nationalism ● the belief that national interests and national unity should be placed ahead of...

Nationalism

● The belief that national interests and national unity should be placed ahead of global cooperation and affairs should be guided by national self-interest.

Militarism

● Developoment of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

Setting the Stage

Part One:American Background

President Woodrow Wilson

● Progressive Leader● Believed that Power

must yield to Morality

● Won a Second Term in Office because he kept the U.S. Out of the War

Isolationism

● Atlantic Ocean provided a buffer from the problems in Europe.

U.S. And Mexico

● 1910- Mexican Revolution – Francisco Madero

● 1913 – Coup led by General Victoriano Huerta

● U.S. Refused to recognize Huerta

U.S. Intervention

● April 19 1914 – U.S. Sailors are arrested at Tampico

● Mexican government quickly release the sailors

U.S. Intervention con't.

● Naval Commander demands that the Mexicans salute U.S. Flag

● Refusal

U.S. Intervention Con't.

● U.S. Marines occupy Tampico

● 19 – U.S. Dead● 200-Mexican Dead

Mexican Politics

● Huerta leaves office● Civil war insues● U.S. Declares

Neutrality

2nd U.S. Intervention

● Pancho Villa● Columbus, NM● 17 dead

2nd U.S. Intervention Con't.

● Gen. John J. Pershing● 18,000 troops ( 1/3 of

U.S. Army) enter Mexico in search of Villa

● 1917 U.S. Forces pull out after unsuccesful search

Setting the Stage

Part two:The Run-up to War

France and Germany

● Germany defeated France twice in last 50 years

● Germany took Alsace-Lorraine in 1871

● Germany was youngest European power

Russia & Austria-Hungary

● Russia-Protector of European Slavic Peoples

● Austria-Hungary-had millions of Slavs (Serbs)

● A-H also an old and dieing Empire

Europe Divided-1890

● Germany-Strongest Military Nation

● U.K.-Strongest Navy● France-Weak but

talked big

Europe Divided-Alliances

● Triple Entente (Allies)-France, U.K., Russia (also had alliance with Serbia)

● Triple Alliance-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire & Italy*

● Italy switched sides in 1915

And So It Begins

The Five Week CrisisJune 28 – August 1

June 28, 1914

● Sarajevo, Bosina● Archduke Franz

Ferdinand is assassinated by Gavrilo Princip

July 6, 1914

● Germany gives Austria-Hungary a “Blank Cheque”

● Germany will back A-H to the hilt

July 23, 1914

● Austria-Hungary gives ultimatum to Serbia to allow A-H to take over some of their land

July 25, 1914

● Serbia mobilises but sends a note agreeing to Austria-Hungary's demands

● Austria-Hungary also mobilises

July 28, 1914

● Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbs

July 31, 1914

● Russia Moblizes- partial then general

August 1, 1914

● Germany Declares war on Russia (Schlieffen Plan)

● Germany also declares war on France on August 3

Stagnation

Western_Front_stagnation.jpg

This Is War!

● Trench warfare● No-mans land – Mud,

shellcraters, barbed wire

1st Battle of the Somme

● July 1, 1916 – Mid- November

● UK lost 60,000 men - 1st day

● 650,000 -Germans● 420,000 – British● 200,000 - French

Blockades

● Use of Naval power to prevent military goods and food

● UK blockade was the most successful (750,000 German Starve to death)

Blockades

● German U-boats● All ships headed for

UK would be sunk● 75,000 British lost

lives

The Russian Revolution

● Lenin

Lusitania

● May 7, 1915

Zimmerman Telegram

● Germany offered “lost lands in America” to Mexico for alliance against U.S.

● Caused U.S. To enter war

Mobilization?

● Not a large army (only 200,000 in active service)

● Selective Service Act (Draft) age 21-23

● Needed training and weapons

How do we get the troops there?

● Build more ships ● Fabrication-used

standard parts built elsewhere & assemble them in the shipyards

● Convoy system

Did U.S. Troops Turn the Tide?

● German army counted on winning before U.S. Troops arrived

● Lots of fresh, enthusiastic U.S. soldiers

Weapons of WWI

● Gas● Zeppelin● Machine Gun● Air Plane● Tank

Homefront

Part Three:The War at Home

Anti-immigrant Hysteria● Attacked German-

Americans● Refused to play Mozart,

Bach or Beethoven● Removed books with

German authors● Lynched people that had

“German sounding names”

Espionage & Sedition Acts● Fine $10,000 and/or 20

years in jail● Interfering with draft● Obstructing sale of war

bonds● Saying anything disloyal,

profane or abusive about the war effort or government

African-American Migration

● 1 million blacks left the south for Chicago, NY, Philadelphia and other large cities to work in war effort

The End is in Sight

Part Four:Victory and the Versailles Treaty

November 9, 1918

● Due to lack of food and supplies German people in Berlin and other cities rebelled against Kaiser and declared a Republic

VICTORY IN EUROPE

● 11:00, November 11, 1918

● Armisist

Wilson's Fourteen Points● No Secret Treaties

● Freedom of the Seas

● Free Trade

● Military's should be lowered to the lowest point to ensure domestic safety

● Colonial interests should consider the interests of the colonial people

Wilson's Fourteen Points con't● Next 8 dealt with boundary

changes for self-determination

● 14th point was the League of Nations-Wilson's favorite

● The Fourteen points are what led many Germans to stop fighting

The Treaty of Versailles

● Allies wanted to “make Germany pay”

● Created 9 new nations-Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Austria, Hungary,

Failure at Versailles

● Wilson compromised everything to get the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles● Provisions

● Demilitarize Germany

● Return Alsace-Loraine to France

● Reparations($32 billion)

● War Guilt Clause

● De-militarize Rhineland for 15 yrs

● French use of Saar Coal Mines

● Loss of Colonial Possessions

● Result

● 100,000 Man Army-Humiliation

● Loss of Valuable land

● Wreaked German Economy

● Humiliation

● Loss of Protection

● Loss of Income – Humiliation

● Loss of Income

Weakness of Treaty

● Poor treatment of Germany● Humiliation● Huge reperations● Russia was not included in Treaty● Germany was stripped of Colonies that could

help it pay ● No true self-determination

German Reaction

● Shock● Refused to Sign ● Wrote a 443 page

protest of terms that violated 14 points

● Finally signed on June 28, 1919

Cost of War

● 26 million dead● 20 million wounded● Lost generation

Flu epidemic

● 500,000 Americans die between 1918 & 1919

● ¼ of U.S. Population sick

● 40 million die world wide

Allied Expeditionary Force

● 8,000 U.S. & U.K troops sent to Russia in Aug. 1918 to try to create a second front and to get rid of the Communists

● Soviets never forgave us for “invasion”