netting research update - apal
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Netting Research Update
Lee Kalcsits, Associate Professor
WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center
Department of Horticulture
Wenatchee, WA
APAL Webinar
July 23, 2020
Overview
Example: Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
1% 3%
80%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Exclusion net Drape net Control
Fru
it d
amag
ed b
y h
ail (
%)
Treatment
Photo credit: S. Musacchi
• Protective netting also acts as a physical barrier against hail
• Hail damage reduced from 80% in the control to 3% and 1% under drape net and exclusion net respectively (Schmidt, 2014)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Reducing Hail Damage
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Reducing Hail Damage
(Racsko and Schrader, 2012)
(Racsko and Schrader, 2012)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Apple Sunburn
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Apple Sunburn Management
• The largest contributor to fruit
losses in Washington State
• Approximately 10%
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Changes in Sunburn Risk
Days per year above 95°F
5 50 100 200
PNW = 25 -> 60NE = 2 -> 30
MW = 3 -> 46
SA = 7 -> 52
AUS = 11 -> 54
S. Europe = 0 -> 27
Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
Light Intensity(umol m-2 s-1)
Wind Speed (km h-1)
Control 1804 a 6.03 a
Blue 1404 b 3.76 b
Pearl 1459 b 3.96 b
Red 1355 b 3.64 b
Table 1. Mean light intensity and wind speed for Blue,
Pearl and Red netting compared to an uncovered
control (84 days). Letters indicate significant difference
determined by Tukey’s HSD test.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
10-May 29-Jun 18-Aug 7-Oct
Wn
id S
pe
ed
(km
h-1
)
Control
Pearl
Blue
Red
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Light Intensity and Wind Speed
Light Scattering
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Diffuse Lighting
Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
RedBlue
Pearl Control
High Grade
Reduced-Grade Cull
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Fruit Sunburn (Honeycrisp) - 2015
2015 2016
Control 231 a 366 a
Pearl 274 c 394 b
Blue 252 b 388 b
Red 260 bc 386 b
Average fruit size (g) for fruit harvested from under pearl, blue and pearl netting compared to an uncovered control
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Fruit Size
SSC (°Brix)
Control 15.0 a
Pearl 14.7 ab
Blue 14.5 b
Red 14.5 b
• When fruit size is accounted for, there are more sugars per fruit netting compared to the uncovered control.
• Color development was better in 2015 compared to 2016. Uncovered trees had slightly better color in 2015 compared to netted trees.
2015 2016
Control 2.77 a 2.30 a
Netted 2.52 b 2.25 a
Fruit red color development in Honeycrisp apple in 2015 and 2016 under netting compared to an uncovered control. 2 = 50% red color.
Fruit red color development and soluble sugars content (Brix) in Honeycrisp apple under pearl, blue and red netting compared to an uncovered control. 2 = 50% red color.
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Fruit Quality
Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Physiology
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Control Netting
Sho
ot
Gro
wth
(In
ches
)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Improving canopy in-fill
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Qu
antu
m Y
ield
of
Ph
oto
syst
em II
(P
)
Honeycrisp
0
5
10
15
20
25
Net
CO
2Ex
chan
ge (
µm
olm
-2s-
1)
Honeycrisp
Light Use Efficiency Photosynthesis
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Sap Flow Under Netting
0
5
10
15
28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug
Cu
mm
ula
tive
ev
apo
rati
on
(m
m d
-1)
Date
Control0
100
200
300
400
500
Tre
e W
ate
r U
se
(m
L H
2O
h
r-1)
Time of Day
Netting
Control
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Sap Flow Under Netting
Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
• Most common netting structure used by growers in WA
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Continuous Over-the-Top Structure
Exclusion netting (both top and sides)
• Exclusion netting offers the most protection and can be used on sites where wind damage is a higher risk
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Exclusion Netting
• Most effective in a north-south tree row orientation; protection to the west side of the tree that is exposed to damaging solar radiation in the afternoon
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Louvre Netting
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Drape Netting
• Easiest to deploy
• Lowest cost
• Most difficult to work under
• No superstructure
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Considerations
• Labor for deployment and retraction• Post-bloom and post-harvest
• Design – Retrofit or in new orchards• Retrofitting is much more expensive
and labor intensive…plan ahead
• Engineering• Essential!
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Summary
Hail Protection
Reduced Sunburn
Increased Canopy Infill
Reduced water-use
Improve sizing and quality
Slight reductions in color development
Costs
Labor to deploy and retract
Disease pressure??
Positives Negatives
Questions?
Kalcsits Lab Crew - 2018Back Row (L to R): Lee Kalcsits, Ryan Mullin, Jack Gavin, Giverson Mupambi, Chloe Smythman, Hector Camargo-Alvarez
Front row (L to R): Erica Casagrande Biasuz, Brenda Castaneda, Michelle Reid, Katie Mullin, Sumyya Waliullah, Nadia Valverdi, Raquel Gomez
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