native americans of north america president calvin coolidge with four osage indians after coolidge...

Native Americans of North America

President Calvin Coolidge with four Osage Indians after Coolidge signed the bill granting Indians full citizenship in 1924.

Five Eastern Woodland Tribes formed the Iroquois League

• Seneca• Cayuga• Onondaga• Oneida• Mohawk

What modern day states did the Eastern Woodland tribes live in?

The Five tribes that formed the Iroquois League lived in the same

Cultural Region • What is culture?• The set of shared attitudes, values, and

practices that describe a group of people.

• What is a Cultural Region?• A cultural region is an area in which people

with similar cultures live.

Iroquois Shelter

Iroquois Clothing

Iroquois Food

Iroquois Language• There were six different languages

spoken by the Iroquois nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Tuscarora. These languages are all related to each other, just as the European languages Spanish, French, and Italian are all related to each other. Some Iroquois people could speak more than one of these languages. In particular, important Iroquois men usually learned Mohawk, because Mohawk was the language they usually used at the Great Council and at Iroquois religious festivals.

Native American Words Used Today•Bayou•Dakota•Caribou•Jaguar•Savannah•Blizzard•Ohio•Nebraska•Poncho•Hammock•Parka

Iroquois Religion• Religious Beliefs-The

supernatural world of the Iroquois included many deities, the most important of which was Great Spirit, who was responsible for the creation of human beings, the plants and animals, and the forces of good in nature. The Iroquois believed that the Great Spirit guided the lives of ordinary people. Other important deities were Thunder and the Three Sisters, the spirits of Maize, Beans, and Squash.

Iroquois Beliefs

• The Iroquois believed in many spirit forces created by a supreme being. There were Sky Spirits like the wind, sun, moon and stars and the Earth Spirits like animals and plants.

• Each village had a special longhouse where ceremonies were held. The most sacred traditions to the Iroquois were the rituals involving the false faces or medicine masks. No two masks were ever the same but they all had to have a crooked nose to honor the fabled giant who promised to protect the People. Men who wore these masks were believed to have the power to drive away the evil spirit of illness or injury.

Iroquois Today• Iroquois Reservations

The Iroquois people of today live in seventeen scattered communities in New York State, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Quebec. Some also live in eastern urban centers such as Rochester and Brooklyn.

Iroquois do not live in teepees or bark houses. A few log cabins can be found on reservations, and these may date back to the Revolution, when all Iroquois gave up living in their traditional elm bark Ionghouses. Today most Iroquois live in frame houses, modular homes, or trailers. A few farm their land and some have small kitchen gardens. Much of their land Is left in its natural state. Often a state or local highway cuts through the land, with a sign posted to alert the driver that they are on Indian territory.

The Great Plains Indians

•Sioux or Lakota•Pawnee•Osage•Cheyenne

What modern day states were included in the territory of the Plains Indians?

Plains Indian Shelter

Plains Indian Clothing

Plains Indian Food

The Plains Indians Hunted Buffalo• What do we know about buffalo?

•A full grown male buffalo weighs approximately 2000 lbs.

•Buffalo can run 30 mph

How Were they used?meat - roasted on the campfire, boiled, for pemmican and jerky, sausageshides with the hair left on - winter clothing, gloves, blankets, robes, costumes for ceremonies or for hunting.hides - ropes, blankets, shields, clothing, bags, tipi covers, bull boats, sweat lodge covers, containers, drumssinew (muscles) - bowstrings, thread for sewing, webbing for snowshoesbones - for making hoes, shovels, runners for sleds, pointy tools, knives, pipes, scrapers, arrowheadshorns - spoons, cups, bowls, containers to carry tobacco, medicine or gunpowder, headdresses, arrow points, toyshair - rope, pillow stuffing, yarn, shields, medicine ballsbeard - decoration on clothes and weaponstail - fly swatter, whip, tipi decorationbrain - used for tanning the hides (to soften the skin)hoofs - rattles, boiled to make gluefat - paint base, hair grease, for making candles and soapdung (manure chips) - fuel for campfires and smoke signalsteeth - for decorating, necklacesstomach - containers for water and for cookingbladder - medicine bag, water container, pouchesskull - ceremonies and prayer

Plains Indian Religion•Religion was an important part of a Great Plains Indian’s life, as they believed that all things were connected to religion, as they possessed spirits. Their worship was centered on one main god, Wakan Tanka, or the Great Spirit. The Great Spirit had power over everything that had ever existed, and the Indians thought that by worshipping him, they would get stronger.

• Earth was also quite important, as she was the mother of all spirits.

Plains Indian Beliefs DREAM CATCHERS

The Dream Catcher was made from a hoop of bent willow with a webbing of sinew. It was hung from a baby's cradleboard or near the sleeping area. It was believed to sort dreams. The bad dreams were caught in the web, while the good dreams flowed through to the dreamer. To the Plains Indians dreams held much meaning.

SWEAT LODGE

The sweat lodge was a dome-shaped tent made of willow branches covered with hides and blankets. In the center of the lodge was a pit. 

The sweat lodge ceremony was used for physical and spiritual purification (cleansing), for meditation and prayer, or in preparation for other ceremonies. 

Plains Indians and the Buffalo• In the second-half of the 19th century European buffalo hunters, armed with

powerful, long-range rifles, began killing the animal in large numbers. Individual hunters could kill 250 buffalo a day. By the 1880s over 5,000 hunters and skinners were involved in this trade.

• In 1800 there were around 60 million buffalo in North America. By 1890 this number had fallen to 750. The Plains Indians had now no means of independent sustenance and had to accept the government policy of living on Indian Reservations.

Plains Indians Today

Teacher and students at the Nizipuhwasin Blackfeet Native Language Immersion School on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Browning, Mont., 2001

The Southwest DesertThe Pueblo Indians lived in villages and farmed•Hopi•Zuni

Other Southwestern Indians hunted •Apache

And other Southwestern Indians raised sheep•The Navajo

•What modern day states are in the Southwestern cultural region?

Southwestern Indians

• The Pueblo Indians are thought to have descended from the Anasazi. They lived in villages and used irrigation to grow corn, beans, squash and cotton.

Southwest Pueblo Indians

Most Apache people lived in wickiups, which are simple wooden frames covered by a matting of brush and sometimes a buffalo-hide tarp.

Pueblo Indian Clothes

Southwest Indians Apache Food

The Apaches were not farming people like their cousins the Navajos.

Primarily they were hunters. Apache men hunted buffalo, deer, antelope, and small game, while women gathered nuts, seeds, and fruit from the environment around them. Although they were not farmers, the Apaches still ate corn frequently. They got it by trading with the Pueblo tribes and the Spanish, or by capturing it during raids.

Apache Indian Clothes

Southwestern Navajo

• Navajo people lived in hogans, which are traditional earth houses. A hogan is made of a special wood framework packed with clay into a domed shape, with the door facing east.

Navajo Clothes

Navajo Food

The principal food is mutton, boiled, and corn prepared in many ways. Flour was obtained from traders an eaten this was made into small cakes, which are cooked over the embers like Mexican tortillas.

Southwestern CultureVillagers• Hopi (Northern)• Pueblo (Northern)• Zuni (Northern)Farmers • Mojave (Colorado River)• Pima (Central/Southern Arizona)• Yaqui (Central/Southern Arizona)• Yuma, Cocopah and Maricopa (Colorado River)Nomads • Apache (Northern)• Navajo, later pastoral (Northern)• Papago (Central/Southern Arizona)

Southwestern Culture

• the Southwest Indians were generally characterized by animism and shamanism. Animists perceive the world as filled with living entities: spirit-beings that animate the sun, moon, rain, thunder, animals, plants, topographic features, and many other natural phenomena. Shamans were knowledgeable men and women that were leaders in the community.

The Northwest Indians•Kwakiutl

Various Tribal groups formed the •Chinookan Nation

•In what modern day states did the Northwestern Indians live?

Northwestern Indian Shelter

Northwestern Indian Clothes• Kwakiutl men didn't usually wear clothing at all, though some men wore a

breech clout. Women wore short skirts made of cedar bark. In colder weather, both genders wore knee-length tunics, long cloaks of shredded cedar bark, and moccasins on their feet. For formal occasions, Kwakiutl people wore more elaborate outfits, with tunics, leggings and cloaks painted with tribal designs. Some important and wealthy Kwakiutls wore the spectacular Chilkat blankets.

Northwestern Indian Food

The people of the Northwest did not have to grow crops because the area that they lived in had an abundance of game for hunting and plants to harvest.

Northwestern Indian Culture

Totem Pole

Potlatch

Potlatch

Northwestern Indian Beliefs

Native American Reservations

Native Americans Today• About 70 percent of

Native Americans live in urban areas, according to the U.S. Census. Many Native people, although sometimes thousands of miles away from their traditional homeland, still speak their languages or maintain ties with their reservation or Indian communities.

Native Americans Today

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