national capacity self-assessments (ncsa)
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National Capacity Self-Assessments
Results and Lessons Learned forGlobal Environmental Sustainability
Global Support Programme to the National Capacity Self-AssessmentsGlobal Environment FacilityUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Environment Programme
AUGUST 2010
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Table of Contents 1
TAble of ConTenTS
lIST of TAbleS, fIGUReS, AnD boXeS 2lIST of AbbReVIATIonS AnD ACRonYMS 3ACKnoWleDGeMenTS 5 foReWoRD 6PRefACe 7eXeCUTIVe SUMMARY 8SoMMAIRe eXCUTIf 11ReSUMen eJeCUTIVo 14
1. InTRoDUCTIon 17
2. THe nATIonAl CAPACITY Self-ASSeSSMenTS 18 2.1 POLICYFRAMEWORKFORCAPACITYDEVELOPMENT 18 2.2 CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFORCAPACITYDEVELOPMENT 20 2.3 PROGRAMMINGCAPACITYDEVELOPMENT:THENCSAAPPROACH 23 2.4 OVERVIEWOFTHENCSAIMPLEMENTATION 25
3. nCSA ReSUlTS 28 3.1 ASSESSMENTSBYFOCALAREAS 29 3.1.1 Biodiversity 30 3.1.2 LandDegradation 31 3.1.3 ClimateChange 32 3.1.4 FreshwaterandCoastalEcosystems,includingFisheriesandWetlands 32 3.1.5 OtherEnvironmentalPriorities 33 3.1.6 SynergiesacrossFocalAreas 34 3.2 CROSS-CUTTINGASSESSMENTS 35 3.2.1 StakeholderEngagement 37 3.2.2 InformationManagementandKnowledge 38 3.2.3 OrganizationalCapacities 38 3.2.4 EnvironmentalGovernance 39 3.2.5 MonitoringandEvaluation 40 3.2.6 OtherTargetsofCapacityDevelopment 41 3.2.7 GlobalEnvironmentalPriorities 41
4. leSSonS leARneD 43 4.1 STAKEHOLDERENGAGEMENT 44 4.2 INFORMATIONMANAGEMENTANDKNOWLEDGE 45 4.3 ORGANIZATIONALCAPACITIES 46 4.4 ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCE 46 4.5 MONITORINGANDEVALUATION 48
5. CRoSS-CUTTInG CAPACITY DeVeloPMenT In Gef-5 49 5.1 CROSS-CUTTINGCAPACITYDEVELOPMENTFRAMEWORK 50 5.2 CROSS-CUTTINGCAPACITYDEVELOPMENTPROJECTGUIDELINES 53
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2 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
6. DISCUSSIon 55
7. RefeRenCeS 57
AnneXeS 59ANNEX1: OVERVIEWOFADAPTIVECOLLABORATIVEMANAGEMENT 59ANNEX2: SELECTNCSAANDCB2PROFILES 63
lIST of TAbleS, fIGUReS, AnD boXeS
TAbleSTable1: ListofRegionalandSub-RegionalWorkshops 25Table2: ListofFollow-upProjectsbyCountry 27Table3: NCSAalignmentwithMEAsobligations 28
fIGUReSFigure1: TheFiveNCSASteps 24Figure2: NCSAProjectsbyRegion 25Figure3: NCSAreportlengthvs.quality 26Figure4: Numberofcountriesidentifyingtheirpriorityenvironmentalconcern(n=119) 29Figure5: Numberofcountriesidentifyingprioritybiodiversityneedsandactions(n=119) 30Figure6: Numberofcountriesidentifyingprioritylanddegradationneedsandactions(n=119) 31Figure7: Numberofcountriesidentifyingpriorityclimatechangeneedsandactions(n=119) 32Figure8: Numberofcountriesidentifyingprioritywater-relatedresourceneedsandactions(n=119) 33Figure9: Typesofcapacitiescountriesidentifiedaseitherstrong,aconstraint,aneed,orasa prioritycross-cuttingdevelopmentaction. 36Figure10: Countriesassessmentofstakeholderengagement 37Figure11: Countriesassessmentofinformationandknowledgemanagementcapacities 38Figure12: Countriesorganizationalcapacitypriorities 39Figure13: Countriesenvironmentalgovernancecapacities 40Figure14: Countriescapacitydevelopmentprioritiesonmonitoringandevaluation 40Figure15: Summaryofcountriescross-cuttingcapacityconstraints 41
boXeSBox1: SearchingforsynergieswasembeddedintotheNCSAprocess 34
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 3
lIST of AbbReVIATIonS AnD ACRonYMS
ACM AdaptiveCollaborativeManagementbD BiodiversityCb CapacityBuildingCb-2 Cross-CuttingCapacityDevelopmentProjectsCbD UnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversityCbo Community-BasedOrganizationCbPAR CommunityBasedParticipatoryActionResearchCCA CommonCountryAssessmentCCD UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertificationCD CapacityDevelopmentCDG CapacityDevelopmentGroupCDI CapacityDevelopmentInitiativeCoP ConferenceofthePartieseCIS EasternEuropeandCommonwealthofIndependentStateseeG EnergyandEnvironmentGroupeIA EnvironmentalImpactAssessmenteU EuropeanUnionfCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeGef GlobalEnvironmentFacilityGHG GreenhouseGasGSP GlobalSupportProgrammelAC LatinAmericaandCaribbeanlDC LeastDevelopedCountryMDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsMeA MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreementMenA MiddleEastandNorthAfricanCSA NationalCapacitySelf-AssessmentnGo Non-GovernmentalOrganizationoeCD OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentPeI Poverty-EnvironmentInitiativePoPs PersistentOrganicPollutantsReDD ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradationinDevelopingCountriesSeA StrategicEnvironmentalAssessmentSIDS SmallIslandDevelopingStatesSlM SustainableLandManagementSPReP SouthPacificRegionalEnvironmentalProgrammeSWoT Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,andThreatsUn UnitedNationsUnDAf UnitedNationsDevelopmentAssistanceFrameworkUnDG UnitedNationsDevelopmentGroupUnDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUneP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
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Chapter Name Here 5
AcknowledgementsThisreportwaspreparedbyJean-JosephBellamyandKevinHill,withimportantcontributionsfromateamofreviewers,whopainstakinglysurveyed119NCSAFinalReportsandActionPlans:PrakashBista,TeresaBosques,DieterBouma,JohnCherry,EricChu,AmritaKumar,CullenNaumoff,FrankSzollosi,ChrisTheriot,AllisonTowle,andJesseWorker.Thisreportwouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthem.TheNCSAandCB-2projectprofilesweredraftedbyeithertheProjectCoordinators,UNDPCountryOfficestaff,oranindependentreviewer.PeerreviewofthedraftSynthesisReportwasprovidedbyUNDPsCapacityDevelopmentAdvisoryGroupandanumberofexternalreviewers.Thereportwascopy-editedbyStJohnMcKayanddesignedbyRebeccaButtrose.ArtworkbyPaulCoseo.
ThereportwaspreparedundertheoversightofTomTwining-WardattheEnergyandEnviron-mentGroup,BureauforDevelopmentPolicyatUNDP(Pretoria).
Theviewsexpressedinthisreportandanyerrorsinit,arethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheUnitedNations,includingUNDP,oritsmemberstates.
Pleasecitethisdocumentas:Bellamy,Jean-JosephandKevinHill(2010),NationalCapacitySelf-Assessments:ResultsandLessonsLearnedforGlobalEnvironmentalSustainability,GlobalSupportProgramme,BureauforDevelopmentPolicy,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,NewYork,USA.
2010UNDPBureauforDevelopmentPolicy
They are beautiful in their peace, they are wise in their silence. They will stand after we are dust. They teach us, and we tend them. Galeain ip Altiem MacDunelmor
The misty forests of Sierra Gorda, Mexico. Photo by Kevin Hill.
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6 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
ForewordIn2002,adecadeaftertheRioEarthSummit,policymakersinboththedevelop-inganddevelopedworldwerelookingtoprovidegreaterclaritytocountrieswhowantedefficientandmeaningfulwaystosupportsustainabledevelop-mentatthelocallevelforglobalbenefit.
EntertheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF),whichinitscapacityasthefinancialmechanismforkeyUnitedNationsenvironmentalagreements,fundedthefirstNationalCapacitySelf-Assessments(NCSA).Ourvisionthenwastohelpcoun-triesfindthebestwaytoframeresourcesbyfirstdeterminingtheirowncapac-itydevelopmentneedstoimplementconventionsrelatedtobiodiversity,climatechange,desertification,andotherglobalchallenges.
In2003,theGEFCounciladoptedtheStrategicApproachtoEnhanceCapacityBuilding,whichoutlinedguidingprinciplesandaprogrammaticapproachtodevelopandsustainachievementsthatmeettheobjectivesoftheseRioConventions.Tothisend,NCSAsarefirstandforemostlocallydriventoolsthathelppolicymakerspinpointthechallengesthatcontinuetocomplicatecommitmentstoglobalenvironmentalobjectives.
Today,throughourfinancialsupportoftheNCSAsto146countries,theGEFhasplayedapivotalroleinensuringthatcapacitydevelopmentprioritiesandrecommendationsarefullycountry-owned,coherentwithexistingcountrysystems,andpromotepartnerships.Atthesametime,GEFinvestmentstotheNCSAshavebeenacost-effectiveinvestmentfordonorsandtaxpayersasguidedbytheprinciplesandgoalsoftheParisDeclarationonAidEffectivenessandtheAccraAgendaforAction.Thisisnotjustabureaucraticexercise:NCSAsrecognizethateachcountryhasitsownenvironmentalprioritiesbuttheseassessmentsalsohelpsdecision-makersbetterrecognizetheimportantlinksbetweentheconventionsformaximumimpact.
Overtime,NCSAshaveidentifiedprioritycapacitydevelopmentneedstomeetRioConventionobjectives.Theyhavealsohighlightedthefactthatthesesamecapacityneeds,whethertheybestakeholderengage-ment,informationmanagementandknowledge,environmentaleducation,organizationalcapacity,environ-mentalfinancingormonitoringandevaluation,cutacrossallfocalareas.
ThroughtheNCSAexperience,weknowthatsomeeffectivewaysforwardcanincludeagreateremphasisonenvironmentaleducation,environmentalfiscalreforms,andstrategicenvironmentalmainstreaming.Anumberofcountriesalsohavetakentheadditionalstepofassessingandprioritizingcapacitydevelopmentneedsofotherinternationalenvironmentalconventions,suchasthoseframedbytheStockholmConventiononPersistentOrganicPollutantsandMontrealProtocolonOzoneDepletion.
Inthislight,weareproudtopresentthissynthesisreporttoyou,whichrepresentsanimportantsummarybaselineofcountrieskeycapacitydevelopmentprioritiesinnear-term.ThefindingsfromtheNCSAsalsoreinforcethestrategicinvestmentsthatweplantopursueduringtheGEF5businesscycleinordertohelpcountriesmeetandsustainglobalenvironmentalcommitments.
Monique barbut, Ceo and Chairperson of the Gef
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Foreword 7
YAnnICK GleMAReC
executive CoordinatorGlobal environment facility Unitenergy and environment Group, bureau for Development Policy United nations Development
Programme
MARYAM nIAMIR-fUlleR
DirectorDiv. of Global environment
facility operationsUnited nations environment
Programme
PrefaceThisreportisanimportantmilestoneoftheCapacityDevelopmentInitiative(CDI)thatbeganin1998.Atthetime,governments,donorsandpractitionersrecognizedthatachievingenvironmentalsustainabilityofdevelopmentinterventionsrequiredamoretargetedandin-depthassessmentofcountriesunderlyingcapacities.Withafocusonmeetingandsustain-ingglobalenvironmentalobjectives,asframedbytheRioConventionsonbiodiversity,climatechange,anddesertificationanddrought,theCDIsetthestagefortheGlobalEnvironmentFacilitysStrategicApproachtoEnhanceCapacityBuildingin2003.Asthefirstnewprogram-maticpathwayoftheStrategicApproach,theNationalCapacitySelf-Assessment(NCSA)wasacountry-drivenEnablingActivitythatcatalyzedasystematicandcross-cuttinganalysisofindividual,organizationalandsystemiccapacities.TheseEnablingActivitieswerebuiltontheprincipleoflearning-by-doingasastrategytoinstitutionalizethecapacityassessmentprocess.TosupportcountriesNCSA,aGlobalSupportProgramme(GSP)wasestablishedin2005andjointlyimplementedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).
WithmostoftheNCSAsnowcompleted,andalmostadecadeafterinceptionofthefirstNCSAs,importantlessonsaretobelearnedoncountrieschallengesandopportunitiestomeetandsustainglobalenvironmentalobjectives.Asasummaryoftheresultsandlessonslearnedfrom82%ofthe146NCSAs,thisreportisacriticalcontributiontoourknowledgeofthetypesofcapacitiescountriesneedtomeetRioConventionobjectives.Whencomparedtothestrategicprogrammingofdevelopmentsupport,theresultsandanalysisinthisreportreaf-firmsthesupportbeingprovidedbyUNDPandUNEPwithfundingfromtheGEF,nottomentionthesupportbeingprovidedbymanyotherdevelopmentpartnersanddonorsthroughouttheNCSAprocess.
Therehavebeenanumberofimportantstudiesandassessmentsofcountriesenvironmentalcapacities,andthisreportservestocomplementthese.Inparticular,thisreportservestoupdatethestateofglobalenvironmentalsustainability,providingastrongrationaleforthenewstrategicGEFprogrammingofforthe2010-2014period.Wehaveknownforalongtimethatcountriesneedtoimprovepublicawarenessoftheglobalenvironment,mainstreamenvironmentalprioritiesintosectoraldevelopmentpolicies,programmesandplans,andundertakeenvironmentalfiscalreform.Whatwehavelearnedfromthisreportistheextentoftheglobalneedanddemandofthecriticalcross-cuttingcapacitiesthatarecentraltomeetingandsustainingglobalenvironmentalobjectives.
Thenextpathwayofthecapacityassessmentphasefocusesontargetedcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopment,otherwiseknownasCB-2s,with23projectsinitiatedunderGEF-4.ThisreporthighlightstheneedtobetterlinktheprogrammingofCB-2sduringGEF-5tootherstrategiccross-cuttingprogrammingbycountriesforgreatersynergiesandcost-effectiveness.TheresultsoftheNCSAshaveclearlydemonstratedthatintheGEFcapacitybuildingshouldnotbeseenasaseparatesilo,butpartofastrategicsetofinterventionstoenablecountriestomeetsharedglobalenvironmentalobjectives.
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8 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
Executive Summaryacrossfocalareas;and(iii)thecapacitydevelopmentprogrammeinLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)andSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS).
Since2002,atotalof153outof166eligiblecountriesreceivedGEFfundingtoimplementanNCSA.UNDPwastheimplementingagencyfor76%oftheseNCSAprojects,followedbyUNEPwith23%.TheWorldBankwasresponsibleforNigeriasNCSA.In2004,theGEFapprovedtheGlobalSupportProgramme(GSP)toprovidemethodologicalassistancetotheNCSAcountryteams,aswellastoproducelearningmaterials.ThisincludedtheNCSAResourceKit,whichoutlinedthebasicapproachestoNCSAimplementation,includingconsultativerequirements,assessmentsandanalysestobeundertaken.TheGSPalsoproducedguidelinestomonitorandassesscapacitydevelopment,whichwouldbeusedasthefirststageofathree-point,time-seriesoutcomeevaluationofcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopmentprojects.
Ofthe119countriesthatcompletedtheirNCSA,23countriesareatvariousstagesintheimplementationthepriorityrecommendationsidentifiedintheirNCSAFinalReportandActionPlan.WhereastheNCSAswerefullyfundedprojects,theNCSAfollow-upprojects,otherwiseknownasCB-2projects,requireequalamountsofGEFandco-financingresources.Nine(9)ofthe23projectswereapprovedfortheEuropeanandCommonwealthofIndependentStatesregion,withtherestdistributedequallyamongtheotherregions,withtheexceptionofthePacificregion,whichdonothaveanyCB-2projectsatthetimeofthisreport.These23CB-2projectsgenerallyfocusonenvironmentalgovernancesystemsand
Astrategicpartnershipinthelate1990sbetweentheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)SecretariatandUNDPledtothecreationoftheCapacityDevelopmentInitiative(CDI).Thiswasacentralpartoftheprocesstoformulateandpromoteaconceptualframeworkfortheassessmentanddevelopmentofcountriesenvironmentalcapacities.BasedonanassessmentofcapacitydevelopmentintheGEFportfolio,theCDIsrecommendationsformedthebasisoftheGEFsstrategicprogrammingoncapacitydevelopment.ThisledtothecreationoftheNationalCapacitySelf-Assessments.
ThefirstNationalCapacitySelf-Assessments(NCSA)beganin2002withfundingfromtheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF),somebeingimplementedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)withothersbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).TheprimaryobjectiveoftheNCSAswastodeterminethechallengesofcountriesunderlyingcapacitiestomeettheirglobalenvironmentalcommitments,commitmentsthatareframedbytheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,ConventiontoCombatDesertificationandDrought,andtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.ThetotalvalueoftheNCSAportfoliowasUS$28.9million,withanaverageallotmentofUS$200,000perNCSA.
In2003,theGEFapprovedtheStrategicApproachtoEnhanceCapacityBuilding,whichdelineatedtheguidingprinciplesandframedtheprogrammingofGEFresources.TheStrategicApproachreaffirmedthatthecapacitiesnecessarytomeetglobalenvironmentalobjectivesarecloselyrelatedto,indeedaredependentonthosecapacitiesnecessarytomeetbroadernationalenvironmentalpriorities.InadditiontocapacitydevelopmentbeingpursuedbytheNCSAs,theStrategicApproachoutlinedthreeotherpathwaysofcapacitydevelopment:(i)thestrengtheningofcapacitybuildingcomponentsinGEFfocalareaprojects;(ii)targetedcapacitybuildingprojects,bothwithinand
The NCSAs called for countries to identify their priority environmental issues such as combating deforestation, promoting sustainable land management, or minimizing their vulnerabilities to the impact of climate change.
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Executive Summary 9
Theanalysisofthe119NCSAFinalReportsandActionPlansyieldedinsightsandlessonsfromcountriesquesttomeetglobalenvironmentalcommitments.Organizedunderthefivemaintypesofcapacitiestomeetandsustainglobalenvironmentalobjectives,thekeylessonslearnedare:
Stakeholder Engagement Asenseofreadinessisnecessaryfromall
partiesinvolved,includingatthepoliticallevel,inordertoachieveandsustainglobalenvironmentalobjectives.
Achievingenvironmentalsustainabilitynecessitatestheengagementofstakeholders,whichinturnispredicatedontheirlevelofawarenessandunderstanding,aswellashavingtheskillstotakeaction.
NGOsandCommunity-BasedOrganizations(CBOs)mustbefullyengagedinordertoreachmarginalizedcommunities,whointurnengagecivilsocietystakeholders.
Bestpracticemethodologiesareneededtoengagestakeholders.
TheNCSAprocesswasinnovative,benefittingfrombroadandinteractiveparticipationofstakeholders,whichmadetheassessmentshighlyrelevant.
Information Management and Knowledge Althoughnotcomplete,environmental
informationexists.However,thecapacitiestoaccessandmanagethisinformation,includingcoordinationwithothermanagementinformationsystemsremainweak.
Thereisaneedtoincorporatetraditional/indigenousknowledgeintotheenvironmentalmanagementinformationsystem.
Organizational Capacities Manycountrieslackclarityintheir
organizationalset-uptoadequatelyfinanceenvironmentalmanagement.
mainstreamingglobalenvironmentalissuesintonationaldevelopmentprogrammes.
TheNCSAscalledforcountriestoidentifytheirpriorityenvironmentalissuessuchascombatingdeforestation,promotingsustainablelandmanagement,orminimizingtheirvulnerabilitiestotheimpactofclimatechange.Theyweretoundertakearootcauseanalysistodeterminetheinstitutionalcapacities(e.g.,knowledge,decisionsupportsystems,andgovernancestructures)necessarytomeetprogrammeobjectives.Whilethethematicassessmentsforeachfocalareaidentifiedthecapacityneedsspecifictothatparticularenvironmentalconcern,thecross-cutting(orsynergy)reportstookanover-archingapproachtounderstandingmorebasicchallengescountriesfaceinmeetingandsustainingglobalenvironmentalobjectives.Thelatteranalyseswereanimportantcatalystinhelpingdecision-makersandotherstakeholdersgainabetterappreciationoftheimportantlinkagesbetweenandamongtheConventions,andthecapacitiesindicativeofresilientsystems.
Thisanalysisrevealedthatthetopfivecapacitydevelopmentneedsexpressedbycountriestoachieveandsustainglobalenvironmentaloutcomesare:1)publicawarenessandenvironmentaleducation;2)informationmanagementandexchange;3)developmentandenforcementofpolicyandregulatoryframeworks;4)strengtheningorganizationalmandatesandstructures;and5)economicinstrumentsandsustainablefinancingmechanisms.
Attheotherendofthespectrum,theNCSAanalysisshowedthatcapacitiestonegotiateattheConventionsConferenceofthePartieswereofarelativelylowpriority,withonly17outof119NCSAsidentifyingthisasacapacityneed.Similarly,only32outof119NCSAsidentifiedintegratedecosystemmanagementasapriority.
Executive Summary
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10 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
environmentalissuesintonationaldevelopmentprogrammes.ThefourprogrammaticframeworksinGEF-51are:
Enhancingthecapacitiesofstakeholderstoengagethroughoutaconsultativeprocess
Generating,accessing,andusinginformationandknowledge
Strengtheningcapacitiestodeveloppolicyandlegislativeframeworks
StrengtheningcapacitiestoimplementandmanageglobalConventionguidelines
Theseprojectswillalsobedevelopedandimplementedaspartofanoverallprogrammeofdonorsupporttocountries.InGEF-4,theGSPdevelopedguidelinestomonitortheoutcomesoftheCB-2projects2,havingproducedascorecardtoratethecapacitiesdevelopedaspartofatime-seriesevaluationexercise.Theseguidelinesareintheearlystageoftheirapplication,withtheexpectationthattheywillbeappliedtofocalareaprojects,producingavaluablesetofindicatorstomeasuretheachievementsandsustainabilityoftheGEFsbroadersetofcountryinterventions.
Environmental Governance Manycountriescontinuetolacka
comprehensiveandadequatesetofenvironmentalpolicies,withmissingorunenforcedlegislativeandregulatoryinstrumentsthatfurtherhinderenvironmentalmanagement.
Monitoring and Evaluation Countriesaremonitoringandevaluatingtheir
projects,buttheknowledgethatisgeneratedisnotbeingadequatelyusedindecision-makingprocesses.
Despitesomenotableachievements,theNCSAswereaninitialsteptowardthelargerprogrammeofefforttodevelopcapacitiesinthenameoftheglobalenvironment.TheNCSAscatalyzedaheightenedagreementamongpolicy-makersandpractitionersontheoverallsetofcapacitiesnecessarytoachieveandsustainglobalenvironmentalobjectives,endorsingtheNCSArecommendationsasasetofinitialactionsforsupportfromtheinternationalcommunity.Thefocusoftargetedcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopment(CB-2)inGEF-5(2010-2014)buildsontheseNCSArecommendations.Inadditiontotheexisting23projectscurrentlyunderway,futureCB-2projectswilladdressthoseurgentcapacitychallengesandprioritiesnecessarytoenhanceacountrysabilitytomeetitsobligationsunderthethreeRioConventions.Targetedcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopmentprojectswillfocusonstrengtheningenvironmentalgovernancesystemsthroughmechanismsandtoolsforimprovedcollaboration,managementinformationsystems,decision-making,aswellasmainstreamingglobal
1 SeeTable7,page77,SummaryofNegotiations,FifthReplenishmentoftheGEFTrustFund,GEF/C.37/3,17May,2010,GlobalEnvironmentFacility/WorldBank.
2 SeeBellamy,Jean-JosephandKevinHill(2010),MonitoringGuidelinesofCapacityDevelopmentinGlobalEnvironmentFacilityOperations,GlobalSupportProgramme,BureauforDevelopmentPolicy,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,NewYork,USA.
Targeted cross-cutting capacity development projects will focus on particular sets of countries underlying individual, organizational, and systemic capacities to meet and sustain global environmental commitments.
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Sommaire Excutif 11
Sommaire Excutifautresvoiesdedveloppementdescapacits:(i)lerenforcementdescomposantesenmatirederenforcementdecapacitsdanslesprojetsdesdomainesdinterventionduFEM,(ii)desprojetsciblsderenforcementdescapacits,lafoisdansetentrelesdomainesdintervention,et(iii)leprogrammededveloppementdescapacitsdanslespayslesmoinsavancs(PMA)etlespetitstatsinsulairesendveloppement(PEID).
Depuis2002,153sur166paysligiblesontreudesfondsduFEMenvuedemettreenuvreuneANCR.LePNUDatlagencedexcutionpour76%decesprojetsdANCR,suivieduPNUEavec23%.LaBanquemondialeaassurlamiseenuvredelANCRduNigeria.En2004,leFEMaapprouvleProgrammemondialdappuidestinfourniruneassistancemthodologiqueauxquipesenchargedesANCRdanslespays,ainsiquedeproduiredessupportsdapprentissage.LaralisationdunKitdesressourcesdANCRdcrivantlesapprochesdebasepourlamiseenuvredANCR,notammentlesexigencesenmatiredeconsultation,lesvaluationsetlesanalysesentreprendre,enestunexemple.LeProgrammemondialdappuiagalementproduitdeslignesdirectricesafindesuivreetvaluerledveloppementdescapacits,quipourraienttreutilisescommelapremiretapedunevaluationdesrsultatsdetypesriechronologiqueentroispoints,deprojetsdedveloppementintersectorieldescapacits.
Surles119paysquiontachevleurNCSA,23sontdesstadesdiversdelamiseenuvredesrecommandationsprioritairesidentifiesdanslerapportfinaldeleurANCRetdeleurPlandaction.Alorsquelesprojetsdauto-valuationonttentirementfinancsparleFEM,lesprojetsdesuividesANCR,connussouslenomdeprojetsCB2,demandentautantderessourcesduFEMquedeco-financement.Surles23projets,neufs(9)onttapprouvspourlEuropeetlaCommunautdestatsindpendants,lerestetantquitablementrpartidanslesautresrgions,lexceptiondelargionduPacifique,quinedisposaitdaucunprojetCB2au
Unpartenariatstratgiquenoulafindesannes1990entreleSecrtariatduFondspourlenvironnementmondial(FEM)etlePNUDaconduitlacrationdelInitiativederenforcementdescapacits(IRC),lmentcentralduprocessusdeformulationetdepromotionduncadreconceptuelpourlvaluationetledveloppementdescapacitsdespaysenmatireenvironnementale.FondessurunevaluationdudveloppementdescapacitsdansleportefeuilleduFEM,lesrecommandationsissuesdelIRContconstitulabasedelaprogrammationstratgiqueduFEMsurlerenforcementdecapacits.Celaaconduitlacrationdelauto-valuationnationaledescapacitsrenforcerpourlagestiondelenvironnementglobal(ANCR).
Lespremiresauto-valuationsnationalesdescapacitsrenforcer(ANCR)ontdbuten2002avecunfinancementduFondspourlenvironnementmondial(FEM),certainesayanttmisesenuvreparleProgrammedesNationsUniespourledveloppement(PNUD)etdautresparleProgrammedesNationsUniespourlenvironnement(PNUE).LobjectifprincipaldelANCRatdedterminerlesdfislisauxvritablescapacitsdespaysrpondreleursengagementsmondiauxenmatiredenvironnement,engagementsquisontencadrsparlaConventionsurladiversitbiologique,laConventionsurlaluttecontreladsertificationetlascheresse,etlaConvention-cadresurleschangementsclimatiques.LavaleurtotaleduportefeuilledelANCRtaitde28,9millions$US,avecuneallocationmoyennede200.000US$parANCR.
En2003,leFEMaapprouvlApprochestratgiquepouramliorerlerenforcementdescapacits,dfinissantlesprincipesdirecteursetencadrantlaprogrammationdesressourcesduFEM.LApprochestratgiquearaffirmquelescapacitsncessairespourrpondreauxobjectifsenvironnementauxmondiauxsonttroitementlies,voiredpendentdecesautrescapacitsncessairespourrpondredesprioritsnationalespluslargesenmatiredenvironnement.Outrelerenforcementdecapacitsmisenplacedanslecadredesauto-valuations,lApprochestratgiquedfinittrois
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12 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
Dautrepart,lanalysedesANCRamontrquelescapacitsngocierlorsdelaConfrencedesPartiesdesConventionsontconstituuneprioritrelativementfaible,avecseulement17des119ANCRlesayantidentificommeunbesoinentermesdecapacitsrenforcer.Demme,seules32des119ANCRontidentifilagestionintgredescosystmescommeunepriorit.
Lanalysedesrapportsfinauxetplansdactionde119ANCRapermisdedonnerunaperuetdetirerdesenseignementssurlavolontdespaysrpondreauxengagementslchellemondialelislenvironnement.Organissdanslecadredescinqprincipauxtypesdecapacitspermettantdatteindreetmaintenirlesobjectifsenvironnementauxmondiaux,lesprincipauxenseignementstirssont:
Lengagement des parties prenantes Uncertainniveaudeprparationestncessaire
cheztouteslespartiesconcernes,ycomprisauniveaupolitique,afindatteindreetdemaintenirlesobjectifsenvironnementauxmondiaux.
Pouratteindreladurabilitenvironnementale,limplicationdespartiesprenantesestncessaire.Celle-cidpendelle-mmedeleurniveaudesensibilisationetdecomprhension,ainsiquedescomptencesncessairespourprendredesmesures.
LesONGetlesorganisationscommunautairesdebase(OCB)doiventtrepleinementengagesdesortedatteindrelescommunautsmarginalises,quileurtourengagentlesacteursdelasocitcivile.
Desmthodologiessurlesbonnespratiquessontncessairespourengagerlespartiesprenantes.
LeprocessusdemiseenuvredesANCRatnovateur,abnficiduneparticipationmassiveetfructueusedespartiesprenantes,quiontpermisauxvaluationsdtretrspertinentes.
Gestion de linformation et des connaissances Bienquincompltes,lesinformationssur
lenvironnementexistent.Toutefois,lescapacits
momentdelardactiondecerapport.Ces23projetsCB2seconcentrentgnralementsurlessystmesdegouvernanceenvironnementaleetsurlintgrationdesquestionsglobaleslieslenvironnementdanslesprogrammesnationauxdedveloppement.
LamiseenuvredesANCRapermisauxpaysconcernsdidentifierleursenjeuxenvironnementauxprioritairestelsquelaluttecontreladforestation,lapromotiondelagestiondurabledesterres,oularductiondeleurvulnrabilitfacelimpactduchangementclimatique.Ilsaurontduprocderuneanalysedescausesfondamentalesafindedterminerlescapacitsinstitutionnelles(parexemple,lesconnaissances,lessystmesdaidelaprisededcisionetlesstructuresdegouvernance)ncessairespouratteindrelesobjectifsduprogramme.Tandisquelesvaluationsthmatiquespourchaquedomainedinterventionontpermislidentificationdesbesoinsenmatiredecapacitsspcifiquespourcetteproccupationenvironnementaleparticulire,lesrapportstransversaux(oudesynergie)ontadoptuneapprocheglobalepermettantdemieuxcomprendrelesdfisbasiquesauxquelsdoiventfairefacelespayspouratteindreetmaintenirlesobjectifsenvironnementauxglobaux.Cesderniresanalysesontconstituuncatalyseurimportantpouraiderlesdcideursetautresintervenantsmieuxapprcierlimportancedesliensexistantentreetparmilesconventions,etlescapacitsrvlatricesdesystmesrsilients.
Cetteanalysearvlquelescinqprincipauxbesoinsenmatirederenforcementdescapacitsexprimparlespayspouratteindreetmaintenirlesrsultatsenvironnementauxglobauxsontlessuivants:1)lasensibilisationdupublicetlducationenmatireenvironnementale;2)lagestiondelinformationetdeschanges;3)llaborationetlamiseenoeuvredepolitiquesetcadresrglementaires;4)lerenforcementdesmandatsetstructuresdesorganisations,et5)lamiseenplacedinstrumentsconomiquesetdemcanismesdefinancementdurable.
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Sommaire Excutif 13
capacits(CB2)autitreduprogrammeFEM-5(2010-2014)sefondesurlesrecommandationsissuesdesANCR.Outreles23projetsactuellementencoursdexcution,lesprojetsCB2venirtenterontdetraitercesdfisurgentsentermesdecapacitsetlesprioritsncessairespourrenforcerlescapacitsdunpaysrespectersesobligationsprvuesparlestroisConventionsdeRio.Lesprojetsciblsdedveloppementintersectorieldescapacitsserontaxssurlerenforcementdessystmesdegouvernanceenvironnementaletraverslamiseenplacedemcanismesetdoutilsvisantamliorerlacollaboration,lessystmesdegestiondelinformation,laprisededcision,ainsiquelintgrationdesquestionsrelativeslenvironnementmondialdanslesprogrammesnationauxdedveloppement.LesquatrecadresdeprogrammationautitreduFEM-53sontlessuivants:
Renforcerlescapacitsdespartiesprenantessengagertraversunprocessusconsultatif
Produire,accderetutiliserdesinformationsetconnaissances
Renforcerlescapacitspourlaborerdescadrespolitiquesetlgislatifs
Renforcerlescapacitspourmettreenuvreetgrerleslignesdirectricesdesconventionsmondiales
Cesprojetsserontgalementlaborsetmisenuvredanslecadredunprogrammeglobaldappuidesdonateursauxpays.DanslecadreduFEM-4,leProgrammeMondialdappuiavaitlabordeslignesdirectricesafindassurerlesuividesrsultatsissusdesprojetsCB24,aprsavoirproduituntableaudebordvisantnoterlescapacitsdveloppesdanslecadredunexercicedvaluationdetypesriechronologique.Ceslignesdirectricessontunstadeprcocedeleurapplication,maisilestattenduquellessoientappliquesauxprojetsdesdomainesdintervention,produisantainsiunensembledindicateursutilespourmesurerlesrsultatsetladurabilitdesinterventionsduFEMsurunensemblepluslargedepays.
pourgreretaccdercesinformations,ycomprislacoordinationavecdautressystmesdegestiondelinformation,restentfaibles.
Ilestncessairedintgrerlesconnaissancestraditionnelles/autochtonesdanslesystmedegestiondelinformationenvironnementale.
Capacits organisationnelles Denombreuxpaysmanquentdeclartdanslamise
enplacedeleurstructureorganisationnellequipermettraitdefinancerdemanireadquatelagestiondelenvironnement.
Gouvernance environnementale Nombreuxsontlespaysquinedisposenttoujourspas
dunensembledepolitiquesenvironnementalescompltesetappropries,avecdesinstrumentslgislatifsetrglementairesinexistantsounonappliqus,cequirendencoreplusdifficilelagestiondelenvironnement.
Suivi et valuation Lespaysassurentlesuivietlvaluationdeleurs
projets,maislesconnaissancesproduitesnesontpasutilisesdemanireappropriedanslesprocessusdcisionnels.
Endpitdequelquesralisationsnotables,lesauto-valuationsontsurtoutreprsentunepremiretapeversunprogrammedactionsplusvastevisantdvelopperlescapacitspourlagestiondelenvironnementmondial.LesANCRontjouunrledecatalyseurdanslaccordimportanttrouventrelesdcideursetlesspcialistesetrelatiflensembledescapacitsncessairespouratteindreetmaintenirlesobjectifsenvironnementauxmondiaux,considrantlesrecommandationsissuesdesANCRcommeunensembledemesuresinitialesdevanttreappuyesparlacommunautinternationale.Lobjectifdudveloppementintersectorielcibldes
3 Voirtableau7,page77,Rsumdesngociations,CinquimereconstitutionduFondssubsidiaireduFEM,GEF/C.37/3,17mai2010,FondspourlEnvironnementMondial/Banquemondiale
4 VoirBellamy,Jean-JosephandKevinHill(2010),MonitoringGuidelinesofCapacityDevelopmentinGlobalEnvironmentFacilityOperations,GlobalSupportProgramme,BureauforDevelopmentPolicy,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,NewYork,USA.
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14 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
Resumen EjecutivoEstratgicodelineotrostrescaminosdedesarrollodecapacidades;(i)elfortalecimientosdeloscomponentesdedesarrollodecapacidadesenlosproyectosdereafocalFMAM;(ii)proyectosdedesarrollodecapacidadesdirigidostantodentrocomoatravsdelasreasfocales;y(iii)elprogramadedesarrollodecapacidadesenlosPasesMenosDesarrolladosyPequeasIslasEstadosenDesarrollo.
DesdeEL2002,untotalde153de166paseselegiblesrecibieronfinanciamientoFMAMparaimplementarlosproyectosNCSA.ElPNUDfuelaagenciaimplementadoradel76%deestosproyectosNCSA,seguidoporPNUMAcon23%.ELBancoMundialfueresponsabledelNCSAdeNigeria.Enel2004,FMAMaprobelProgramadeApoyoGlobal(GSP)paraproveerasistenciametodolgicaallosequiposdepasdelasNCSA,ascomotambinparaproducirmaterialdeaprendizaje.EstoincluyelKitdeRecursosdeNCSA,quedelineabalosenfoquesbsicosparalaimplementacindelasNCSA,incluyendorequisititosdeconsulta,evaluacionesyanlisisaserrealizados.ELPAGtambinprodujodirectricesparamonitorearyevaluareldesarrollodecapacidades,queseranutilizadascomolaprimerade3etapas,deunaserieprogramadaparalaevaluacinderesultadosdeproyectostransversalesdedesarrollodecapacidades.Delos119pasesquecompletaronsuNCSA,23pasesestnendiversasetapasdelaimplementacinderecomendacionesprioritariasidentificadasensuReporteFinalyPlandeAccindeNCSA.MientrasquelasNCSAfueronproyectostotalmentefinanciados,losproyectosdeseguimientodelasNCSA,conocidostambincomoproyectosCB2,requierencantidadesigualesderecursosFMAMyco-financiamiento.Nueve(9)de23proyectosfueronaprobadosparalaregindelaComunidadEuropeadeEstadosIndependientes,conelrestodistribuidoporpartesigualesentreotrasregiones,conlaexcepcindelareginPacfica,lacualnotienenningnproyectoCB2almomentodeestereporte.
Unaasociacinestratgicaafinaldelosaos1990entrelaSecretaradelFondoparaelMedioAmbienteMundial(FMAM)yelPNUDllevalacreacindelaIniciativadeDesarrollodeCapacidades(IDC).Estafueunapartecentraldelprocesoparaformularypromoverunmarcoconceptualparalaevaluacinydesarrollodelascapacidadesambientalesdepas.BasadoenunaevaluacindeldesarrollodecapacidadesenelportafoliodeFMAM,lasrecomendacionesdelaIDCformaronlabasedelaprogramacinestratgicadeFMAMsobreeldesarrollodecapacidades.EstollevalacreacindelasAutoEvaluacionesdeCapacidadesNacionales.
LasprimerasAutoEvaluacionesdeCapacidadesNacionales(NCSA)empezaronenel2002confinanciamientodelFondoparaelMedioAmbienteMundial(FMAM),siendoalgunasimplementadasporelProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo(PNUD)yotrasporelProgramadeNacionesUnidasparaelMedioAmbiente(PNUMA).ElobjetivoprincipaldellasNCSAeradeterminarlosretosdelascapacidadessubyacentesdelpasparacumplirconsuscompromisosambientalesglobales,compromisosqueestnenmarcadosporlaConvencinsobreDiversidadBiolgica,laConvencinparaCombatirlaDesertificacinylaSequa,ylaConvencinMarcosobreCambioClimtico.ElvalortotaldelportafoliodeNCSAeraUS$28.9millones,conunaasignacinpromediodeUS$200,000porcadaNCSA.
Enel2003,elFMAMaprobelEnfoqueEstratgicoparaMejorarelDesarrollodeCapacidades,quedelinelosprincipiosguayenmarclaprogramacindelosrecursosFMAM.Elenfoqueestratgicoreafirmquelascapacidadesnecesariasparacumplirlosobjetivosdelmedioambienteglobalestnrelacionadosmuydecercacon,ysondependientesdeestascapacidadesnecesariasparacumplirprioridadesambientalesnacionalesmsamplias.EnadicinaqueeldesarrollodecapacidadesseafomentadoporlasNCSA,elEnfoque
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Resumen Ejecutivo 15
capacidad.Demanerasimilar,solo32de119NCSAidentificaronlagestinintegradadelecosistemacomounaprioridad.
Elanlisisdelos119ReportesFinalesyPlanesdeAccindelasNCSAdiocomoresultadomayorentendimientosobrelabsquedadepasparalograrcompromisosambientales.Organizadobajoloscincotiposprincipalesdecapacidadesparalograrymantenerlosobjetivosambientalesglobales,lasleccionesclaveaprendidasson:Compromiso de las Partes Interesadas: Esnecesarioquetodaslaspartesinvolucradas
tenganunsentidodepreparacin,incluyendoanivelpoltico,parapoderlograrymantenerlosobjetivosambientalesglobales.
Lograrsostenibilidadambientalnecesitaelcompromisodelaspartesinteresadas,queasuvezespredicadaensuniveldeconcienciacinyentendimiento,ascomotenerlashabilidadesparatomaraccin.
LasONGyOrganizacionesconbaseenlaComunidad,tienenqueestarcompletamentecomprometidasparapoderllegaralascomunidadesmarginalizadas,quienesasuvezcomprometenalaspartesinteresadasdelasociedadcivil.
Sonnecesariasmetodologasdemejoresprcticasparacomprometeralaspartesinteresadas.
ElprocesodelasNCSAfueinnovador,beneficindosedelaparticipacinampliaeinteractivadelaspartesinteresadas,quehizolasevaluacionesaltamenterelevantes.
Gestin y Conocimiento de Informacin Aunquenocompleta,lainformacinambiental
existe.Sinembargo,lascapacidadesparaaccederymanejarestainformacin,incluyendocoordinacinconotrossistemasdegestindeinformacinpermanecedbil.
Hayunanecesidaddeincorporar
Estos23proyectosCB2generalmenteseenfocanensistemasdegobernabilidadambientalyenlaincorporacindetemasglobalesdelambientealosprogramasnacionalesdedesarrollo.
LasNCSArequeranquelospasesidentificaransustemasambientalesprioritarioscomoporejemplocombatirladeforestacin,promoverlagestinsostenibledelatierra,ominimizarsuvulnerabilidadalimpactodelcambioclimtico.Ellosdebanrealizarunanlisisdelacausarazparadeterminarlascapacidadesinstitucionales(ej.,conocimiento,sistemasdeapoyodedecisiones,yestructurasdegobernabilidad)necesariasparacumplirconlosobjetivosdelprograma.Mientrasquelaevaluacintemticaparacadareafocalidentificabalasnecesidadesespecficasdecapacidadparaesapreocupacinambientalparticular,losreportestransversales(sinergas)tomaronunenfoquegeneralparaelentendimientodelosretosmsbsicosqueenfrentanlospasesenelcumplimientoysostenibilidaddelosobjetivosambientalesglobales.Losltimosanlisisfueronuncatalizadorimportante,ayudandoalostomadoresdedecisionesypartesinteresadasaobtenerunamejorapreciacindelosimportantesvnculosentrelasConvenciones,ylascapacidadesindicativasdesistemasadaptables.Esteanlisisrevelquelascinconecesidadesdedesarrollodecapacidadesmsimportantesparalograrymantenerresultadosambientalesglobalesson:1)concienciapblicayeducacinambiental;2)gestineintercambiodeinformacin;3)desarrolloycumplimientodepolticasymarcosreguladores;4)fortalecimientodemandatosyestructurasorganizacionales;5)instrumentoseconmicosymecanismosdefinanciamientosostenible.
Alotroladodelespectro,losanlisisdeNCSAmostraronquelascapacidadesparanegociarenlaConferenciadelasPartesdelaConvencinfuerondeunaprioridadrelativamentebaja,consolo17de119NCSAidentificandoestocomounanecesidadde
Resumen Ejecutivo
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16 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
esosretosurgentesdecapacidadyprioridadesnecesariasparamejorarlahabilidaddelpasparacumplirsusobligacionesbajolastresConvencionesdeRio.Losproyectosdirigidosdedesarrollotransversaldecapacidadesseenfocarnenelfortalecimientodelossistemasdegobernabilidadambientalatravsdemecanismosyherramientasparalamejorcolaboracin,sistemasdegestindeinformacin,ytomadedecisiones,ascomolaincorporacindetemasambientalesglobalesalosprogramasnacionalesdedesarrollo.LoscuatromarcosprogramticosenFMAM-55son: Mejorarlascapacidadesdelaspartes
interesadasparacomprometerseatravsdetodoelprocesodeconsultas.
Generar,accederyutilizarinformacinyconocimiento
Fortalecerlascapacidadesparadesarrollarmarcosdepolticasylegislativos
Fortalecercapacidadesparaimplementarymanejarlasdirectricesdeconvencinglobales
Estosproyectostambinserndesarrolladoseimplementadoscomopartedeunprogramaglobaldeapoyodedonantesapases.EnFMAM-4,elGSPdesarrolldirectricesparamonitorearlosresultadosdelosproyectosCB26,habiendoproducidounatarjetadepuntuacinparacalificarlascapacidadesdesarrolladascomopartedeunejerciciodeevaluacinprogramadoaplazos.Estasdirectricesestnensuetapatempranadeaplicacin,conlaexpectativadequesernaplicadasalosproyectosdereafocal,produciendounconjuntovaliosodeindicadoresparamedirloslogrosysostenibilidaddelconjuntomsampliointervencionesdepasdeFMAM.
conocimientostradicionales/indgenasalsistemadegestindeinformacinambiental.
Capacidades Organizacionales Amuchospasesleshacefaltaclaridadensu
montajeorganizacionalparapoderfinanciaradecuadamentelagestinambiental.
Gobernabilidad Ambiental Amuchospasesanleshacefaltapolticas
ambientalescomprensivasyadecuadas,coninstrumentoslegislativosyregulatoriosfaltantesonoobligadosqueentorpecenanmslagestinambiental
Monitoreo y Evaluacin Lospasesestnmonitoreandoyevaluandosus
proyectos,peroelconocimientoqueesgeneradonoestsiendoutilizadoadecuadamenteenlosprocesosdetomadedecisiones.
Apesardealgunoslogrosnotables,lasNCSAfueronunpasoinicialhaciaelmsgrandeprogramadeesfuerzoparadesarrollarcapacidadesennombredelmedioambienteglobal.LasNCSAcatalizaronunacuerdoexaltadoentreloscreadoresdepolticasypracticantessobreelconjuntototaldecapacidadesnecesariasparalograrymantenerlosobjetivosambientalesglobales,sustentandolasrecomendacionesdelasNCSAcomounconjuntodeaccionesinicialesparaapoyodelacomunidadinternacional.
Elenfoquedeldesarrollotransversaldecapacidadesdirigido(CB2)enFMAM-5(2010-2014),construyesobreestasrecomendacionesdeNCSA.Ademsdelos23proyectosexistentesqueestnenoperacinactualmente,losproyectosCB2futurosenfrentarn
5VeaTabla7,ResumendeNegociaciones,QuintoReabastecimientodelFideicomisodeFMAM,FMAM/c.37/3,Mayo17,2010,FondoparaelMedioAmbienteMundial/BancoMundial.
6VeaBellamy,Jean-JosephyKevinHill(2010)MonitoringGuidelinesofCapacityDevelopmentinGlobalEnvironmentFacilityOperations,ProgramadeApoyoGlobal,AgenciaparaPolticadeDesarrollo,ProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo,NuevaYork,USA.
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Introduction 17
foractiontobeundertakenthroughnationalorregionalinitiatives.
3.ThereportundertookthefollowingstepstosynthesizeandanalyzeNCSAresults:(i)areviewofallNCSAFinalReportsandActionPlanstoextractcriticalparametersfromeachNCSA.Atotalof119reports7wereanalyzedindetailbyagroupofindependentreviewers.Theyusedastandardsetofcriteriarepresentingthemaincategoriesofissuestocompileasummaryrecordofthesereports,documentingthepriorityenvironmentalissues,thecapacitydevelopmentneeds,andtheproposedactions;(ii)areviewofrelatedcapacitydevelop-mentprojectdocuments8;and(iii)semi-structuredinterviewswithadozenkeyNCSAinformantstoprovideamoreroundednarrativeofthecontextandcomplexityofapproachestoassesscapacitydevelopmentneedsandstrategizepriorities.
4.Thismethodologyservedonlytovalidatethefindings,allowingforasynthesisoftheresults.Themethodologydidnotallowforanexplanationastowhypriorityrankingswereeitherhighorlow,butthattheyraisedcertainquestionsthatdecision-makersarecertainlylikelytoask,andthusrequiringfurtherresearch.TheaudienceofthisreportincludesthecountriesthatundertookNCSAs;theGEFanditsImplementingAgencies;othermultilat-eralandbilateraldonorssupportingenvironmentalcapacitydevelopment;andothercapacitydevelop-mentpractitioners.
5.Thisreportisorganizedintofivechapters.Followingthisintroduction,anoverviewoftheNCSAprogrammeandtheconceptofcapacitydevelop-mentasusedbytheGEFarepresentedinChapter2.AsummaryoftheNCSAresultsfollowsinChapter3,withChapter4outliningsomeofthemainlessonslearned.Chapter5concludeswithadiscussionoftheNCSAprogramme.SelectNCSAandtargetedcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopment(CB-2)projectsprofilesareannexedtothisReport.
1.TheNationalCapacitySelf-Assessment(NCSA)programmewaslaunchedbytheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)inJanuary2000,withtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)astheimplementingagencies.TheNCSAinitiativeisamongthemostextensiveoftheGEFsenablingactivityinitiatives,delvingintoanassessmentofcountriesfoundationalcapacitiestomeetglobalenvironmentalobjectives.Thatis,assessingthekeyindividual,organizational,andsystemiccapacitiesneededtosustainachievementsthatsatisfytheUnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD),theUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(CCD),andtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(FCCC),collectivelyknownastheRioConventions,andotherMultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements(MEAs).Fromanationalperspective,thedistinctionbetweenglobalandnationalenvironmen-taloutcomesismoreabstract.TheNCSAsmaythereforebeeasierunderstoodasanexercisetounderstandthekeydriversofandbarrierstosustainedenvironmentalprotectionandconservation,withparticularreferencetomeetingandsustainingobjectivescodifiedwithintheRioConventions.TheNCSAwasthereforestructuredtoproducecertainkeyrequirements,namelyanin-depthanalysisofthecoun-tryspriorityissues,capacityconstraints,aswellasopportunitiestomeetenvironmentalgoalsandobjectivesascalledforinthevariousarticlesoftheRioConventions.
2.BuildinguponeachcountrysuniquesetofexperiencesinaddressingchallengesformeetingcommitmentsundertheRioConventions,thisreportisintendedtoserveasakeytoolforthebroadsetofsocialactorsworkingtosupportcapacitydevelopmentprioritiesneededtomeetandsustainbothnationalandglobalenvironmentalobjectives.Tothisend,thisreportsummarizesthemainresultsfromtheNCSAs,identifyingthecommonissues,challenges,prioritycapacitydevelopmentneeds,andrecommendations
InTRoDUCTIon
7 Theremaining27NCSAFinalReportsandActionPlanswerenotanalyzedduetoeitherthelanguageortheirnon-availability.Inmostcases,theNCSAwasstillunderimplementation.
8 ThesearealsoreferredtoasCB-2Projects.
1
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e. MutualAccountability:Donorsandpartnersareaccountablefordevelopmentresults.
8. FollowingtheParisDeclaration,MemberStateshavecalledfortheUnitedNations(UN)systemtoenhanceitsefforts,particularlyatthecountrylevel,tosupportnationalcapacitydevelopment;theyviewcapacitydevelopmentasacomparativeadvantageoftheUNdevelopmentsystem.AUNDevelopmentGroup(UNDG)positionpaper,EnhancingtheUNsContributiontoNationalCapacityDevelopment(UNDG,2006),laidoutanewframeworkfortheUNsworkatthecountryleveltoenhanceitscontributiontonationalcapacitydevelopment.Atthecoreoftheirwork,UNcountryteamsaretointegratetheprinciplesofcapacitydevelopmentwiththeCommonCountryAssessment(CCA)andtheUNDevelopmentAssistanceFramework(UNDAF).
9. TheUNcountryteamsarealsotosituatetheircapacitydevelopmentworkwithinnationalpolicyanddevelopmentplans.Tothisend,theteamswouldassessthelevelofnationalandlocalcapacityassetswhilerespondingtotheidentifiedcapacityneedsbydrawingon,orfeedinginto,nationalorsectorcapacityassessmentsandcapacitydevelop-mentstrategies.Byunpackingcapacitydevelop-mentintotangiblecomponents,countriescoulddesignandimplementtargetedpolicyandpro-grammeinterventions.
10. InordertointegrateacapacitydevelopmentframeworkintheUNDAFandcountryprogrammes,theUNDGsuggeststhataseriesoffive(5)stepsbefollowed9:
a. Engagepartnersandbuildconsensusb. Assesscapacityassetsandneedsc. Formulatecapacitydevelopmentstrategiesd. Implementcapacitydevelopmentstrategiese. Monitorandevaluatecapacitydevelopment
efforts
2.1 Policy Framework for Capacity Development
6.TheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopments(OECD)ParisDeclarationonAidEffectivenesscommittedtosupportingrecipientcountrieseffortsinstrengtheningtheirnationalcapacitiesandnationaldevelopmentstrategiesin2005,whichbuiltupontheOECDs2003DeclarationadoptedattheHigh-LevelForumonHarmonizationinRomeandthecoreprinciplesputforwardattheMarrakechRoundtableonManagingforDevelop-mentResultsin2004.TheParisDeclarationisbasedontheOECDsrecognitionthatplanningandmanagementcapacitiesarecriticaltomeetingdevelopmentobjectives,requiringconsensus-build-ingintheearlystagesofproblemidentificationandproblem-solving,withcrucialmonitoringandevaluationapproachesaspartofthedeepanalysisnecessaryforeffectiveadaptivemanagement.TheOECDalsorecognizedthatitistheresponsibilityofpartnercountriestodeveloptheirnecessarycapacitieswithinthebroadersocial,political,andeconomicenvironment,withdonorcountriesplayingasupportingrole(OECD,2005).
7. Basedondonorsexperience,theParisDeclara-tionisbuiltonfiveprinciplesofpartnershipcommitments,namely:
a. Ownership:Partnercountriesexerciseeffectiveleadershipovertheirdevelopmentpolicies,andstrategizeandcoordinatedevelopmentactions;
b. Alignment:Donorsbasetheiroverallsupportonpartnercountriesnationaldevelopmentstrategies,organizations,andprocedures;
c. Harmonization:Donorsactionsaremoreharmonized,transparent,andcollectivelyeffective;
d. ManagingForResults:Managingresourcesandimprovingdecision-makingfordesiredresults;and
THe nATIonAl CAPACITY Self-ASSeSSMenTS
18 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Environmental Sustainability
9ThesearethebasedonUNDPsapproachtocapacitydevelopment,asdescribedinCapacityDevelopment:APrimer(UNDP,2009)
2
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The National Capacity Self-Assessments 19
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Capacity Development Initiative (CDI), a strategic partnership between the GEF Secretariat and UNDP, was a central part of the process to formulate and promote a conceptual framework for assessing and developing country capacities.
capacitydevelopmentthroughfocalareainterven-tions,theStrategicApproachnowfocusedattentiononthecross-cuttingcapacitiesthatunderpinactiontomeetglobalenvironmentalobjectives.Underthisstrategicapproach,fourpathwaysformedthebasisofGEFprogrammingoncapacitydevelopment:
I. NationalCapacitySelf-AssessmentsII. Strengtheningcapacitybuildingcomponents
ofGEFprojectsIII. Targetedcapacitybuildingprojectsboth
withinandacrossfocalareasIV. Countrycapacitydevelopmentprogrammes
inLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)andSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS)
14. Morerecently,capacitydevelopmentwasincludedasakeyapproachintheGEFbusinessplan2008-2010.TofurtheroperationalizetheStrategicApproach,theGEFwouldsupportnovelapproachesandmodalitiesthathelpcountriesdemonstrateimpactandensurecost-effectiveness,whilestillmeetingglobalenvironmentalobjectives.Tothisend,theGEFallocatedprogrammefundstosupportthestrengtheningofclientcountriestargetedcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopmentneedsasidentifiedintheirNCSAFinalReportandActionPlans.
15. However,whilecapacitydevelopmentthroughfocalareaprogrammesisafundamentalaspectoftheGEFswork,itremainsatthesametimeadifficultapproachtoimplement(UNDP,2002).TheassessmentphaseoftheCDIhadpreviouslyindicatedthatevenwithageneralconsensusonthebuildingblocksofcapacitiestomeetandsustainglobalenvironmentalobjectives,mostdevelopmentcooperationorganizationsstilldidnothaveaclearstrategytooperationalizethem(GEF,2001:19).Anumberofinitiativesareworkingtofurthertheconceptsandapproaches.
16. TheGEFhasandcontinuestosupportanumberofenablingactivityprojectsinclientcountries,which,throughtheirprocessofstake-
11. GuidancefromtheConventionstotheGEFalsoassignsgrowingimportancetocountriescapacities.GuidancefromtheConferenceoftheParties(COP)fortheCBDandtheFCCChaverequestedtheGEFtoprovidefundingforcountry-drivencapacitydevelopmentactivitiesindevelopingcountryparties,inparticular,LeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)andSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS).TheFCCCadoptedaframeworkforcapacitydevelopmentindevelopingcountriesandrequest-
edtheGEFandotherorganizationstosupportitsimplementation.BoththeCCDandtheStockholmConventiononPersistentOrganicPollutantshighlightedtheneedtoemphasizecapacitydevelopmenttoassistcountriesinmeetingtheircommitmentsundertherespectiveConventions.
12. Duringthelate1990sandearly2000s,theCapacityDevelopmentInitiative(CDI),astrategicpartnershipbetweentheGEFSecretariatandUNDP,wasacentralpartoftheprocesstoformulateandpromoteaconceptualframeworkforassessinganddevelopingcountrycapacities.BasedonanassessmentofcapacitydevelopmentintheGEFportfolio,theCDIsrecommendationsformedthebasisoftheGEFsstrategicprogrammingoncapacitydevelopment(GEF/UNDP,2000).
13.TheresultingGEFStrategicApproachtoEnhanceCapacityBuildingwasapprovedin2003,withtheguidingprinciplethatthecapacitiesnecessarytoprovideglobalenvironmentalobjectivesarecloselyrelatedto,andmustbeintegratedwith,capacitiestomeetbroaderenvironmentalgoalsatthenationallevel.WhereastheGEFhadpreviouslytargeted
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20 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
2.2 Conceptual Framework for Capacity Development
19. Thereisbroadagreementthatcapacityinthecontextofdevelopmentcooperationreferstotheabilityofpeople,organizations,andsocietyasawholetomanagetheiraffairssuccessfully(OECD/DAC2006).Capacityisthesumofaseriesofconditions,intangibleassets,andrelationships:allpartofanorganizationorsystembeingdistributedatmultiplelevels.Individualshavepersonalabilitiesandattributes,orcompetenciesthatcontributetotheperformanceofthesystem.Organizationsandlargersystemshaveabroadrangeofcollectiveattributes,skills,abilities,andexpertise,collectivelytermedcapabilities.Capabilitiescanbebothtechnical(e.g.,policyanalysis,naturalresourceassessment,financialresourcemanagement)andsocial-relational(e.g.,mobilizingandengagingactorstocollaboratetowardsasharedpurposeacrossorganizationalboundaries,creatingcollectivemeaningandidentity,managingthetensionsbetweencollaborationandcompetition).Finally,capacityreferstotheoverallabilityofasystemtoperformandsustainitself10.
20. TheOECDdefinescapacitydevelopmentastheprocesswherebypeople,organizationsandsocietyasawholeunleash,strengthen,create,adaptandmaintaincapacityovertime(OECD,2006).UNDPdefinescapacitydevelopmentastheprocessthroughwhichindividuals,organizationsandsocietiesobtain,strengthenandmaintainthecapabilitiestosetandachievetheirowndevelop-mentobjectivesovertime(UNDP,2009).
21. UNEPdefinedcapacitybuildingasaholisticenterprise,encompassingamultitudeofactivities[thatincludes]buildingabilities,relationshipsandvaluesthatwillenableorganizations,groupsandindividualstoimprovetheirperformanceandachievetheirdevelopmentobjectives(UNEP,2002).Theyacknowledgedthatcapacitydevelopmentencompassestheacquisitionofskillsandknowl-
holderconsultationandexpertanalyses,havehelpedbuildimportantnationalcapacitiesformanagingtheglobalenvironment.TheseincludethefocalareaenablingactivitiessuchastheNationalBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlans(CBD),theNationalActionProgrammes(CCD),andtheNationalAdaptationProgrammesofActionandNationalCommunicationsundertheFCCC.
17. OnesuchinitiativeisUNDPsEnergyandEnvironmentGroup(EEG)withintheBureauforDevelopmentPolicy(BDP).Since2009,UNDP/BDP/EEGhasbeenundertakingaconsultativeandin-depthanalysisofthecapacityassessmentanddevelopmentprocesswithaviewtofurtherelaborateconceptualapproachesandpracticalguidanceonenvironmentalsustainabilityfortheorganizationanditspartnerspractitioners.ThefinalGuidanceNoteonCapacityDevelopmentforEnviron-mentalSustainabilityisexpectedtobecompletedbylate2010.Itwillprovidepracticaltoolsforenvironmentalsustainabilityagents,whichtheycanuseateachstageofthecapacityassessmentanddevelopmentprocess.
18. UNEPisalsohighlyengagedincapacitydevelopment,withtheirover-archingapproachbeingbasedontheEarthSummitsAgenda21,especiallytheessenceofChapter37,whichstatesthatcapacitybuildingiscentraltothequestforsustainabledevelopment.InFebruary2001,UNEPsGoverningCouncilrequestedtheExecutiveDirectortoprepareguidelinesoncompliancewithMultilat-eralEnvironmentalAgreements(MEAs)andthecapacityneedsfortheirenforcement.TheseguidelinesrecognizethatbolsteredcapacitiesareneededforcountriestomeetandsustaintheirMEAcommitments.UNEPsguidelinesmakespecialrecognitionofthechallengescountriesfacetomeetingthesecommitments,giventheunderlyingconditionsofpovertyandpoorgovernance,conditionsthatneedtobeaddressedthroughotherappropriateprogrammes.
10 SeethestudyonCapacity,ChangeandPerformanceconductedbytheEuropeanCenterforDevelopmentPolicyManagement;whichexploredtheconceptsofcapacityandcapacitydevelopment(http://www.ecdpm.org/).
-
The National Capacity Self-Assessments 21
incrementalcostofprovidingglobalenvironmentalbenefitsinfocalareas.FurtherboundingofthisobjectiveisguidedbypolicydecisionsfromtheConferenceoftheParties(COP)oftheglobalenvironmentalConventions,andincorporatedintotheGEFstrategicprogrammesandobjectives.
24. CapacitydevelopmentintheGEFcontextisthereforethosesetsofcapabilitiesneededtostrengthenandsustainfunctionalenvironmentalmanagementsystemsatthegloballevel,recogniz-ingthatthesesystemsmustbuilduponnationalgovernanceandmanagementsystems.Foreffectivecapacitydevelopment,theGEFStrategicApproachtoCapacityBuildingidentifiedasetof11operationalprinciples:
Ensurenationalownershipandleadership Ensuremulti-stakeholderconsultationsand
decision-making Basecapacitybuildingeffortsinself-needs
assessment Adoptaholisticapproachtocapacitybuilding Integratecapacitybuildinginwidersustain-
abledevelopmentefforts Promotepartnerships Accommodatethedynamicnatureof
capacitybuilding Adoptalearning-by-doingapproach Combineprogrammaticandproject-based
approaches Combineprocessaswellasproduct-based
approaches Promoteregionalapproaches
25.Reconcilingthese11principleswiththeUNDGandUNDPscapacitydevelopmentapproach(asstatedinparagraph10above),UNDPclassifiedthefollowingfivetypesofmeasurablecapacities11:
Capacitiesforengagement:Capacitiesofrelevantindividualsandorganizations(resourceusers,owners,consumers,commu-nityandpoliticalleaders,privateandpublic
edgeforindividuals,butalsotheimprovementsofinstitutionalstructures,mechanisms,procedures,andfinallythestrengtheningofanenablingenvironmentwithadequatepoliciesandlaws.
22. TheCDIundertakenbyUNDPandtheGEFSecretariatidentifiedtheneedforcapacitydevelop-mentactionstointerveneatthreelevels:
a. Attheindividuallevel,capacitydevelopmentreferstotheprocessofchangingattitudesandbehaviors,mostfrequentlythroughimpartingknowledgeanddevelopingskillsthroughtraining.However,italsoinvolveslearning-by-doing,participation,ownership,andprocessesassociatedwithincreasingperformancethroughchangesinmanage-ment,motivation,morale,andimprovingaccountabilityandresponsibility.
b. Attheorganizationallevel,capacitydevelop-mentfocusesonoverallperformanceandfunctioningcapabilities,suchasdevelopingmandates,tools,guidelines,andmanagementinformationsystemstofacilitateandcatalyzeorganizationalchange.Attheorganizationallevel,capacitydevelopmentaimstodevelopasetofconstituentindividualsandgroups,aswellastostrengthenlinkswithitsenviron-ment.
c. Atthesystemiclevel,capacitydevelopmentisconcernedwiththeenablingenvironment,i.e.,theoverallpolicy,economic,regulatory,andaccountabilityframeworkswithinwhichorganizationsandindividualsoperate.Relationshipsandprocessesbetweenorganizations,bothformalandinformal,aswellastheirmandates,areimportant.
23. Commontothesedefinitionsistheclearattributionofcapacitytoaspecificobjective:Capacityisameanstoachievesomething,notanendinitself.FortheGEF,thisobjectivemustbeinaccordancewiththeGEFInstrument,whereGEFfundsareanadditionalsourceoffundstomeetthe
11 GEF,UNDP,UNEP,2010,MonitoringGuidelinesofCapacityDevelopmentinGEFoperations
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22 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
1. Capacitydevelopmentrequiresownership2. Capacitydevelopmentrequirescollaborative
agreements3. Capacitydevelopmentisacontinuous
process4. Capacitydevelopmentrequiresrelevantand
validinformationforeffectivedecision-mak-ing
5. Capacitydevelopmentrequiresincentivesandresources
6. Capacitydevelopmentneedstobepartofearlyprojectdesign
7. Capacitydevelopmentneedstobuildonexistingstructuresandmechanisms
8. Capacitydevelopmentneedsabaseline9. Capacitydevelopmentneedsbenchmarks10.Capacitydevelopmentneedstobespecific11. Capacitydevelopmentneedstobeattribut-
able
27.These11criteriapointtoasetofpracticesandapproachesthatareembodiedwithintheinnova-tiveapproachofadaptivecollaborativemanage-ment.Baselineindicators,benchmarks,andperformanceindicatorsareallacriticalpartofamonitoringandevaluationprogrammetocatalyzetheprocessofadaptivemanagement.Capacityassessmentmethodologiesshouldinstitutionalizemeasurableindicatorswithinmonitoringandevaluationmechanismsandstructuresthatarepartoftheprojectimplementationprocess.Theyshouldbemanagedinsuchawayastohelpsetandre-calibrateprojectoutputsinlinewithexpectedoutcomesunderchangingcircumstances.SeeAnnex1forfurtherdetails.
sectormanagersandexperts)toengageproactivelyandconstructivelywithoneanothertomanageaglobalenvironmentalissue.
Capacitiestogenerate,access,anduseinfor-mationandknowledge:Capacitiesofindividualsandorganizationstoresearch,acquire,communicate,educate,andmakeuseofpertinentinformation,soastobeabletodiagnoseandunderstandglobalenvironmen-talproblemsandpotentialsolutions.
Capacitiesforpolicyandlegislationdevelopment:Capacitiesofindividualsandorganizationstoplananddevelopeffectiveenvironmentalpolicyandlegislation,relatedstrategies,andplansbasedoninformeddecision-makingprocessesforglobalenvironmentalmanagement.
Capacitiesformanagementandimplemen-tation:Capacitiesofindividualsandorganiza-tionstoenactenvironmentalpoliciesorregulatorydecisions,aswellasplanandexecuterelevantsustainableglobalenviron-mentalmanagementactionsandsolutions.
Capacitiestomonitorandevaluate:Capacitiesofindividualsandorganizationstoeffectivelymonitorandevaluateprojectorprogrammeachievementsagainstexpectedresultsandtoprovidefeedbackforlearningandadaptivemanagement.Monitoringandevaluationservestocatalyzeadjustmentstothecoursesofactionasnecessary,enablingtherealizationofprogrammeandprojectobjectives.
26.Thefivestrategicareasofcapacitydevelopmentsupportoutlinedabovearedirectlycorrelatedtoanimproved,moreresilient,andsustainableenviron-mentalframework.Convertingtheseassumptionsintocriticalsuccessfactors,capacitydevelopmenttomeetandsustainnationalandglobalenviron-mentalobjectivesmustsatisfythefollowingcriteria:
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The National Capacity Self-Assessments 23
thewidevarietyofinstitutionalarrangements,aswellastheavailabilityofhumanandinstitutionalexpertise,andtheextentofpriorandon-goingwork,countriesweretochoosetheirownmethodo-logicalapproach.
32.Respondingtoastrongdemandfromcountriesformethodologicalsupport,theGEFCouncilapprovedaGlobalSupportProgramme(GSP)in2004withabudgetofUS$2.9million(US$1.9millionfundedbytheGEF)tosupportcountriesinthedesignandimplementationoftheirNCSAs.JointlyimplementedbyUNDPandUNEP,theGSPwentontodevelopguidancematerial,providetechnicalbackstoppingtoNCSAcountryteams,analyzelessonslearnedfromtheNCSAs,anddevelopprogrammingframeworksforthesystem-aticimplementationofcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopmentpriorities.
2.3 Programming Capacity Development: The NCSA Approach
28.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheNCSAswastoidentifycountrylevelprioritiesandthecapacitiesneededtoaddressglobalenvironmentalissues(withafocusonbiologicaldiversity,climatechange,andlanddegradation).Asaprocess,theNCSAswereintendedtocatalyzedomesticorexternallyassistedactiontomeetthoseneedsinacoordi-natedandplannedmanner(GEF,2003).Inordertodelveintoanassessmentofthefoundationalcapacitiestomeetandsustainglobalenvironmentalobjectives,theNCSAsweretoexplorethesynergiesamongthethematicareas,aswellasthelinkageswithwiderconcernsofenvironmentalmanagementandsustainabledevelopment,suchaspersistentorganicpollutants(POPs)andbiosafety.
29.Althoughcountriescoulddecidehowfartoextendtheassessmentoflinkagesbetweenandamongthematicareasandothersocio-economicissuessuchaspoverty,thelevelofNCSAfundingprovidedbytheGEFwassetatUS$200,000.TheadditionalcostofassessingotherthemesandissueswithintheNCSAexercisewouldthereforerequireadditionalco-financing.
30.TheNCSAswerenotintendedtobedefinitiveorfinal,astheidentificationofneedsandprioritiesisadynamicprocess.Rather,theGEFenvisagedtheidentificationofcapacitybuildingneedsasanongoingprocess,tobetakenupwithinnationalconsultativestructuresandmechanismsdesignedtoidentifyandprogrammefutureGEFsupport(e.g.,GEFNationalSteeringCommittees).Additionally,NCSAswereneitherseenasapreconditionforGEFassistancethroughregularprojectsandenablingactivities,norasanecessaryfirststeppriortolaunchingcapacitybuildingactivitiesinparticularsectors.
31.AkeyprincipleoftheNCSAswasthattheymustbeentirelycountry-driven,undertakenbynationalinstitutionsandexpertstotheextentfeasible,andrespondtonationalsituationsandpriorities.Dueto
Responding to a strong demand from countries for methodological support, the GEF Council approved a Global Support Programme (GSP) in 2004 with a budget of US$ 2.9 million (US$ 1.9 million funded by the GEF) to support countries in the design and implementation of their NCSAs.
An Indian official and villagers in the little Rann of Kutch discuss the threats to the endangered Indian Wild Ass. Photo by Kevin Hill.
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24 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
33.TheGSPdevelopedanNCSAResourceKit,whichoutlinedthebasicstepsthateachNCSAcountryteamweretofollow,allowingforsomeflexibilityinhowtheyweretobeoperationalized(SeeFigure1below):
STEP 1 - Inception: During the inception phase, the administrative, management and consultative arrangements for the nCSA are to be decided and organized, and a work plan prepared. This may involve analytical work to identify linkages of the nCSA with past and on-going processes, as well as a stakeholder analysis to see which stakeholders should be involved, and a stakeholder involvement plan, which outlines how best to engage each group.
STEP 2 - Stocktaking Exercise: This step analyzes the current situation to set out the baseline of capacity development issues to be looked at in the next steps. The aim of this step is to ensure that the nCSA is built on other local or national work related to the Conventions and on past capacity development efforts. The stocktaking report should identify all national activities and documents that were relevant to the Convention themes, as well as core national environmental priorities. These include any laws, policies, plans, strategies, programmes, and project documents that may be useful for Steps 3 and 4. This step also involves reviewing past capacity assessments and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of previous capacity development
efforts. The latter may include capacity-building projects, capacity components of broader projects, and mainstream programmes.
STEP 3 - Thematic Assessments: The main objective of the three thematic assessments is to analyze the countrys obligations and opportunities from each MeA, and the countrys performance and achievements to date. The output is to be a succinct picture of where we are now, including strengths and constraints in implementing the Conventions, as well as priority capacity needs. The thematic assessments would identify emerging cross-cutting needs that are to be analyzed in depth in Step 4. The assessments need not make recommendations, unless immediate improvements are possible.
STEP 4 - Cross-Cutting Analysis: The objective of the cross-cutting analysis is to assess capacity issues, needs, and opportunities that cut across the Conventions. This includes identifying those common needs and possible synergies that could be achieved in the country by addressing requirements across two or more themes. This analysis should also identify capacity needs that are
common to both national and global environmental management, including the possible synergies between them. This step would result in a list of priority national capacity needs and opportunities for synergies. It could also identify possible capacity development actions that are to be developed in the action plan.
STEP 5 - Capacity Development Action Plan and NCSA Final Report: Drawing on the assessment of priority thematic and cross-cutting capacity needs, the action plan would outline a strategy of developing capacities to meet global and national environmental objectives, including specifying a set of actions. It should identify priority actions, time frame, possible funding, responsibilities, and outline a monitoring and evaluation plan to assess outcomes and impacts. While the action plan is recommended, it is not required. The only document required for submission to the Gef is the nCSA final Report. This report is to summarize the work done under the nCSA, documenting the process used to produce the outputs, including the methods, tools and participants, and highlighting the major conclusions and lessons from the nCSA.
Figure 1: The Five NCSA Steps
STEP 1:Inception
STEP 2:Stock-taking
STEP 3:Thematic
Assessments
STEP 4:Cross- Cutting Analysis
STEP 5:final
Report & Action Plan
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The National Capacity Self-Assessments 25
Among the functions of the GSP was the convening of regional and sub-regional workshops, the aim of which was to facilitate the sharing of experiences and catalyzing the work of the NCSA country teams.
34.AmongthefunctionsoftheGSPwastheconveningofregionalandsub-regionalworkshops,theaimofwhichwastofacilitatethesharingofexperiencesandcatalyzingtheworkoftheNCSAcountryteams.Atotalof14suchworkshopswereconvenedbetween2004and2009,twoofthempriortotheestablishmentoftheGSP(SeeTable1below).TheworkshopsalsohelpedclarifythebroaderdevelopmentcontextoftheNCSAs,suchasdemonstratingthelinkagesbetweentheNCSAsandothercapacitydevelopmentinitiatives,suchasthejointEuropeanCommission/UNEPprogrammeforthestrategicimplementationofMEAsinAfrica,theCaribbeanandthePacific12.
2.4 Overview of the NCSA Implementation
35.Atotalof153outof165eligiblecountries(93%)receivedGEFfundingtoimplementanNCSA.Outofthese153countries,sevenNCSAprojectswerecancelledduetothenon-deliveryofNCSAproducts,withtheremaining146projectsimple-mentedorunderimplementation.ThevalueoftheNCSAportfoliowasUS$28.7million,withanaverageallotmentofUS$200,000perNCSA.TheNCSAsdidnotrequireanyco-financing,withmostcountriescontributingin-kindsupporttotheirimplementation.
36.UNDPimplementedthelargestshareoftheseNCSAprojects(76%),followedbyUNEP(23%).TheWorldBankimplementedonlyoneNCSAproject(Nigeria).Figure2depictstherelativedistributionoftheNCSAacrossthesevensub-regions.WhilemostoftheeligiblecountriesimplementedanNCSA,only61%ofcountries(11outof18eligiblecountries)intheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaundertookanNCSA.
location Region/Sub-Region*
Date # of Participants / # of countries
bratislava, Slovakia eCIS 14-15 September, 2004 n/A
Quito, ecuador lA 15-7 December, 2004 29/13
Tunis, Tunisia MenA 17-19 June, 2005 37/10
Kingston, Jamaica lAC 28 June 1 July, 2005 n/A
Hanoi, Vietnam Asia 26-28 october, 2005 36/8
Colombo, Sri lanka Asia 8-10 november, 2005 31/7
nairobi, Kenya e&S Africa 6-9 December, 2005 35/17
Dakar, Senegal C&W Africa 19-22 April, 2006 n/A
Apia, Samoa Pacific 2-5 May, 2006 n/A
Rabat, Morocco MenA 7-10 June, 2006 n/A
Santiago, Chile lAC 26-29 September, 2006 n/A
bangkok, Thailand Asia 20-23 november, 2006 60/9
nairobi, Kenya Africa 4-6 november, 2009 20/14
nadi, fiji Pacific 16-18 november, 2009 19/9
*ACROnyMs
C&W Africa: CentralandWestAfricaE&S Africa: EastandSouthernAfricaECIS: EuropeandCommonwealthof
IndependentStatesMENA: MiddleEastandNorthAfricaLAC: LatinAmericanandtheCaribbean
12 FurtherinformationontheEC/UNEPProgrammeonMEAimplementationforACPcountriescanbefoundathttp://www.unep.org/AfricanCaribbeanPacific/MEAs/index.asp
Table 1: List of Regional and Sub-Regional Workshops
Figure 2: NCSA Projects by Region
Asia, 20/22
Africa C&W, 25/26
Africa e&S, 17/19
eCIS,29/32
Me/nA, 11/18
lAC, 32/33
Pacific, 12/15
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26 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
Instead,asagroup,thequalityoftheirreportsreceivedanoverallratingof3.4.
39.CorrelatingthequalityoftheFinalReportsandActionPlanswiththeirlengthindicatesthatthequalityincreaseifthereportislonger.Reportswithfewerthan40pageshadanaverageratingof2.6,peakingat4.0forreportsranginginlengthbetween121and140pages.Longerreportshadaslightlylowerqualityrating13.
40.Areviewofthe119NCSAFinalReportsandActionPlans,aswellasinterviewswithkeyinform-ants,indicatethatasignificantnumberofcountriesexperienceddifficultiesinimplementingtheirNCSAs.Anecdotally,theseimplementationdifficultiescanbesummarizedintothreemaincategories:(i)NCSAguidancewastoobroad,limitingNCSAcountryteamsabilitytofocusonspecificsresultinginbroadstatementsaboutissues,constraints,andcapacitydevelopmentneedsandactions;(ii)NCSAguidancewastooproduct-orient-edanddidnotprovidestrongerguidanceonvariousmethodologicalapproaches.NCSAcountryteamswantedmoreguidanceonthehowto,tohelpthemplanthevariousself-assessmentsteps;and(iii)NCSAguidanceonhowtostructurethevariousreportswasinsufficient,inparticulartheFinalReport.TheNCSAsalsocalledforculturalelementstobetakenintoaccountwhendevelop-ingamethodologyforaglobalprogramme.Thetake-awayisthat,giventheuniquecultureandsocialdimensionsofeachcountry,NCSAmethodol-ogyneedstobespecificallytailored.
41.Ofthe119countriesthathavecompletedtheirNCSA,23countriesareatdifferentstagesinimple-mentingpriorityrecommendationsidentifiedintheirNCSAFinalReportandActionPlans,whilebenefittingfromtheleveragingsupportoftheGEFthroughfollow-upcross-cuttingcapacitydevelopmentprojects,referredtoasCB-2projects.NearlyhalfoftheseprojectswereapprovedfortheECISregion,withtherestdistributedequallyamongotherregions,withtheexceptionofthePacificregion.
37.AsofApril2010,atotalof119countrieshavecompletedtheirNCSA.ThequalityoftheNCSAFinalReportsandActionPlanswereassessedbyateamofindependentreviewersandgivenanoverallratingof3.4onascalebetween1and5,rangingfrompoortoexcellent.Thisassessmentwasconductedusingsixcriteria:(i)Clearidentificationofenvironmentalissuesandobjectives;(ii)Identifica-tionofpriorityissuesforeachfocalareaandacrossfocalareas;(iii)Adequateanalysisoftheidentifiedcapacityconstraints;(iv)Capacityconstraintsaredeterminedattheunderlyingsystemlevel;(v)ActionPlanisclearandsuccinct;and(vi)ActionPlanmakesconnectionsbetweenenvironmentalobjectivesandactions.
38.Nomajordifferenceswerefoundamongthesesixcriteria,withtheaverageratingforeachcriterionrangingfrom3.1for(vi)to3.6for(iii).TheweakestaspectoftheNCSAFinalReportsandActionPlanswastheactualcontentoftheactionplansthem-selves,aswellastheconnectionbetweenenviron-mentalprioritiesandrecommendedactions.Ontheotherhand,themostpositiveaspectofthesesamereportsisthattheygaveanimpressiveanalysisoftheircapacityconstraints.Whenthedataisdisaggregatedbygroupsofcountries,suchasLDCorSIDScountries,theresultsdonotindicatesignificantdifferencesfromallotherNCSAreports.
13 Thedifferencesmaynotbestatisticallysignificant.1=poor;2=fair;3=satisfactory;4=good;5=excellent.
Figure 3: NCSA report length vs. quality
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
200
Quality Rating
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The National Capacity Self-Assessments 27
42.TheCB-2projectsprovideresourcesforreducing,ifnoteliminating,theinstitutionalbottleneckshamperingthesynergisticimplemen-tationoftheRioConventions.Theexpectedoutcomesoftheseprojectsare,therefore,tostrengthenmulti-sectoralprocessesthatpromotepolicyharmonization,realizecost-efficiency,andenhanceoperationaleffectivenessinConventionobligations.Accordingly,themainfocusoftheseCB-2projectsisonenvironmentalgovernancesystems,combinedwithmainstreamingglobalenvironmentalissuesintonationaldevelopmentprogrammes.TheCB-2projectsareorganizedunderfourprogrammaticframeworks:a) Strengtheningthepolicy,legislative,and
regulativeframeworksandtheirenforcementb) Mainstreamingglobalenvironmental
prioritiesintonationalpoliciesandpro-grammes
c) ImprovingnationalConventioninstitutionalstructuresandmechanisms
d) Strengtheningfinancialandeconomicinstrumentsinsupportoftheglobalenvironment
43.Table2belowliststhe23CB-2projectsthathavebeenapprovedtodate.Areviewoftheseprojectsindicatesthatcountriestendedtofocusonstrengtheningtheirenablingpolicyandprogrammeframeworkortheirorganizationalcapacities.Eightcountriesfollowedupwithprojectstomainstreamglobalenvironmentalmanagementintonationalenvironmentalmanagementframeworks,withastrongemphasisonimprovingcoordinationofvariousfocalareas.Ninecountriesoptedtofocusondevelopingnationalcapacitiestoimproveenvironmentalgovernanceandcoordination.
Country follow-up Project Title Category
Armenia Capacity building for optimization of information and monitoring systems A
belize Strengthening institutional capacities for coordinating multi-sectoral environmental policies and programmes
A
bhutan enhancing global environmental management in local governance systems
A
bulgaria Integrating global environmental issues into bulgarias regional development process
eM
Croatia Using Common data flow system and indicators to enhance integrated management of global environmental issues
A
egypt Mainstreaming global environment in national plans and policies eM
Gambia Adoption of ecosystems approach for integrated implementation of MeAs at national and divisional levels
eM
Ghana establishing an effective and sustainable structure for implementing multilateral environment agreements
A
Jamaica Piloting natural resource valuation within environmental impact assessments
feI
Jordan bridging research and policy-making Pf
Kenya Using enhanced regulatory and information systems for integrated implementation of MeAs
Pf
Kyrgyzstan Capacity building for improved national financing of global environment
feI
lao Meeting the primary obligations of the Rio Conventions through strengthened capacity to implement natural resource legislation
Pf
Morocco Mainstreaming Ge in Moroccos nHDI eM
Moldova Strengthening environmental fiscal reform for national and global environment management
feI
Montenegro Capacity building for integration of global environment commitments in investment/development decisions
eM
namibia Developing capacities to implement the MeAs A
nicaragua Mainstreaming multilateral environmental agreements in environmental legislation
eM
Philippines Strengthening coordination for effective environmental management A
Romania Strengthening capacity to integrate environment and natural resource management for global environmental benefits
eM
Seychelles Implementing Capacity development for improved national and international environmental management
A
Tajikistan Implementing Community learning and institutional capacity building for global environmental management
eM
Uzbekistan Strengthening national capacity in Rio Convention implementation through targeted institutional strengthening and professional development
A
CAtegORy nO.OFPROjeCts
PF PolicyandProgrammeFormulation 3eM EnvironmentalMainstreaming 8A OrganizationalandIndividual CapacityDevelopment 9FeI FinanceandEconomicInstruments 3
Table 2: List of Follow-up Projects by Country
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28 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
Type of Capacity fCCC Montreal Protocol
CbD CCD PoPs
Stakeholder engagement
Article 4Article 6
Article 9 Article 10Article 13
Article 5Article 9Article 10Article 19
Article 10
Information Management and Knowledge
Article 4Article 5
Article 3Article 7Article 9
Article 12Article 14Article 17Article 26
Article 9Article 10Article 16
Article 7Article 9Article 15
organizational Capacities
Article 4 Article 10 Article 8Article 9Article 11Article 16Article 20Article 21
Article 4Article 5Article 12Article 13Article 18Article 20Article 21
Article 5Article 13
environmental Governance
Article 4 Article 4 Article 6Article 14Article 19Article 22
Article 4Article 5Article 8Article 9Article 10
Article 3Article 5Article 7
Monitoring and evaluation
Article 6 Article 7 Article 4Article 11Article 16
nCSA ReSUlTS
44.Asdescribedinparagraph28,theobjectiveoftheNCSAsweretoidentifycountrylevelprioritiesandassessthecapacitiesneededtoaddressglobalenvironmentalissues,inparticularbiologicaldiversity,climatechange,andlanddegradation,withtheaimofcatalyzingactionstomeetthoseneedsinacoordinatedandplannedmanner.Theseactionsincludethesearchforsynergiesandlinkagesamongtheaforementionedfocalareas,aswellasthewiderconcernsofenvironmentalmanagementandsustainabledevelopment(suchasPersistentOrganicPollutants(POPs)andbiosafety).
45.TheNCSAswerestructuredtoassessthecapacitydevelopmentobjectivesoftheRioConventions,inparticularthecross-cuttinganalyses.Consideringtheguidanceandobligationsstatedbyeachmultilateralenvironmentalagreement,thesynthesisofNCSAresultsarebasedonanassessmentofthefivetypesofcapacitiesidentifiedinparagraph25:
Table 3: NCSA alignment with MEAs obligations3
-
NCSA Results 29
46.ThealignmentbetweentheNCSAobjectivesandthecountrycommitmentstotheMEAsisintendedtofacilitatecountriesfirststeptowardsdevelopingthecapacitiesforaneffectiveenviron-mentalmanagementframework.TherelevanceoftheNCSAsisalsostrengthenedbyidentifyingachievableeconomiesofscaleinsharedcapacitiestomeetbothnationalandglobalenvironmentalpriorities.ThevalidityandusefulnessofNCSAfindingsdependgreatlyontheownershipofthesefindingsbytherespectivecountrystake-holders,particularlytheenvironmentaldecision-makers.GreatercollaborationwiththeConven-tions,specificallytheJointLiaisonGroupcreatedtoexploresynergiesamongthethreeRioConventions,maylikelyhaveprovidedagreatervalidationandusefulnessofNCSAfindingsthroughtheCOPprocessofeachConvention.
3.1 Assessments by Focal Areas
47.TheNCSAmethodologyincludedastocktak-ingexercise,whichinvolvedtheidentificationofnationalactivitiesrelevanttoConventionthemes,aswellascorenationalenvironmentalpriorities,includingthereviewofrelatedcapacityassess-ments.Thiswasfollowedbythematicassess-mentstoanalyzethecountriesobligationsandopportunitiesarisingfromeachMEA,mirroredwiththecountrysperformanceandachievementstodate.TheassessmentslookedatthestrengthsandconstraintsinimplementingtheRioConven-tions,aswellascountriesprioritycapacityneeds.Table4belowsummarizesthenumberofcountriesthatidentifiedpriorityenvironmentalissues.
48.Countriesidentifiedotherissuesofpriorityconcern,suchaspovertyandgenderissues,whicharesummarizedinSection3.1.5.
The alignment between the NCSA objectives and the country commitments to the MEAs is intended to facilitate countries first step towards developing the capacities for an effective environmental management framework.
Figure 4: Number of countries identifying their priority environmental concern (n=119)
land Use
SlM
Soil loss
Rangeland Management
Agro-biodiversity
Deforestation
Habitat Damage
Sustainable use
biodiversity Conservation
endangered Species
Invasive Alien Species
biosafety
Access and benefits Sharing
Water Pollution
Coastal erosion
Coastal Management
Unsustainable fisheries
Wetlands Conservation
freshwater Resources
Vulnerability to CC
Sea level Rise
Reduction of GHGs
Soil contamination
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
# of Countries
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30 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
50.TheNCSAFinalReportsandActionPlansindicatethatthebiodiversityfocalareaisapriorityenvironmentalissueinmostcountries.Mostbiodiversitythemesarehighpriorityenvironmentalissues,withagro-biodiversityhavingthelowestpriority(26%ofcountriesstatingthisthemeasapriorityenvironmentalissue).
51.However,fewercountriesrankedprioritycapacitydevelopmentneedsforbiodiversitywhencomparedtotheirrankingofpriorityenvironmentalissues.Anaverageof44countriesidentifiedeachthemeasneedingsomecapacitydevelopmentaction,withtheexceptionofinvasivealienspecies,whichaccountedforonly28countries.Overall,75%ofthecountriesrecognizedbiodiversityconserva-tionasapriorityneedforsomecapacitydevelop-mentaction.Thepercentageofcountriesrecom-mendingactionislessthanhalf,withabout31%ofcountriesstatingatleastonebiodiversitythemeasarecommendedCCDaction.
3.1.1 Biodiversity
49.Theenvironmentalissuesrelatedtobiodiversitywereorganizedintoninecategories.Mostbiodiver-sityissuesarerelatedtobiodiversityconservation,deforestationandsustainableuse;only19countries(outof119)didnotstateanybiodiversityissuesaspriorityenvironmentalissues.
Figure 5: Number of countries identifying priority biodiversity needs and actions (n=119)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Priority env. Issues Priority CD needs Rec. CD Actions
Agro-biodiversity
Deforestation
Habitat Damage
Sustainable use
biodiversity Conservation
endangered Species
Invasive Alien Species
biosafety
Access and benefits Sharing
Mali:l Insufficient qualified technical staffl low public awareness of local communitiesl Insufficient management capacities
Sierra Leone:l lack of a database to inventory species, habitats and ecosystems
l Inadequate protected are coveragel Insufficient protection of wetland and marine ecosystems
Benin:l non-involvement of development stakeholdersl Marginalization of local communitiesl overall inadequate consultative process
Cameroon:l Insuffucuent qualifies technical staffl Insufficient researchl low public awarenessl Inadequate understanding of biodivesity values and synergies
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NCSA Results 31
carryingcapacityofgrazingland.Thelandandthealreadylimitedwaterresourcesarefurtherstressedduetotheestablishmentofpermanentsettle-mentsoftheheretoforetranshumantherders.Increasingpressureongrazingresourcesduetoanincreaseoflivestockischallengingthemaximumcarryingcapacityoftheseresources.
55.InTunisia,thecapacitydevelopmentprioritiestomeetCCDcommitmentslieintheneedtoidentifyindicatorsthatmeasuretheperformanceofvariouslanddegradationprogrammesandprojects.Otherprioritiesincludetheneedtointegratelanddegradationprogrammesandprojectsintodevelopmentplans,strengthentechnicalknow-howamongdevelopmentpractitioners,andimprovecoordinationamongthevariousorganizationsandagenciesthathaveastakeinlandmanagementissues.
56.BelizefacessimilarchallengesintermsofinsufficientlytrainedcivilservantstocombatlanddegradationandmeetCCDcommitments.Animportantpriorityistogivegreaterattentiontocommunitiesatriskandtoincludetheirrepresen-tationinpolicyandprogrammingconsultations.Ofhighimportanceistheneedtodevelopandmaintainacomprehensivedatabaseforlandwaterresourcesdatastorage,analysis,anddissemination.
3.1.2 LandDegradation
52.Therewerefivecategoriesofpriorityenviron-mentalissuessurroundinglanddegradation.Fewercountriesidentifiedsoilcontaminationandrangelandmanagementaspriorityenvironmentalissues;whereaspoorlandusepracticesandsoillosswereissuesofhigherconcern.
53.Countriescallsforactiontoaddresslanddegradationissuesappeartobecloselyaligned,withtheexceptionofsoilcontaminationandsoilloss.Whilecountriesidentifiedtheseaspriorityenvironmentalissues,fewerrecommendedcapacitydevelopmentresponses(whereas62countriesidentifiedsoillossasapriority,only46countriesrecommendedsomecapacitydevelopmentresponse).
54.Landdegradationisanimportantenvironmen-talissueincountriesthathavealargepopulationintimatelydependentontheland,suchasMongo-lia,whereover-grazingisofmajorconcernduetoincreasedlivestocknumbersthatsurpassthe
Land degradation is an important environmental issue in countries that have a large population intimately dependent on the land, such as Mongolia, where over-grazing is of major concern due to increased livestock numbers that surpass the carrying capacity of grazing land.
Figure 6: Number of countries identifying priority land degradation needs and actions (n=119)
land Use
SlM
Soil contamination
Soil loss
Rangeland Management
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Priority env. Issues Priority CD needs Rec. CD Actions
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32 National Capacity Self-Assessments: Results and Lessons Learned for Global Environmental Sustainability
59. Asanon-annex1country,SriLankaisnotboundtoreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases.Thecountrysfocusisinsteadonassessingtheirvulnerabilitytoclimatechangeaswellasthedevelopmentandtransferoftechnologiesforadaptingtotheimpactsofclimatechange.Throughaprioritizationprocess,SriLankaidentified12requirementstoaddresstheirvulnerabilityandadaptationmeasures.Theseincludethemappingofvulnerableareastoclimatechange,theassess-mentofsea-levelriseanditsimpactonfloraandfauna,theassessmentofgroundwatersuppliesindroughtaffectedareas,andtheset-upofappliedresearchtostudytheimpactofenvironmentalissuesonhumanhealth.
60.India,ontheotherhand,determinedanumberofimportantclimatechangepriorities:theneedtoimprovethequalityofnationalgreen
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