nationalism and sectionalism

Nationalism and

Sectionalism

Chapter 10Lecture Outline

Madison’s second termWants….• Improve fortifications

• A permanent national army & strong navy

• New national bank

• Protection of new industries from foreign competition

• Federally funded system of roads, bridges, annals & ports for commercial AND military

• A great national university

“The Republicans have out-Federalized Federalism.”

Economic Nationalism• An Unexpected Benefit to the War of 1812

– embargo had forced Americans to look inward for goods

– first American Industrial Revolution & economic growth.

• The Bank of the United States

– charter for first Bank was not immediately renewed

– economic turmoil ensued

– To stabilize economy, 2nd bank chartered in 1816 (20 yrs)

John C Calhoun of SC – for national bank later would be more for state rights

Henry Clay of Kentucky – for national bank

Daniel Webster of NH – against it then moved to Mass. and push for strong national government

Economic Nationalism

• A Protective Tariff of 1816

– Protect infant industries in North, South mostly against it

• Internal Improvements

– War of 1812 showed shortcomings

– the Cumberland, or National, Road

– 1817 Calhoun put through the House a bill to fund more internal improvements via federal money, last day in office Madison vetoes…why?

– State govt responsible for internal improvements until 1916

• The American System

– Three parts:

• a tariff to protect and promote American industry

• a national bank to foster commerce

• federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements”

– first proponent was Henry Clay

– Essentially this called for a more active role of the federal government in the lives of its citizens.

• The American System

– internal improvements, creation of industrial infrastructure, and stabilizing of the economy

– a more active role of the federal government in the lives of its citizens

– first proponent was Henry Clay

“An Era of Good Feelings”

• James Monroe

– Continuing the “Virginia Dynasty” 1816 election

– Last president of American Revolution and last to dress in old style

– Little party opposition, so this period of one-party rule was considered an “Era of Good Feelings.” …

• Relations with Britain

– Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817, ended the naval arms race on the Great Lakes, both sides limiting number of warships on “inland seas”

– Convention of 1818 settled the northern limit of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel & Oregon Country

• The Extension of Boundaries

– Lawless land of Spanish Florida

– Andrew Jackson sent with 2,000 troops (1818) by Sec. of War Calhoun to the border

– discovered two British spies & executed them

– continued to pursue Seminoles into Florida (Calhoun pissed)

– Sec. of state JQA was negotiating with Spain to purchase territory

– Used Jackson to strengthen deal

Crises and Compromises

• The Panic of 1819

– GB turns to India for cotton instead of US

– Land spectator bubble

– Bank of U.S. president allowed inflation

– New Bank Prez. Langdon Cheves puts pressure on state banks

-> local banks

-> debtors

• foreclosures

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• alternating pattern of admitting states

• 22 states, 11 free and 11 slave

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: no slavery but Louisiana Purchase…

• Missouri admitted but no more slave states from above 36⁰30‘

Second compromise with Missouri state legislature and their denying ‘free blacks’

laws under constitutions.

Henry Clay entered the Senate at twenty eight, despite the requirement that senators be at least thirty years old.

Jefferson wrote….

“…. But this momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way

I regret that I am now to die in the belief that the useless sacrifice of themselves by the generation of 1776, to acquire self-government and happiness to their country, is to be thrown away by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons, and that my only consolation is to be that I live not to weep over it. ”

Judicial Nationalism

• John Marshall, Chief Justice

– extended the powers of the Supreme Court to provide a more nationalist role of federal gov’t in state affairs

Protecting Contract Rights

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Marshall’s decision removed the power of the state to modify contracts at will “a state cannot pass laws to impair a contract”

(in the absence of royal rule, contracts rule)

John Marshall Chief Justice

Judicial Nationalism

• Strengthening the Federal Government

– McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Maryland tried to tax Nat’l Bank

• S.C.: Congress had Constitutional right to establish B.U.S.

• Regulating Interstate Commerce

– Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• Marshall exerted the right of the nation to regulate commerce over the right of the states

Nationalist Diplomacy

• The Disputed

Northwest– 1824, J.Q. Adams

completed a treaty with Russia that defined the Oregon Territory’s southern boundary

“the American continents

are no longer subjects for

any new European colonial

establishments”

• The Monroe Doctrine

– French Revolution forced Spain to ignore colonies

• Cuba, Puerto Rico, etc..

– By 1823, Europe was willing to go to war to retake colonies

• GB didn’t want this, nor US

• GB worried US would take Cali, Texas, Cuba or any Spanish territory

• GB suggest joint announcement

• US doesn’t have the military power to enforce but..

• JQA convinces Monroe to declare it alone

The Monroe Doctrine

1. “the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects

for future colonization by any European powers”

2. That the political system of European powers was different from the US,

which would “consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to

any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety”

3. The US would not interfere with existing European-controlled colonies

4. The US would keep out of the internal affairs of European nations and their

One-Party Politics

• Presidential

Nominations

– In the election of 1824, with no political party to contend against, the Democrat-Republicans turned on themselves and ran four candidates.

– Resulted in no one winning an electoral majority

– Thrown into the House of Representatives.

Election of 1824

• The “Corrupt Bargain”

– each state got one vote, regardless how citizens voted

– JQA won the presidency, though he had lost popular vote & was second to Jackson on the electoral vote

– Henry Clay was the Speaker at the time and mysteriously dropped out

– Then JQA decides to award him the Sec. of State position

One-Party Politics

John Quincy Adams was a brilliant man but an ineffective leader.

Cracked.com De-Textbook ad: https://youtu.be/IylN2H2zIn4

• John Quincy Adams

– supported bold internal improvements

– The Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) increased tariff to over 60%

• Calhoun (South Carolina) reversed stance on tariffs when bill passed

• declared states can nullify an act of congress that it found unconstitutional

• JQA created National Republicans as opposition to Calhoun's Democratic republicans

One-Party Politics

• The Election of Andrew Jackson

– Vicious campaign

• Jackson’s wife called adulteress

• Adams accused of giving

American servant girl to Czar

– Selling land for gambling

machines

– Jackson loved by West, South &

anyone who hated the aristocracy

– Democratization of voting meant

common man would choose

Andrew Jackson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SupNaQeJrq0

One-Party Politics

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