = 28 States.
Ozone and Fine Particle Nonattainment Areas (April 2005)
Projected Nonattainment Areas in 2010 after Reductionsfrom CAIR and Existing Clean Air Act Programs
Projections concerning future levels of air pollution in specific geographic locations were estimated using the best scientific models available. They are estimations, however, and should be characterized as such in any description. Actual results may vary significantly if any of the factors that influence air quality differ from the assumed values used in the projections shown here.
Ozone and Particle Pollution: CAIR, together with other Clean Air Programs, Will Bring Cleaner Air to Areas in the East - 2010
Nonattainment areas for both 8-hour ozone and fine particle pollution
Nonattainment areas for fine particle pollution only .
Nonattainment areas for 8-hour ozone pollution only
104 ozone nonattainment areas (408counties)
36 PM2.5
nonattainment areas with 195 counties
14 ozone nonattainment areas 19 PM2.5 nonattainment areas
Source: EPA OAQPS.
Ozone and Fine Particle Nonattainment Areas (April 2005)
Projected Nonattainment Areas in 2015 after Reductionsfrom CAIR and Existing Clean Air Act Programs
Projections concerning future levels of air pollution in specific geographic locations were estimated using the best scientific models available. They are estimations, however, and should be characterized as such in any description. Actual results may vary significantly if any of the factors that influence air quality differ from the assumed values used in the projections shown here.
Ozone and Particle Pollution: CAIR, together with other Clean Air Programs, Will Bring Cleaner Air to Areas in the East - 2015
Nonattainment areas for both 8-hour ozone and fine particle pollution
Nonattainment areas for fine particle pollution only
Nonattainment areas for 8-hour ozone pollution only
5 ozone nonattainment areas
14 PM2.5 nonattainment areas
104 ozone nonattainment areas (408counties)
36 PM2.5
nonattainment areas with 195 counties
Source: EPA OAQPS.
Timeline for Reductions
2012201220082008 20182018 2019 2019 2007200720042004 20102010 20132013 20152015
Reduction Timeline
8-hour nonattainment designations
8-hour nonattainment designations
Moderate area attainment date
Moderate area attainment date
Serious area attainment date
Serious area attainment date
Severe area attainment date
Severe area attainment date
8-hour SIPs due8-hour SIPs due
CAIR Phase I
SO2 Reductions CAIR Phase II
Reductions
CAIR=Clean Air Interstate RuleOTC=Ozone Transport Commission Proposal
OTC Phase II Reductions
OTC Phase I Reductions
20092009
CAIR Phase I
NOx Reductions
For more information
Websites• http://www.epa.gov/air/interstateairqualit
y/index.html
• http://www.epa.gov/mercury/actions.htm
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