networking concepts lesson 07 - architectures - eric vanderburg
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Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Chapter 7
Network Architectures
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Network Architectures
The overall structure, topology, physical media, and channel access method.
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Ethernet
Easy to installWorks with many protocolsUses a hardware address
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
10Mbps Standards
10base510base210baseT
UTP or STP5-4-3 rule – 5 segments, 4 repeaters, 3
segments with nodes100m1024 nodes, 1024 segments
10baseF
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
10baseF
10baseFL – fiber to desktop10baseFP – connecting passive hubs,
500m10baseFB – fiber backbone1024 nodes, 1024 segments
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
100baseT
100baseT4 – 4pair Cat3100baseTX – 2 pair Cat5100baseFX – 2 strand fiberHub Types
Class I – 1 hub between devicesClass 2 – 2 hubs between devicesSwitches are immune
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Gigabit Ethernet
802.3z1000baseLX – long wavelength (1270-
1355nm), multimode fiber1000baseLH – long haul, 10,000m,
single-mode1000baseZX – 100,000m, single-mode1000baseSX – short wavelength (770-
860nm), multimode
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Gigabit Ethernet
1000baseCX – twin copper cables, short range 25m, for connecting equipment
1000baseT802.3abFull duplex all wires
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
10 Gigabit Ethernet
802.3ae All fiber LAN versions
10GbaseSR – 26-82m, multimode, high speed server, switches, & SANs
10GbaseLR, 10km, single mode, campus backbone MAN versions
10GbaseER – 40km, single-mode WAN versions
10GbaseSW – 300m, multimode 10GbaseLW – 10km, single mode 10GbaseEW – 40km, single mode
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Ethernet Frame Types
Must use same frame type to communicate 802.3 – Netware 2x, 3x 802.2 - IEEE 802.3 Ethernet SNAP (SubNetwork Access Protocol)
– AppleTalk, protocol type field Ethernet II – TCP/IP, has protocol type field in
the preamble, can be up to 1518 bytes long
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Max Segments
Switches reduce the collision domainRouters reduce the broadcast domain
Add switches or routers to the network
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Wireless
Hidden node problem – all can hear AP but not each other
Demand priority used to correctRTS (Ready to Send)CTS (Clear to Send)
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Token Ring
NAUN (Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor) NADN (Nearest Active Downstream Neighbor) Beaconing – find error in ring, beacon sent
every 7 seconds MAU (Multistation Access Unit) / SMAU (Smart
Multistation Access Unit) Has 10 or 16 ports, 2 ports used for RI (Ring In) &
RO (Ring Out)
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Token Ring Frame Types
802.5 frame type (the native format for Token Ring networks), up to 18,000 bytes long
Token Ring SNAP - 802.5 frame type with SNAP header (can be used with TokenTalk)
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
AppleTalk
AppleTalk Phase 1 – 32 nodes/network, 254 max
AppleTalk Phase 2EtherTalk (1024)TokenTalk
LocalTalk – bus network
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
FDDI
Redundancy Uses Fiber 500 nodes 100m Primary and secondary ring Multiple frames Concentrator – hub for FDDI DAS (Dual Attachment Station) – connected to primary
and secondary rings SAS (Single Attachment Station)
Used when connected to DAS concentrator
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Broadband
Cable DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification) Longer range Faster speed
DSL More secure
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 2 B (bearer) channels, 56kbps 1 D (data) channel 16 kbps
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
ISDN
H channels provide a way to aggregate B channels. H0=384 kb/s (6 B channels) H10=1472 kb/s (23 B channels) H11=1536 kb/s (24 B channels) H12=1920 kb/s (30 B channels) -
International (E1) only
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
DSL TypesType Description Data Rate Distance Limit Application
IDSL ISDN Digital Subscriber Line 128 Kbps 18,000 feet on 24 gaugeSimilar to the ISDN BRI service but data only (no voice on the same line)
CDSLConsumer DSLfrom Rockwell
1 Mbps downstream; less upstream
18,000 feet on 24 gaugeSplitter less home and small business service
DSL Lite
"Splitterless" DSLFrom 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps downstream
18,000 feet on 24 gaugeThe standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business
HDSL / UDSL
High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line / Unidirectional DSL
1.544 Mbps duplex on two twisted-pair lines;2.048 Mbps duplex on three twisted-pair lines
12,000 feet on 24 gaugeT1/E1 service between server and phone company or within a company;WAN, LAN, server access
SDSL Symmetric DSL
1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S. and Canada); 2.048 Mbps (Europe) on a single duplex line downstream and upstream
12,000 feet on 24 gaugeSame as for HDSL but requiring only one line of twisted-pair
ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
1.544 to 6.1 Mbps downstream;16 to 640 Kbps upstream
1.544 Mbps at 18,000ft2.048 Mbps at 16,000ft6.312 Mpbs at 12,000ft8.448 Mbps at 9,000ft
Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access
RADSL Rate-Adaptive DSL from WestellAdapted to the line, 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream; 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream
Not provided
Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access
VDSL Very high Digital Subscriber Line12.9 to 52.8 Mbps downstream;1.5 to 2.3 Mbps upstream;1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps downstream
4,500 feet at 12.96 Mbps;3,000 feet at 25.82 Mbps; 1,000 feet at 51.84 Mbps
ATM networks;Fiber to the Neighborhood
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Broadcast
SatelliteModem for upload400kbps downloadDirectPC
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer ModeDedicated circuitCells used – 53byte (Header:5, Data:48)
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
SONET
Synchronous Optical Network Easy to add and remove multiplex channels Asynchronous technologies require
demiltiplexing and remultiplexing of the entire switching structure when a change is made.
Ring DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing) – divides fiber into 32 channels from 1520-1580nm wavelengths
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Terms
Synchronous - digital transitions in the signals occur at exactly the same rate.
Plesiochronous - transitions occur at “almost” the same rate, with any variation being constrained within tight limits.
Asynchronous - transitions do not necessarily occur at the same rate
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Optical Carrier (OC)
See page 273
Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
HIPPI
High Performance Parallel InterfaceSerial HIPPI, 800MbpsGSN (Gigabyte System Network)
HIPPI 6400, 6.4Gbps
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